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Andrea Binelli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Amphetamine exposure imbalanced antioxidant activity in the bivalve Dreissena polymorpha causing oxidative and genetic damage.
Chemosphere, 2015Co-Authors: Marco Parolini, Stefano Magni, Sara Castiglioni, Andrea BinelliAbstract:Illicit drugs have been recognized as emerging aquatic pollutants due to their presence in aquatic ecosystems up to µg/L level. Among these, the synthetic psycho-stimulant drug amphetamine (AMPH) is commonly found in both surface and wastewaters worldwide. Even though the environmental occurrence of AMPH is well-known, the information on its toxicity towards non-target freshwater organisms is completely lacking. This study investigated the imbalance of the oxidative status and both oxidative and genetic damage induced by a 14-day exposure to two concentrations (500 ng/L and 5000 ng/L) of AMPH on the freshwater bivalve Dreissena polymorpha by the application of a biomarker suite. We investigated the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), the phase II detoxifying enzyme GST, the lipid peroxidation level (LPO) and protein carbonyl content (PCC), as well as primary (Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis assay) and fixed (DNA diffusion assay and Micronucleus test) genetic damage. Our results showed that a current realistic AMPH concentration (500 ng/L) did neither cause notable imbalances in enzymatic activities, nor oxidative and genetic damage to cellular macromolecules. In contrast, the bell-shaped trend of antioxidants showed at the highest tested concentration (5000 ng/L) suggested an overproduction of reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative damage, as confirmed by the significant increase of protein carbonylation and DNA fragmentation.
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does zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha represent the freshwater counterpart of mytilus in ecotoxicological studies a critical review
Environmental Pollution, 2015Co-Authors: Andrea Binelli, Stefano Magni, C Della Torre, Marco ParoliniAbstract:One of the fundamentals in the ecotoxicological studies is the need of data comparison, which can be easily reached with the help of a standardized biological model. In this context, any biological model has been still proposed for the biomonitoring and risk evaluation of freshwaters until now. The aim of this review is to illustrate the ecotoxicological studies carried out with the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha in order to suggest this bivalve species as possible reference organism for inland waters. In detail,we showed its application in biomonitoring, as well as for the evaluation of adverse effects induced by several pollutants, using both in vitro and in vivo experiments. We discussed the advantages by the use of D. polymorpha for ecotoxicological studies, but also the possible limitations due to its invasive nature.
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Environmentally relevant concentrations of galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) induced oxidative and genetic damage in Dreissena polymorpha.
Journal of hazardous materials, 2014Co-Authors: Marco Parolini, Stefano Magni, Irene Traversi, Sara Villa, Antonio Finizio, Andrea BinelliAbstract:Synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) are extensively used as fragrances in several personal care products and have been recognized as emerging aquatic pollutants. Among SMCs, galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) are extensively used and have been measured in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. However, their potential risk to organisms remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether 21-day exposures to HHCB and AHTN concentrations frequently measured in aquatic ecosystems can induce oxidative and genetic damage in Dreissena polymorpha. The lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl content (PCC) were measured as oxidative stress indexes, while the DNA precipitation assay and the micronucleus test (MN test) were applied to investigate genetic injuries. HHCB induced significant increases in LPO and PCC levels, while AHTN enhanced only protein carbonylation. Moreover, significant increases in DNA strand breaks were caused by exposure to the highest concentrations of HHCB and AHTN tested in the present study, but no fixed genetic damage was observed.
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Sublethal effects induced by morphine to the freshwater biological model Dreissena polymorpha
Environmental toxicology, 2014Co-Authors: Stefano Magni, Marco Parolini, Andrea BinelliAbstract:Opioids are considered as emerging contaminants in aquatic ecosystems, mainly due to their large illicit consume worldwide. Morphine (MOR) is the main opiate and it was commonly found at measurable concentrations in freshwaters. Even though its occurrence is well documented, just limited information is available regarding its hazard to nontarget organisms. The aim of this study was of the evaluation of sublethal effects induced by MOR to the freshwater bivalve Dreissena polymorpha. We exposed mussels to two MOR concentrations (0.05 µg/L and 0.5 µg/L) for 14 days and we investigated the sublethal effects by a suite of biomarkers. The Neutral Red Retention Assay (NRRA) was used as a test of cytotoxicity, while the oxidative stress was evaluated by the activity of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, namely catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and by measuring the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonylation (PCC). The genetic damage was assessed by the Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, the DNA diffusion assay and the micronucleus test (MN test). Finally, the filtration rate of D. polymorpha was evaluated in order to investigate possible physiological effects. Both tested concentrations reduced the lysosome membrane stability of bivalves, but only the highest MOR concentration induced significant changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) and increase in lipid peroxidation levels. Slight increase in primary DNA fragmentation was noticed, while no fixed genetic damage and alterations of the filtering rate were found. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2014.
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oxidative and genetic responses induced by δ 9 tetrahydrocannabinol δ 9 thc to Dreissena polymorpha
Science of The Total Environment, 2014Co-Authors: Marco Parolini, Andrea BinelliAbstract:Abstract Cannabis is the most used illicit substance worldwide and its main psychoactive compound, the Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-9-THC), is detected in aquatic environments at measurable concentrations. Even though its occurrence is well documented, no information is available on its hazard to aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to assess the adverse effects induced to zebra mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha ) specimens by 14 day exposures to environmentally relevant Δ-9-THC concentrations (0.05 μg/L and 0.5 μg/L) by means of the application of a biomarker suite. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, as well as the lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl content (PCC), were measured as oxidative stress indices. The single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, the DNA diffusion assay and the micronucleus test (MN test) were applied to investigate DNA injuries, while the neutral red retention assay (NRRA) was used to assess Δ-9-THC cytotoxicity. The lowest treatment induced negligible adverse effects to bivalves, while 0.5 μg/L Δ-9-THC exposure caused remarkable alterations in D. polymorpha oxidative status, which lead to significant increase of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and DNA damage.
Marco Parolini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Amphetamine exposure imbalanced antioxidant activity in the bivalve Dreissena polymorpha causing oxidative and genetic damage.
Chemosphere, 2015Co-Authors: Marco Parolini, Stefano Magni, Sara Castiglioni, Andrea BinelliAbstract:Illicit drugs have been recognized as emerging aquatic pollutants due to their presence in aquatic ecosystems up to µg/L level. Among these, the synthetic psycho-stimulant drug amphetamine (AMPH) is commonly found in both surface and wastewaters worldwide. Even though the environmental occurrence of AMPH is well-known, the information on its toxicity towards non-target freshwater organisms is completely lacking. This study investigated the imbalance of the oxidative status and both oxidative and genetic damage induced by a 14-day exposure to two concentrations (500 ng/L and 5000 ng/L) of AMPH on the freshwater bivalve Dreissena polymorpha by the application of a biomarker suite. We investigated the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), the phase II detoxifying enzyme GST, the lipid peroxidation level (LPO) and protein carbonyl content (PCC), as well as primary (Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis assay) and fixed (DNA diffusion assay and Micronucleus test) genetic damage. Our results showed that a current realistic AMPH concentration (500 ng/L) did neither cause notable imbalances in enzymatic activities, nor oxidative and genetic damage to cellular macromolecules. In contrast, the bell-shaped trend of antioxidants showed at the highest tested concentration (5000 ng/L) suggested an overproduction of reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative damage, as confirmed by the significant increase of protein carbonylation and DNA fragmentation.
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does zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha represent the freshwater counterpart of mytilus in ecotoxicological studies a critical review
Environmental Pollution, 2015Co-Authors: Andrea Binelli, Stefano Magni, C Della Torre, Marco ParoliniAbstract:One of the fundamentals in the ecotoxicological studies is the need of data comparison, which can be easily reached with the help of a standardized biological model. In this context, any biological model has been still proposed for the biomonitoring and risk evaluation of freshwaters until now. The aim of this review is to illustrate the ecotoxicological studies carried out with the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha in order to suggest this bivalve species as possible reference organism for inland waters. In detail,we showed its application in biomonitoring, as well as for the evaluation of adverse effects induced by several pollutants, using both in vitro and in vivo experiments. We discussed the advantages by the use of D. polymorpha for ecotoxicological studies, but also the possible limitations due to its invasive nature.
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Environmentally relevant concentrations of galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) induced oxidative and genetic damage in Dreissena polymorpha.
Journal of hazardous materials, 2014Co-Authors: Marco Parolini, Stefano Magni, Irene Traversi, Sara Villa, Antonio Finizio, Andrea BinelliAbstract:Synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) are extensively used as fragrances in several personal care products and have been recognized as emerging aquatic pollutants. Among SMCs, galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) are extensively used and have been measured in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. However, their potential risk to organisms remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether 21-day exposures to HHCB and AHTN concentrations frequently measured in aquatic ecosystems can induce oxidative and genetic damage in Dreissena polymorpha. The lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl content (PCC) were measured as oxidative stress indexes, while the DNA precipitation assay and the micronucleus test (MN test) were applied to investigate genetic injuries. HHCB induced significant increases in LPO and PCC levels, while AHTN enhanced only protein carbonylation. Moreover, significant increases in DNA strand breaks were caused by exposure to the highest concentrations of HHCB and AHTN tested in the present study, but no fixed genetic damage was observed.
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Sublethal effects induced by morphine to the freshwater biological model Dreissena polymorpha
Environmental toxicology, 2014Co-Authors: Stefano Magni, Marco Parolini, Andrea BinelliAbstract:Opioids are considered as emerging contaminants in aquatic ecosystems, mainly due to their large illicit consume worldwide. Morphine (MOR) is the main opiate and it was commonly found at measurable concentrations in freshwaters. Even though its occurrence is well documented, just limited information is available regarding its hazard to nontarget organisms. The aim of this study was of the evaluation of sublethal effects induced by MOR to the freshwater bivalve Dreissena polymorpha. We exposed mussels to two MOR concentrations (0.05 µg/L and 0.5 µg/L) for 14 days and we investigated the sublethal effects by a suite of biomarkers. The Neutral Red Retention Assay (NRRA) was used as a test of cytotoxicity, while the oxidative stress was evaluated by the activity of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, namely catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and by measuring the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonylation (PCC). The genetic damage was assessed by the Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, the DNA diffusion assay and the micronucleus test (MN test). Finally, the filtration rate of D. polymorpha was evaluated in order to investigate possible physiological effects. Both tested concentrations reduced the lysosome membrane stability of bivalves, but only the highest MOR concentration induced significant changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) and increase in lipid peroxidation levels. Slight increase in primary DNA fragmentation was noticed, while no fixed genetic damage and alterations of the filtering rate were found. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2014.
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oxidative and genetic responses induced by δ 9 tetrahydrocannabinol δ 9 thc to Dreissena polymorpha
Science of The Total Environment, 2014Co-Authors: Marco Parolini, Andrea BinelliAbstract:Abstract Cannabis is the most used illicit substance worldwide and its main psychoactive compound, the Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-9-THC), is detected in aquatic environments at measurable concentrations. Even though its occurrence is well documented, no information is available on its hazard to aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to assess the adverse effects induced to zebra mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha ) specimens by 14 day exposures to environmentally relevant Δ-9-THC concentrations (0.05 μg/L and 0.5 μg/L) by means of the application of a biomarker suite. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, as well as the lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl content (PCC), were measured as oxidative stress indices. The single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, the DNA diffusion assay and the micronucleus test (MN test) were applied to investigate DNA injuries, while the neutral red retention assay (NRRA) was used to assess Δ-9-THC cytotoxicity. The lowest treatment induced negligible adverse effects to bivalves, while 0.5 μg/L Δ-9-THC exposure caused remarkable alterations in D. polymorpha oxidative status, which lead to significant increase of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and DNA damage.
Thaddeus K Graczyk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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human waterborne parasites in zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha from the shannon river drainage area ireland
Parasitology Research, 2004Co-Authors: Thaddeus K Graczyk, Frances E Lucy, Da Minchi, Leena Tamang, Lacy N S Moura, Alexandre J DasilvaAbstract:Zebra mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha) from throughout the Shannon River drainage area in Ireland were tested for the anthropozoonotic waterborne parasites Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, E. hellem, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi, by the multiplexed combined direct immunofluorescent antibody and fluorescent in situ hybridization method, and PCR. Parasite transmission stages were found at 75% of sites, with the highest mean concentration of 16, nine, and eight C. parvum oocysts, G. lamblia cysts, and Encephalitozoon intestinalis spores/mussel, respectively. On average eight Enterocytozoon bieneusi spores/mussel were recovered at any selected site. Approximately 80% of all parasites were viable and thus capable of initiating human infection. The Shannon River is polluted with serious emerging human waterborne pathogens including C. parvum, against which no therapy exists. Zebra mussels can recover and concentrate environmentally derived pathogens and can be used for the sanitary assessment of water quality.
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accumulation of human waterborne parasites by zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha and asian freshwater clams corbicula fluminea
Parasitology Research, 2003Co-Authors: Thaddeus K Graczyk, David Bruce Conn, David J Marcogliese, H Graczyk, Y De LafontaineAbstract:Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and Asian freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea) are nonindigenous invasive bivalves present in North American fresh waters that are frequently contaminated with human enteric parasites, Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia. Six-week laboratory exposure of D. polymorpha and Corbicula fluminea to both parasites seeded daily at concentrations reported from surface waters demonstrated efficient removal of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and G. lamblia cysts by both bivalve species. The number of parasites in mollusk tissue progressively increased in relation to the concentration of waterborne contamination, and decreased after cessation of the contamination. Oocysts outnumbered cysts in the tissue of both bivalves, and more parasites were identified in D. polymorpha than in Corbicula fluminea; overall 35.0% and 16.3% of the parasites seeded, respectively. Because C. fluminea and D. polymorpha can accumulate human waterborne parasites in proportion to ambient concentrations, these species of bivalves can be effective bioindicators of contamination of freshwater habitats with Cryptosporidium and Giardia.
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cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha evidence from the st lawrence river
Parasitology Research, 2001Co-Authors: Thaddeus K Graczyk, David J Marcogliese, Yves De Lafontaine, Alexandre J Da Silva, Barbara Mhangamiruwende, Norman J PieniazekAbstract:Molluscan shellfish can recover and concentrate environmentally derived waterborne pathogens and can be used for the sanitary assessment of water quality. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum (genotype 1) were identified in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) from the St. Lawrence River, Quebec. Approximately 67 oocysts/ml of hemolymph and 129 oocysts/g of soft tissue were recovered. The adjusted concentration of oocysts per gram of tissue was 2.2 × 102, and approximately 4.4 × 102 oocysts were recovered from a single mussel. Zebra mussels can serve as biological indicators of waterborne contamination with Cryptosporidium.
Dianna K Padilla - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the invasive bivalves Dreissena polymorpha and limnoperna fortunei parallels contrasts potential spread and invasion impacts
Journal of Shellfish Research, 2007Co-Authors: Alexander Y Karatayev, Dianna K Padilla, Demetrio Boltovskoy, Lyubov E BurlakovaAbstract:We contrast ecological and life history traits of the well studied freshwater invader, the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), with the lesser known invasive golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) to compare salient biological traits and environmental limits, and to predict the potential spread and ecosystem impacts of L. fortunei in areas where it is introduced. Both species are sessile, byssate bivalves with a planktonic larval stage and extremely high reproductive capacity. For both species adults attain much higher biomass in waterbodies they invade than all of the native invertebrates combined, and they create substrate complexity otherwise not found in freshwater systems. Both are very active suspension feeders, greatly enhance benthic- pelagic coupling, and act as effective ecosystem engineers. Although taxonomically unrelated, their ecosystem impacts are surprisingly similar and follow from the novel ecological niche they share, rather than being species specific. The golden mussel has broader environmental tolerances and therefore may be a much more successful invader than D. polymorpha in regions dominated by acidic, soft and contaminated waters. In the near future L. fortunei may colonize the southern and central parts of North America, much farther north than has been previously predicted. Although to date the zebra mussel is considered the most aggressive freshwater invader, soon many waterbodies may receive another, even more aggressive invader.
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changes in the distribution and abundance of Dreissena polymorpha within lakes through time
Hydrobiologia, 2006Co-Authors: Lyubov E Burlakova, Alexander Y Karatayev, Dianna K PadillaAbstract:Dreissena polymorpha population densities and biomass were followed in three Belarusian lakes with different trophic status over a 12-year period subsequent to initial colonization. In all three lakes zebra mussel population densities did not change once they reached a maximum. Application of the Ramcharan et al. [1992. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49: 2611–2620] model for predicting population dynamics of zebra mussels was accurate for two of the three lakes studied. Population density appears to depend on the time since initial colonization, relative abundance of substrate available for colonization, lake morphometry and trophic type. Zebra mussel distribution within lakes was highly patchy, but the degree of dispersion decreased over time after initial colonization, which may be a result of saturation of suitable substrates by zebra mussels as populations increase and reach carrying capacity. In lakes where submerged macrophytes are the dominant substrate for zebra mussel attachment, populations may be less stable than in lakes with a variety of substrates, which will have a more balanced age distribution, and be less impacted by year to year variation in recruitment. Dreissena polymorpha usually reach maximum population density 7–12 years after initial introduction. However, the timing of initial introduction is often very difficult to determine. Both European and North American data suggest that zebra mussels reach maximum density in about 2–3 years after populations are large enough to be detected.
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growth rate and longevity of Dreissena polymorpha pallas a review and recommendations for future study
Journal of Shellfish Research, 2006Co-Authors: Alexander Y Karatayev, Lyubov E Burlakova, Dianna K PadillaAbstract:Abstract We review the variety of methods that have been used over the last 50 y in the Former Soviet Union, Eastern and Western Europe, and recently in North America to determine growth rate and longevity in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha [Pallas]). These methods include: counting annual rings, analysis of size-frequency distributions, following growth under experimental conditions and monitoring marked mussels under natural conditions, without removing them from substrate. The last method provides the most reliable data, however this is the least common method used. Dreissena polymorpha growth rates depend on water temperature, season of the year, location in the water column, food availability, oxygen concentrations, water velocity and various other environmental factors. However, it is very difficult to separate the independent effects of each of these factors, especially in natural waterbodies. Several factors may overlap and have additive or synergistic effect that makes it difficult to determi...
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the impact of Dreissena polymorpha pallas invasion on unionid bivalves
International Review of Hydrobiology, 2000Co-Authors: Lyubov E Burlakova, Alexander Y Karatayev, Dianna K PadillaAbstract:Dreissena polymorpha, the zebra mussel, is one of the most aggressive and important invading aquatic species world wide. Its spread has followed the path of human activity, initially following human constructed canals connecting the Black Sea and Baltic Sea basins. One consequence of this invasion is the impact of zebra mussels on native bivalves. Overgrowth by Dreissena can cause a dramatic decrease in unionid density. The extent of this effect is determined by several factors including Dreissena density, time since invasion by Dreissena, biomass of attached Dreissena, and type of bottom sediments (sand versus silt). We found a correlation between overall Dreissena density and the number of zebra mussels per overgrown unionid, and between Dreissena density and the ratio of the mass of attached zebra mussels to the mass of the host unionid. The extensive overgrowth of unionids by Dreissena, resulting in mass mortality, is characteristic of periods of rapid population growth, when Dreissena invade a new waterbody.
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models to predict potential occurrence and density of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 1992Co-Authors: Charles W Ramcharan, Dianna K Padilla, Stanley I DodsonAbstract:Limnological features of different lakes may limit the density of, or even completely restrict, populations of the European zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. We developed statistical models to predict the occurrence (presence or absence) and density (number per square metre) of Dreissena in lakes, based on multivariate correlations between the density of Dreissena populations and the limnological characteristics of the lakes they inhabit. We found that both occurrence and average density of Dreissena populations were highly correlated with water chemistry. Dreissena was not found in lakes with average pH values below 7.3 and concentrations of calcium ion below 28.3 mg∙L−1. Above these thresholds, Dreissena density was negatively related to concentration of the algal nutrients PO4 and NO3.
A Provini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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chronic effects induced by ibuprofen on the freshwater bivalve Dreissena polymorpha
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2011Co-Authors: Marco Parolini, Andrea Binelli, A ProviniAbstract:The sub-lethal effects induced by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ((NSAID) ibuprofen (IBU; ((±)-2-(p-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid))) were investigated using a battery of biomarkers on the freshwater bivalve Dreissena polymorpha. According to the results from a semi-static in vivo approach, mussels were exposed for 96 h to increasing levels of environmentally relevant IBU concentrations (0.2, 2 and 8 μg/l, corresponding to 1, 9 and 35 nM, respectively). Cyto-genotoxicity was evaluated via the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, the DNA diffusion assay, the micronucleus test (MN test) and lysosome membrane stability (Neutral Red Retention Assay) in mussel hemocytes. In addition, the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the phase II detoxifying enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) were measured in the cytosolic fraction that was extracted from a pool of entire bivalves to determine whether the oxidative status was imbalanced. The biomarker battery pointed out a slight cyto-genotoxicity on zebra mussel hemocytes at the IBU concentration of 0.2 μg/l, with higher IBU concentrations able to significantly increase both genetic and cellular damage. In addition, IBU seems to have a considerable effect on the activities of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes as shown in the exposed specimens' notable oxidative status imbalances.
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cytotoxicity assessment of four pharmaceutical compounds on the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha haemocytes gill and digestive gland primary cell cultures
Chemosphere, 2011Co-Authors: Marco Parolini, Andrea Binelli, Brian Quinn, A ProviniAbstract:Pharmaceutical compounds are considered the new environmental pollutants but at present few studies have evaluated their ecotoxicity on aquatic invertebrates. This study was aimed to investigate the in vitro cytotoxicity of four common drugs, namely atenolol (ATL), carbamazepine (CBZ), diclofenac (DCF) and gemfibrozil (GEM), on three different cell typologies from the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha): haemocytes, gill and digestive gland cells. Results obtained by the Trypan blue exclusion test revealed that exposure to increasing concentrations (0.001; 0.01; 0.1; 1 and 10 mg L(-1)) of CBZ, DCF and GEM were able to significantly decrease the viability of each cell type, while the MTT (3(4,5-dimethyl-2thiazholyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) reduction assay highlighted only a slight reduction of mitochondrial activity of gill and digestive gland cells. Overall, DCF was the most cytotoxic drug for zebra mussel cells, followed by GEM, CBZ, while ATL has not a noteworthy toxic potential. Our preliminary results lay the groundwork for further in vitro evaluations, which will allow a better definition of the potential toxicity of these drugs.
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cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of in vitro exposure to triclosan and trimethoprim on zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha hemocytes
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology, 2009Co-Authors: Andrea Binelli, Marco Parolini, C Riva, D Cogni, A ProviniAbstract:Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been detected in several aquatic ecosystems for a number of years, but the potential for biological effects in exposed non-target organisms is only now being reported. In this study the potential cellular damage due to two of the main PPCPs found in aquatic environments was investigated by in vitro exposures. Hemolymph samples of the freshwater bivalve Dreissena polymorpha were collected and treated with increasing concentrations of the antibacterial agent Triclosan (TCS) and the antibiotic Trimethoprim (TMP). Doses selected for TCS were 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.3 microM, while 0.2, 1, and 5 microM for TMP exposures, respectively. We evaluated the potential genotoxicity on hemocytes by the SCGE (single cell gel electrophoresis) assay and apoptosis frequency evaluation, while the cytotoxicity was measured by the lysosomal membranes stability test (NRRA, neutral red retention assay). TCS genotoxicity increased in a dose-dependent manner and this pharmaceutical significantly affects hemocyte functionality due to severe DNA injuries at very low doses. In contrast, TMP seems to be less dangerous than TCS for D. polymorpha because the cytotoxic and the moderate genotoxic effects noticed were obtained only at very high concentration levels.
