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Marc Smid - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Downward Spiral and the u s model business principles why mnes should take responsibility for the improvement of world wide social and environmental conditions
Management International Review, 2007Co-Authors: Andreas Georg Scherer, Marc SmidAbstract:- The process of globalization enables multinational enterprises to source, produce and sell on a world-wide basis. In many cases multinational companies operate in countries with poor social and environmental conditions.- The power of individual nation states to establish and control the rules of the economic system is fading, both in the industrialized and in the developing countries. Instead, there is a Downward Spiral of social and environmental standards. At the same time, the efforts of intergovernmental organizations to create a new world order have not made much progress.- Under these conditions, the multinational firm must fill the gap between economic possibilities and ethical requirements, i.e. the multinational firm must behave as a moral actor. The economic power of multinational firms should be used to define and to enforce humane working conditions world-wide.- The U.S. Model Business Principles are based on this idea. However, their legitimacy can be questioned. Therefore, one has to consider their underlying philosophical grounding and has to reconsider the economic motivations for multinational firms to conduct themselves in an efficient and ethically sound way.- For maintaining global peace and stability the confidence of people in the fairness of global competition is necessary. In order to preserve this confidence, joint efforts by governments, MNEs, intergovernmental organizations, and NGOs are necessary. Today, MNEs are key actors in this endeavor.
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the Downward Spiral and the us model business principles why mnes should take responsibility for the improvement of world wide social and environmental conditions 1
Management International Review, 2000Co-Authors: Andreas Georg Scherer, Marc SmidAbstract:Abstract * Nation states and intergovernmental organizations do not have enough power to control the rules of the economic system. The stability of the world order is threatened by a Downward Spiral of social and environmental standards. * Under these conditions, the economic power of multinational firms could be used to enforce humane working conditions world-wide. The US Model Business Principles are based on this idea. Key Results * For maintaining global peace and stability, joint efforts by governments, MNEs, intergovernmental organizations, and NGOs are necessary. MNEs are key actors in this endeavor. Introduction In the course of globalization, different locations compete for investments and jobs. The reduction of trade and capital transfer barriers, the new possibilities offered by information technologies, the reduction of transport costs, as well as the improved infrastructure and educational standards in many countries of the world enable a high mobility of capital and investments. These conditions permit multinational enterprises (MNEs) to create supply chains on a world-wide basis or reallocate resources within a short period of time. It is a consequence of the market economy that capital seeks out the cheapest offers of factors of production. In the wake of this development, the business activities of MNEs are gradually distancing themselves from the regulatory limits of individual nation states, without a sufficient legal system being established at a transnational level (Ohmae 1995, Orts 1995, Reich 1991, Thurow 1996). Many regions in the industrialized countries have experienced factory closings in entire branches of their industries. Many businesses have either moved abroad or have declined. This can partly be explained by the lower production costs in non-industrialized countries. The textile and sports utility industries, the steel industry, ship-building, and the computer and semi-conductor industries are but a few of the examples which can be mentioned here (Greider 1997, Longworth 1998). However, it is not only the lower labor costs that attract capital into other countries. Many emergent and developing countries have conditions where regulations on safety and health at work, trade union activities, co-determination, and environmental protection are unknown, where wages are below the subsistence level, and where child labor and discrimination against women and ethnic minorities are the rule. These conditions are an additional attraction for investment, because they reduce costs in those industries where largely semi-skilled workers are used (Greider 1997, Martin/Schumann 1996). The power of individual nation states to define the rules of the economic system and to influence the policy of MNEs is fading (Vernon 1998). At the same time, the efforts of intergovernmental organizations such as the United Nations, the International Labour Organization, or the World Trade Organization have not yielded much progress in enforcing social and environmental standards for business world-wide. Though paperwork has been done for decades, these organizations are still unable to enforce and control business conduct effectively because they depend on the executing bodies of individual nation states. In many cases, nation states have no interest in monitoring the behavior of multinational firms, because they want to hold or lure foreign investments. Because of these difficulties, the US government proposed the so-called Model Business Principles in the summer of 1995. These principles state that MNEs should use their economic power and political influence to create humane working conditions world-wide. The idea of these principles is that the multinational firm should behave as a moral actor, as long as there is no political world order available that defines and enforces social and environmental standards. In this paper we will consider the process of globalization and the role that MNEs are playing in this process. …
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the Downward Spiral and the us model business principles why mnes should take responsibility for the improvement
2000Co-Authors: Andreas Georg Scherer, Marc SmidAbstract:■ Nation states and intergovernmental organizations do not have enough power to control the rules of the economic system. The stability of the world order is threatened by a Downward Spiral of social and environmental standards. ■ Under these conditions, the economic power of multinational firms could be used to enforce humane working conditions world-wide. The US Model Business Principles are based on this idea.
Andreas Georg Scherer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Downward Spiral and the u s model business principles why mnes should take responsibility for the improvement of world wide social and environmental conditions
Management International Review, 2007Co-Authors: Andreas Georg Scherer, Marc SmidAbstract:- The process of globalization enables multinational enterprises to source, produce and sell on a world-wide basis. In many cases multinational companies operate in countries with poor social and environmental conditions.- The power of individual nation states to establish and control the rules of the economic system is fading, both in the industrialized and in the developing countries. Instead, there is a Downward Spiral of social and environmental standards. At the same time, the efforts of intergovernmental organizations to create a new world order have not made much progress.- Under these conditions, the multinational firm must fill the gap between economic possibilities and ethical requirements, i.e. the multinational firm must behave as a moral actor. The economic power of multinational firms should be used to define and to enforce humane working conditions world-wide.- The U.S. Model Business Principles are based on this idea. However, their legitimacy can be questioned. Therefore, one has to consider their underlying philosophical grounding and has to reconsider the economic motivations for multinational firms to conduct themselves in an efficient and ethically sound way.- For maintaining global peace and stability the confidence of people in the fairness of global competition is necessary. In order to preserve this confidence, joint efforts by governments, MNEs, intergovernmental organizations, and NGOs are necessary. Today, MNEs are key actors in this endeavor.
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the Downward Spiral and the us model business principles why mnes should take responsibility for the improvement of world wide social and environmental conditions 1
Management International Review, 2000Co-Authors: Andreas Georg Scherer, Marc SmidAbstract:Abstract * Nation states and intergovernmental organizations do not have enough power to control the rules of the economic system. The stability of the world order is threatened by a Downward Spiral of social and environmental standards. * Under these conditions, the economic power of multinational firms could be used to enforce humane working conditions world-wide. The US Model Business Principles are based on this idea. Key Results * For maintaining global peace and stability, joint efforts by governments, MNEs, intergovernmental organizations, and NGOs are necessary. MNEs are key actors in this endeavor. Introduction In the course of globalization, different locations compete for investments and jobs. The reduction of trade and capital transfer barriers, the new possibilities offered by information technologies, the reduction of transport costs, as well as the improved infrastructure and educational standards in many countries of the world enable a high mobility of capital and investments. These conditions permit multinational enterprises (MNEs) to create supply chains on a world-wide basis or reallocate resources within a short period of time. It is a consequence of the market economy that capital seeks out the cheapest offers of factors of production. In the wake of this development, the business activities of MNEs are gradually distancing themselves from the regulatory limits of individual nation states, without a sufficient legal system being established at a transnational level (Ohmae 1995, Orts 1995, Reich 1991, Thurow 1996). Many regions in the industrialized countries have experienced factory closings in entire branches of their industries. Many businesses have either moved abroad or have declined. This can partly be explained by the lower production costs in non-industrialized countries. The textile and sports utility industries, the steel industry, ship-building, and the computer and semi-conductor industries are but a few of the examples which can be mentioned here (Greider 1997, Longworth 1998). However, it is not only the lower labor costs that attract capital into other countries. Many emergent and developing countries have conditions where regulations on safety and health at work, trade union activities, co-determination, and environmental protection are unknown, where wages are below the subsistence level, and where child labor and discrimination against women and ethnic minorities are the rule. These conditions are an additional attraction for investment, because they reduce costs in those industries where largely semi-skilled workers are used (Greider 1997, Martin/Schumann 1996). The power of individual nation states to define the rules of the economic system and to influence the policy of MNEs is fading (Vernon 1998). At the same time, the efforts of intergovernmental organizations such as the United Nations, the International Labour Organization, or the World Trade Organization have not yielded much progress in enforcing social and environmental standards for business world-wide. Though paperwork has been done for decades, these organizations are still unable to enforce and control business conduct effectively because they depend on the executing bodies of individual nation states. In many cases, nation states have no interest in monitoring the behavior of multinational firms, because they want to hold or lure foreign investments. Because of these difficulties, the US government proposed the so-called Model Business Principles in the summer of 1995. These principles state that MNEs should use their economic power and political influence to create humane working conditions world-wide. The idea of these principles is that the multinational firm should behave as a moral actor, as long as there is no political world order available that defines and enforces social and environmental standards. In this paper we will consider the process of globalization and the role that MNEs are playing in this process. …
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the Downward Spiral and the us model business principles why mnes should take responsibility for the improvement
2000Co-Authors: Andreas Georg Scherer, Marc SmidAbstract:■ Nation states and intergovernmental organizations do not have enough power to control the rules of the economic system. The stability of the world order is threatened by a Downward Spiral of social and environmental standards. ■ Under these conditions, the economic power of multinational firms could be used to enforce humane working conditions world-wide. The US Model Business Principles are based on this idea.
Masanori Tokumoto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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defective renal maintenance of the vitamin d endocrine system impairs vitamin d renoprotection a Downward Spiral in kidney disease
Kidney International, 2011Co-Authors: Adriana Dusso, Masanori TokumotoAbstract:In kidney disease, the progressive loss of renal capacity to produce calcitriol, the vitamin D hormone, is a key contributor to elevations in parathyroid hormone (PTH) and mineral and skeletal disorders predisposing to renal and cardiovascular damage, ectopic calcifications, and high mortality rates. Thus, the safe correction of calcitriol deficiency to suppress PTH has been the treatment of choice for decades. However, recent epidemiological and experimental data suggest that calcitriol replacement may improve outcomes through renal and cardioprotective actions unrelated to PTH suppression. Furthermore, a striking incidence of vitamin D deficiency occurs in kidney disease and associates more strongly than calcitriol deficiency with a higher risk for kidney disease progression and death. Despite the translational relevance of these findings, no prospective trials are currently available in support of the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation and/or calcitriol replacement to safely halt/moderate renal disease progression. This review updates the pathophysiology behind the vicious cycle by which kidney injury impairs the maintenance of normal vitamin D and calcitriol levels, which in turn impedes vitamin D/calcitriol renoprotective actions, a requirement for the design of prospective trials to improve current recommendations for vitamin D interventions at all stages of kidney disease.
Cathy Ringstaff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Reversing the Downward Spiral of Science Instruction in K-2 Classrooms
Journal of Science Teacher Education, 2011Co-Authors: Judith Haymore Sandholtz, Cathy RingstaffAbstract:This study investigated the extent to which teacher professional development led to changes in science instruction in K-2 classrooms in rural school districts. The research specifically examined changes in (a) teachers’ content knowledge in science; (b) teachers’ self-efficacy related to teaching science; (c) classroom instructional time allotted to science; and (d) instructional strategies used in science. The study also investigated contextual factors contributing to or hindering changes in science instruction. Data sources included a teacher survey, a self-efficacy assessment, content knowledge tests, interviews, and classroom observations. After one year in the program, teachers showed increased content knowledge and self-efficacy in teaching science; they spent more instructional time on science and began using different instructional strategies. Key contextual factors included curricular demands, resources, administrative support, and support from other teachers.
Christina Sagioglou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the longitudinal relationship between everyday sadism and the amount of violent video game play
Personality and Individual Differences, 2017Co-Authors: Tobias Greitemeyer, Christina SagioglouAbstract:Abstract Previous research found correlational evidence that the trait of everyday sadism is associated with the amount of violent video game play. Due to the correlational design, the direction of the association remained unclear. According to the selection hypothesis, everyday sadists should be attracted to violent video games, whereas the socialization hypothesis would propose that repeated exposure to violent video games makes the player more sadistic. However, these hypotheses are by no means mutually exclusive and the relation between everyday sadism and violent video game exposure could be bidirectional. To examine the causal mechanisms more closely, we carried out a longitudinal study ( N = 743) for which we collected data at two points in time, six months apart. Results showed that (a) everyday sadists are more likely than others to play violent video games and (b) repeated exposure to violent video games predicts everyday sadism over time. Overall, this bidirectional influence reflects a Downward Spiral of everyday sadistic tendencies and violent video gaming reinforcing each other.