The Experts below are selected from a list of 195 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
H. Hill Goldsmith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Peer Victimization and Selective Attention in Adolescence: Evidence from a Monozygotic Twin Difference Design
Journal of abnormal child psychology, 2019Co-Authors: Ian C. Carroll, Elizabeth M. Planalp, Carol A. Van Hulle, H. Hill GoldsmithAbstract:Peer victimization impacts 13% of adolescents worldwide (Currie et al. 2012). Despite its prevalence and associated adverse outcomes, global cognitive processes that could be affected by peer victimization have not been thoroughly investigated. Using a monozygotic (MZ) twin Difference Design that rigorously controls for the influence of genetic and familial level confounders, we examined the relation between peer victimization exposure and selective attention processes during an affective go/no go task. Twins who experienced more severe peer victimization were biased towards detecting goal relevant stimuli during the task. Our findings suggest an environmentally salient relation between peer victimization and goal oriented selective attention. Future work should investigate how this process might serve to enhance or buffer risk of peer victimization exposure for developing later adverse outcomes.
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Anxiety-related experience-dependent white matter structural Differences in adolescence: A monozygotic twin Difference approach.
Scientific reports, 2017Co-Authors: Nagesh Adluru, Carol A. Van Hulle, Zhan Luo, Andrew J. Schoen, Richard J. Davidson, Andrew L. Alexander, H. Hill GoldsmithAbstract:Anxiety is linked to deficits in structural and functional connectivity between limbic structures and pre-frontal cortices. We employed a monozygotic (MZ) twin Difference Design to examine the relationship between structural characteristics of the uncinate fasciculus (UF) measured by Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and anxiety symptoms in a sample of N = 100 monozygotic (genetically identical), adolescent twins. The MZ Difference Design allowed us focus on environmental factors that vary within twin pairs while controlling for genetic and environmental factors shared by twin pairs. Twins aged 13–18 years reported on symptoms of generalized anxiety and social phobia prior to participating in a neuroimaging visit. Regions of interest from the JHU ICBM atlas, including uncinate fasciculus and sagittal stratum as a control tract, were registered to the study template. We incorporated multiple diffusion tensor measures to characterize the white matter Differences. Within twin pairs, the more anxious twin exhibited decreased fractional anisotropy (t = −2.22, p = 0.032) and axial diffusivity (t = −2.38, p = 0.022) in the left UF compared to the less anxious twin, controlling for age and gender. This study demonstrated the feasibility and advantages of adopting the MZ twin Design for DTI measures in neuroimaging research.
Pamela Campa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Women and Power: Unpopular, Unwilling, or Held Back? A Comment
Journal of Political Economy, 2020Co-Authors: Manuel Bagues, Pamela CampaAbstract:We use Spain’s Equality Law to test for the existence of agency problems between party leaders and their constituents. The law mandates a 40 percent female quota on electoral lists in towns with populations above 5,000. Using pre- and postquota data by party and municipality, we implement a triple-Difference Design. We find that female quotas resulted in slightly better electoral results for the parties that were most affected by the quota. Our evidence shows that party leaders were not maximizing electoral results prior to the quota, suggesting the existence of agency problems that hinder female representation in political institutions.
Albert Saiz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Women and power: Unpopular, unwilling, or held back?
Journal of Political Economy, 2015Co-Authors: Pablo Casas-arce, Albert SaizAbstract:We use Spain’s Equality Law to test for the existence of agency problems between party leaders and their constituents. The law mandates a 40 percent female quota on electoral lists in towns with populations above 5,000. Using pre- and postquota data by party and municipality, we implement a triple-Difference Design. We find that female quotas resulted in slightly better electoral results for the parties that were most affected by the quota. Our evidence shows that party leaders were not maximizing electoral results prior to the quota, suggesting the existence of agency problems that hinder female representation in political institution
Essi Viding - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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association between maladaptive parenting and child self control over time cross lagged study using a monozygotic twin Difference Design
British Journal of Psychiatry, 2012Co-Authors: Charlotte A.m. Cecil, Edward D. Barker, Sara R. Jaffee, Essi VidingAbstract:Background Harsh parenting practices and negative parental feelings may be environmental risk factors for low self-control in children. Children may also evoke certain parenting reactions. Aims To investigate the longitudinal relationship between parenting and self-control, as well as associated outcomes within the monozygotic (MZ) twin Differences framework. Method Longitudinal MZ twin Differences analysis was conducted on a community sample of 5184 twins using data from ages 3, 4, 7 and 9 years. Outcomes related to self-control and parenting were analysed at age 12 years. Results Non-shared environmental effects of parenting on the development of self-control and an evocative effect of child self-control on parenting were found. Harsh parenting predicted conduct problems for both boys and girls. Self-control at age 9 predicted conduct problems and emotional difficulties at age 12. Conclusions Parenting and child self-control affect one another, highlighting the potential of early interventions that target parents and children simultaneously.
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Association between maladaptive parenting and child self-control over time: cross-lagged study using a monozygotic twin Difference Design
The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science, 2012Co-Authors: Charlotte A.m. Cecil, Edward D. Barker, Sara R. Jaffee, Essi VidingAbstract:Harsh parenting practices and negative parental feelings may be environmental risk factors for low self-control in children. Children may also evoke certain parenting reactions. To investigate the longitudinal relationship between parenting and self-control, as well as associated outcomes within the monozygotic (MZ) twin Differences framework. Longitudinal MZ twin Differences analysis was conducted on a community sample of 5184 twins using data from ages 3, 4, 7 and 9 years. Outcomes related to self-control and parenting were analysed at age 12 years. Non-shared environmental effects of parenting on the development of self-control and an evocative effect of child self-control on parenting were found. Harsh parenting predicted conduct problems for both boys and girls. Self-control at age 9 predicted conduct problems and emotional difficulties at age 12. Parenting and child self-control affect one another, highlighting the potential of early interventions that target parents and children simultaneously.
Mette Kalager - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Assessment of cancer screening effectiveness in the era of screening programs
European Journal of Epidemiology, 2020Co-Authors: Hans-olov Adami, Michael Bretthauer, Mette KalagerAbstract:Whilst the benefit of detecting and removing cancer precursors in the cervix and the large bowel is unequivocally documented, the balance between benefit and harm due to screening for early detection of breast and prostate cancer remains uncertain after 30–50 years of randomized control trials (RCTs). Concomitantly, traditional RCTs become increasingly unfeasible due to low compliance, contamination of control groups, difficulties to enroll screening naïve individuals, and prohibitively high costs. Therefore, we have systematically reviewed pros and cons with alternative study Designs to quantify screening effectiveness. Whilst traditional RCTs should remain gold standard whenever feasible, observational cohort and case–control studies are unlikely to provide the valid evidence needed for health policy decisions. Instead, we advocate two methodological approaches that are novel in assessment of cancer screening effectiveness. One—the Difference-in-Difference Design, well established in health policy and public health research—has a sophisticated ecologic Design which unfortunately is feasible only in few countries. Another implies that sequential RCTs become embedded whenever population-based screening programs are implemented.