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Dietmar R Kammerer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Metabolic fate of cardiac glycosides and flavonoids upon fermentation of aqueous sea squill (Drimia maritima L.) extracts.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2015Co-Authors: Diana N Knittel, Florian C Stintzing, Dietmar R KammererAbstract:Abstract Sea squill (Drimia maritima L.) extracts have been used for centuries for the medical treatment of heart diseases. A procedure for the preparation of Drimia extracts applied for such purposes comprising a fermentation step is described in the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (GHP). However, little is known about the secondary metabolite profile of such extracts and the fate of these components upon processing and storage. Thus, in the present study sea squill extracts were monitored during fermentation and storage by HPLC-DAD–MSn and GC–MS to characterise and quantitate individual cardiac glycosides and phenolic compounds. For this purpose, a previously established HPLC method for the separation and quantitation of pharmacologically relevant cardiac glycosides (bufadienolides) was validated. Within 12 months of storage, total bufadienolide contents decreased by about 50%, which was attributed to microbial and plant enzyme activities. The metabolisation and degradation rates of individual bufadienolide glycosides significantly differed, which was attributed to differing structures of the aglycones. Further degradation of bufadienolide aglycones was also observed. Besides reactions well known from human metabolism studies, dehydration of individual compounds was monitored. Quantitatively predominating flavonoids were also metabolised throughout the fermentation process. The present study provides valuable information about the profile and stability of individual cardiac glycosides and phenolic compounds in fermented Drimia extracts prepared for medical applications, and expands the knowledge of cardiac glycoside conversion upon microbial fermentation.
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Simultaneous determination of bufadienolides and phenolic compounds in sea squill (Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn) by HPLC-DAD-MS^n as a means to differentiate individual plant parts and developmental stages
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2014Co-Authors: Diana N Knittel, Florian C Stintzing, Dietmar R KammererAbstract:Mediterranean sea squill ( Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn) is used in the production of medicinal products. Current HPLC methods comprise tedious sample clean-up and have been merely focused on the analysis of cardiac glycosides, whereas a thorough characterization of D. maritima considering both the latter compound class and more hydrophilic secondary metabolites in one HPLC run has not been performed so far. Consequently, a novel HPLC-DAD-MS^n method has been developed allowing the simultaneous determination of both cardiac glycosides and phenolic compounds, which is characterized by simplified sample preparation. This method was applied to characterize sea squill, revealing a complex profile of its extractive compounds derived from the two classes. Furthermore, the potential of the method reported here to quantitate the predominant compounds, i.e., dihydroquercetin derivatives and bufadienolides, was demonstrated. The occurrence of phenolic compounds, not described for sea squill so far, and of characteristic compounds specific to individual plant parts or vegetation stages was further addressed. The data revealed that classification of various vegetation phases based on quantitative evaluation of bufadienolides and dihydroquercetin derivatives applying principal component analysis (PCA) appears possible. Thus, the methodology presented here forms the basis for future routine application in quality control of raw materials and pharmaceutical preparations derived from sea squill. This will allow systematic comparison of different plant parts, vegetation stages and origins based on an extended sample set. Figure Red sea squill with inflorescence and cross-section of a fresh bulb
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stabilitat von herzglykosiden in wassrigen bzw wassrig fermentierten extrakten aus der meerzwiebel Drimia maritima l stearn
Julius-Kühn-Archiv, 2014Co-Authors: Diana N Knittel, Florian C Stintzing, Dietmar R KammererAbstract:In der vorliegenden Studie wurden ein rein wassriger Extrakt und ein wassrig fermentierter Extrakt, hergestellt nach dem Homoopathischem Arzneibuch (HAB), aus der Meerzwiebel ( Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn) bei unterschiedlichen Temperatur- und Lichtbedingungen gelagert. In regelmasigen Abstanden wurde die Stabilitat der Herzglykoside in diesen Extrakten mittels HPLC-DAD-MSn bewertet. Die geringsten Abbauraten der Einzelkomponenten wurden bei einer Lagerung im Dunkeln bei 5 °C ermittelt. Schon eine Temperaturerhohung auf 20 °C beschleunigte den Abbau bzw. die Metabolisierung der Bufadienolide. Die geringste Stabilitat wurde unter Belichtung bei 20 °C ermittelt. Auserdem war ein deutlicher Unterschied zwischen den auf unterschiedliche Weisen gewonnenen Extrakten beobachtbar. So wiesen die Herzglykoside im Extrakt, der nach HAB hergestellt wurde, eine deutliche hohere Stabilitat unter allen Lagerbedingungen auf. Stichworter: Meerzwiebel, Herzglykoside, Stabilitat, Belichtung, Pflanzenextrakt, Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn Stability of cardiac glycosides in aqueous and fermented aqueous extracts from sea squill ( Drimia maritima L. Stearn) In the present study an aqueous and a fermented aqueous extract, obtained according to the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (GHP), from sea squill ( Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn) were stored under different light and temperature conditions. Stability of cardiac glycosides in these extracts was evaluated periodically by HPLC-DAD-MS. Lowest degradation rates of individual compounds were observed upon storage at 5 °C in the dark. Increasing the temperature at 20 °C accelerated compound degradation and the formation of bufadienolide metabolites. Poorest stability was found upon storage at 20 °C with light exposure. Furthermore, clear-cut differences were observed between the extracts obtained according to different protocols. Stability of cardiac glycosides in the extract obtained according to the GHP was generally improved, irrespective of the storage conditions. Keywords: sea squill, cardiac glycosides, stability, light exposure, plant extract, Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn
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Simultaneous determination of bufadienolides and phenolic compounds in sea squill (Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn) by HPLC-DAD-MSn as a means to differentiate individual plant parts and developmental stages.
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2014Co-Authors: Diana N Knittel, Florian C Stintzing, Dietmar R KammererAbstract:Mediterranean sea squill (Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn) is used in the production of medicinal products. Current HPLC methods comprise tedious sample clean-up and have been merely focused on the analysis of cardiac glycosides, whereas a thorough characterization of D. maritima considering both the latter compound class and more hydrophilic secondary metabolites in one HPLC run has not been performed so far. Consequently, a novel HPLC-DAD-MSn method has been developed allowing the simultaneous determination of both cardiac glycosides and phenolic compounds, which is characterized by simplified sample preparation. This method was applied to characterize sea squill, revealing a complex profile of its extractive compounds derived from the two classes. Furthermore, the potential of the method reported here to quantitate the predominant compounds, i.e., dihydroquercetin derivatives and bufadienolides, was demonstrated. The occurrence of phenolic compounds, not described for sea squill so far, and of characteristic compounds specific to individual plant parts or vegetation stages was further addressed. The data revealed that classification of various vegetation phases based on quantitative evaluation of bufadienolides and dihydroquercetin derivatives applying principal component analysis (PCA) appears possible. Thus, the methodology presented here forms the basis for future routine application in quality control of raw materials and pharmaceutical preparations derived from sea squill. This will allow systematic comparison of different plant parts, vegetation stages and origins based on an extended sample set.
Diana N Knittel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Metabolic fate of cardiac glycosides and flavonoids upon fermentation of aqueous sea squill (Drimia maritima L.) extracts.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2015Co-Authors: Diana N Knittel, Florian C Stintzing, Dietmar R KammererAbstract:Abstract Sea squill (Drimia maritima L.) extracts have been used for centuries for the medical treatment of heart diseases. A procedure for the preparation of Drimia extracts applied for such purposes comprising a fermentation step is described in the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (GHP). However, little is known about the secondary metabolite profile of such extracts and the fate of these components upon processing and storage. Thus, in the present study sea squill extracts were monitored during fermentation and storage by HPLC-DAD–MSn and GC–MS to characterise and quantitate individual cardiac glycosides and phenolic compounds. For this purpose, a previously established HPLC method for the separation and quantitation of pharmacologically relevant cardiac glycosides (bufadienolides) was validated. Within 12 months of storage, total bufadienolide contents decreased by about 50%, which was attributed to microbial and plant enzyme activities. The metabolisation and degradation rates of individual bufadienolide glycosides significantly differed, which was attributed to differing structures of the aglycones. Further degradation of bufadienolide aglycones was also observed. Besides reactions well known from human metabolism studies, dehydration of individual compounds was monitored. Quantitatively predominating flavonoids were also metabolised throughout the fermentation process. The present study provides valuable information about the profile and stability of individual cardiac glycosides and phenolic compounds in fermented Drimia extracts prepared for medical applications, and expands the knowledge of cardiac glycoside conversion upon microbial fermentation.
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Simultaneous determination of bufadienolides and phenolic compounds in sea squill (Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn) by HPLC-DAD-MS^n as a means to differentiate individual plant parts and developmental stages
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2014Co-Authors: Diana N Knittel, Florian C Stintzing, Dietmar R KammererAbstract:Mediterranean sea squill ( Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn) is used in the production of medicinal products. Current HPLC methods comprise tedious sample clean-up and have been merely focused on the analysis of cardiac glycosides, whereas a thorough characterization of D. maritima considering both the latter compound class and more hydrophilic secondary metabolites in one HPLC run has not been performed so far. Consequently, a novel HPLC-DAD-MS^n method has been developed allowing the simultaneous determination of both cardiac glycosides and phenolic compounds, which is characterized by simplified sample preparation. This method was applied to characterize sea squill, revealing a complex profile of its extractive compounds derived from the two classes. Furthermore, the potential of the method reported here to quantitate the predominant compounds, i.e., dihydroquercetin derivatives and bufadienolides, was demonstrated. The occurrence of phenolic compounds, not described for sea squill so far, and of characteristic compounds specific to individual plant parts or vegetation stages was further addressed. The data revealed that classification of various vegetation phases based on quantitative evaluation of bufadienolides and dihydroquercetin derivatives applying principal component analysis (PCA) appears possible. Thus, the methodology presented here forms the basis for future routine application in quality control of raw materials and pharmaceutical preparations derived from sea squill. This will allow systematic comparison of different plant parts, vegetation stages and origins based on an extended sample set. Figure Red sea squill with inflorescence and cross-section of a fresh bulb
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stabilitat von herzglykosiden in wassrigen bzw wassrig fermentierten extrakten aus der meerzwiebel Drimia maritima l stearn
Julius-Kühn-Archiv, 2014Co-Authors: Diana N Knittel, Florian C Stintzing, Dietmar R KammererAbstract:In der vorliegenden Studie wurden ein rein wassriger Extrakt und ein wassrig fermentierter Extrakt, hergestellt nach dem Homoopathischem Arzneibuch (HAB), aus der Meerzwiebel ( Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn) bei unterschiedlichen Temperatur- und Lichtbedingungen gelagert. In regelmasigen Abstanden wurde die Stabilitat der Herzglykoside in diesen Extrakten mittels HPLC-DAD-MSn bewertet. Die geringsten Abbauraten der Einzelkomponenten wurden bei einer Lagerung im Dunkeln bei 5 °C ermittelt. Schon eine Temperaturerhohung auf 20 °C beschleunigte den Abbau bzw. die Metabolisierung der Bufadienolide. Die geringste Stabilitat wurde unter Belichtung bei 20 °C ermittelt. Auserdem war ein deutlicher Unterschied zwischen den auf unterschiedliche Weisen gewonnenen Extrakten beobachtbar. So wiesen die Herzglykoside im Extrakt, der nach HAB hergestellt wurde, eine deutliche hohere Stabilitat unter allen Lagerbedingungen auf. Stichworter: Meerzwiebel, Herzglykoside, Stabilitat, Belichtung, Pflanzenextrakt, Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn Stability of cardiac glycosides in aqueous and fermented aqueous extracts from sea squill ( Drimia maritima L. Stearn) In the present study an aqueous and a fermented aqueous extract, obtained according to the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (GHP), from sea squill ( Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn) were stored under different light and temperature conditions. Stability of cardiac glycosides in these extracts was evaluated periodically by HPLC-DAD-MS. Lowest degradation rates of individual compounds were observed upon storage at 5 °C in the dark. Increasing the temperature at 20 °C accelerated compound degradation and the formation of bufadienolide metabolites. Poorest stability was found upon storage at 20 °C with light exposure. Furthermore, clear-cut differences were observed between the extracts obtained according to different protocols. Stability of cardiac glycosides in the extract obtained according to the GHP was generally improved, irrespective of the storage conditions. Keywords: sea squill, cardiac glycosides, stability, light exposure, plant extract, Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn
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Simultaneous determination of bufadienolides and phenolic compounds in sea squill (Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn) by HPLC-DAD-MSn as a means to differentiate individual plant parts and developmental stages.
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2014Co-Authors: Diana N Knittel, Florian C Stintzing, Dietmar R KammererAbstract:Mediterranean sea squill (Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn) is used in the production of medicinal products. Current HPLC methods comprise tedious sample clean-up and have been merely focused on the analysis of cardiac glycosides, whereas a thorough characterization of D. maritima considering both the latter compound class and more hydrophilic secondary metabolites in one HPLC run has not been performed so far. Consequently, a novel HPLC-DAD-MSn method has been developed allowing the simultaneous determination of both cardiac glycosides and phenolic compounds, which is characterized by simplified sample preparation. This method was applied to characterize sea squill, revealing a complex profile of its extractive compounds derived from the two classes. Furthermore, the potential of the method reported here to quantitate the predominant compounds, i.e., dihydroquercetin derivatives and bufadienolides, was demonstrated. The occurrence of phenolic compounds, not described for sea squill so far, and of characteristic compounds specific to individual plant parts or vegetation stages was further addressed. The data revealed that classification of various vegetation phases based on quantitative evaluation of bufadienolides and dihydroquercetin derivatives applying principal component analysis (PCA) appears possible. Thus, the methodology presented here forms the basis for future routine application in quality control of raw materials and pharmaceutical preparations derived from sea squill. This will allow systematic comparison of different plant parts, vegetation stages and origins based on an extended sample set.
Florian C Stintzing - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Metabolic fate of cardiac glycosides and flavonoids upon fermentation of aqueous sea squill (Drimia maritima L.) extracts.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2015Co-Authors: Diana N Knittel, Florian C Stintzing, Dietmar R KammererAbstract:Abstract Sea squill (Drimia maritima L.) extracts have been used for centuries for the medical treatment of heart diseases. A procedure for the preparation of Drimia extracts applied for such purposes comprising a fermentation step is described in the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (GHP). However, little is known about the secondary metabolite profile of such extracts and the fate of these components upon processing and storage. Thus, in the present study sea squill extracts were monitored during fermentation and storage by HPLC-DAD–MSn and GC–MS to characterise and quantitate individual cardiac glycosides and phenolic compounds. For this purpose, a previously established HPLC method for the separation and quantitation of pharmacologically relevant cardiac glycosides (bufadienolides) was validated. Within 12 months of storage, total bufadienolide contents decreased by about 50%, which was attributed to microbial and plant enzyme activities. The metabolisation and degradation rates of individual bufadienolide glycosides significantly differed, which was attributed to differing structures of the aglycones. Further degradation of bufadienolide aglycones was also observed. Besides reactions well known from human metabolism studies, dehydration of individual compounds was monitored. Quantitatively predominating flavonoids were also metabolised throughout the fermentation process. The present study provides valuable information about the profile and stability of individual cardiac glycosides and phenolic compounds in fermented Drimia extracts prepared for medical applications, and expands the knowledge of cardiac glycoside conversion upon microbial fermentation.
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Simultaneous determination of bufadienolides and phenolic compounds in sea squill (Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn) by HPLC-DAD-MS^n as a means to differentiate individual plant parts and developmental stages
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2014Co-Authors: Diana N Knittel, Florian C Stintzing, Dietmar R KammererAbstract:Mediterranean sea squill ( Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn) is used in the production of medicinal products. Current HPLC methods comprise tedious sample clean-up and have been merely focused on the analysis of cardiac glycosides, whereas a thorough characterization of D. maritima considering both the latter compound class and more hydrophilic secondary metabolites in one HPLC run has not been performed so far. Consequently, a novel HPLC-DAD-MS^n method has been developed allowing the simultaneous determination of both cardiac glycosides and phenolic compounds, which is characterized by simplified sample preparation. This method was applied to characterize sea squill, revealing a complex profile of its extractive compounds derived from the two classes. Furthermore, the potential of the method reported here to quantitate the predominant compounds, i.e., dihydroquercetin derivatives and bufadienolides, was demonstrated. The occurrence of phenolic compounds, not described for sea squill so far, and of characteristic compounds specific to individual plant parts or vegetation stages was further addressed. The data revealed that classification of various vegetation phases based on quantitative evaluation of bufadienolides and dihydroquercetin derivatives applying principal component analysis (PCA) appears possible. Thus, the methodology presented here forms the basis for future routine application in quality control of raw materials and pharmaceutical preparations derived from sea squill. This will allow systematic comparison of different plant parts, vegetation stages and origins based on an extended sample set. Figure Red sea squill with inflorescence and cross-section of a fresh bulb
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stabilitat von herzglykosiden in wassrigen bzw wassrig fermentierten extrakten aus der meerzwiebel Drimia maritima l stearn
Julius-Kühn-Archiv, 2014Co-Authors: Diana N Knittel, Florian C Stintzing, Dietmar R KammererAbstract:In der vorliegenden Studie wurden ein rein wassriger Extrakt und ein wassrig fermentierter Extrakt, hergestellt nach dem Homoopathischem Arzneibuch (HAB), aus der Meerzwiebel ( Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn) bei unterschiedlichen Temperatur- und Lichtbedingungen gelagert. In regelmasigen Abstanden wurde die Stabilitat der Herzglykoside in diesen Extrakten mittels HPLC-DAD-MSn bewertet. Die geringsten Abbauraten der Einzelkomponenten wurden bei einer Lagerung im Dunkeln bei 5 °C ermittelt. Schon eine Temperaturerhohung auf 20 °C beschleunigte den Abbau bzw. die Metabolisierung der Bufadienolide. Die geringste Stabilitat wurde unter Belichtung bei 20 °C ermittelt. Auserdem war ein deutlicher Unterschied zwischen den auf unterschiedliche Weisen gewonnenen Extrakten beobachtbar. So wiesen die Herzglykoside im Extrakt, der nach HAB hergestellt wurde, eine deutliche hohere Stabilitat unter allen Lagerbedingungen auf. Stichworter: Meerzwiebel, Herzglykoside, Stabilitat, Belichtung, Pflanzenextrakt, Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn Stability of cardiac glycosides in aqueous and fermented aqueous extracts from sea squill ( Drimia maritima L. Stearn) In the present study an aqueous and a fermented aqueous extract, obtained according to the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (GHP), from sea squill ( Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn) were stored under different light and temperature conditions. Stability of cardiac glycosides in these extracts was evaluated periodically by HPLC-DAD-MS. Lowest degradation rates of individual compounds were observed upon storage at 5 °C in the dark. Increasing the temperature at 20 °C accelerated compound degradation and the formation of bufadienolide metabolites. Poorest stability was found upon storage at 20 °C with light exposure. Furthermore, clear-cut differences were observed between the extracts obtained according to different protocols. Stability of cardiac glycosides in the extract obtained according to the GHP was generally improved, irrespective of the storage conditions. Keywords: sea squill, cardiac glycosides, stability, light exposure, plant extract, Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn
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Simultaneous determination of bufadienolides and phenolic compounds in sea squill (Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn) by HPLC-DAD-MSn as a means to differentiate individual plant parts and developmental stages.
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2014Co-Authors: Diana N Knittel, Florian C Stintzing, Dietmar R KammererAbstract:Mediterranean sea squill (Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn) is used in the production of medicinal products. Current HPLC methods comprise tedious sample clean-up and have been merely focused on the analysis of cardiac glycosides, whereas a thorough characterization of D. maritima considering both the latter compound class and more hydrophilic secondary metabolites in one HPLC run has not been performed so far. Consequently, a novel HPLC-DAD-MSn method has been developed allowing the simultaneous determination of both cardiac glycosides and phenolic compounds, which is characterized by simplified sample preparation. This method was applied to characterize sea squill, revealing a complex profile of its extractive compounds derived from the two classes. Furthermore, the potential of the method reported here to quantitate the predominant compounds, i.e., dihydroquercetin derivatives and bufadienolides, was demonstrated. The occurrence of phenolic compounds, not described for sea squill so far, and of characteristic compounds specific to individual plant parts or vegetation stages was further addressed. The data revealed that classification of various vegetation phases based on quantitative evaluation of bufadienolides and dihydroquercetin derivatives applying principal component analysis (PCA) appears possible. Thus, the methodology presented here forms the basis for future routine application in quality control of raw materials and pharmaceutical preparations derived from sea squill. This will allow systematic comparison of different plant parts, vegetation stages and origins based on an extended sample set.
Mª Ángeles Alonso - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The identity of Drimia purpurascens, with a new nomenclatural and taxonomic approach to the “Drimia undata” group (Hyacinthaceae = Asparagaceae subfam. Scilloideae)
Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2020Co-Authors: Manuel B. Crespo, Mario Martínez-azorín, Mª Ángeles AlonsoAbstract:The identity of Drimia purpurascens , a name usually synonymised to the African D. elata , is clarified. Morphological data in the protologue allow identification of the former with the Mediterranean D. undata ( Urginea undulata ), which is usually treated as belonging to Charybdis , a genus morphologically and molecularly separated from both Drimia s.str. and Urginea . However, Charybdis is considered to be illegitimate and hence unavailable for use, and when treated as different from Drimia and Urginea , the name Squilla might be applied. A binding decision was requested from the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants on whether Scilla and Squilla are sufficiently alike to be confused. In the meantime, Drimia is here accepted to include, among others, two morphologically distinct aggregates: the “ D. undata group” and the “ D. maritima group”. The present contribution focusses on the former, in which three species are recognised that show clear morphological and biogeographical differences. Two specific names are revived: D. purpurascens (for D. undata ) and D. serotina (for D. tazensis ), the latter established as a new combination. Furthermore, a new species ( D. palaestina sp. nov.) is described for the easternmost Mediterranean populations referred to D. undata . Similarly, one additional combination, D. secundiflora , is effected in the “ Drimia maritima group”. Nomenclatural types (including 3 new lectotypes, 2 new neotypes and 1 new epitype) are indicated, and synonyms are shown for each accepted taxon. The taxonomic treatment for the “ D. undata group” including chromosome numbers, phenology, habitats, distribution, and conservation status is presented. An identification key is also reported.
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The identity of Drimia purpurascens , with a new nomenclatural and taxonomic approach to the “ Drimia undata ” group ( Hyacinthaceae = Asparagaceae subfam. Scilloideae )
Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2020Co-Authors: Manuel B. Crespo, Mario Martínez-azorín, Mª Ángeles AlonsoAbstract:The identity of Drimia purpurascens, a name usually synonymised to the African D. elata, is clarified. Morphological data in the protologue allow identification of the former with the Mediterranean D. undata (Urginea undulata), which is usually treated as belonging to Charybdis, a genus morphologically and molecularly separated from both Drimia s.str. and Urginea. However, Charybdis is considered to be illegitimate and hence unavailable for use, and when treated as different from Drimia and Urginea, the name Squilla might be applied. A binding decision was requested from the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants on whether Scilla and Squilla are sufficiently alike to be confused. In the meantime, Drimia is here accepted to include, among others, two morphologically distinct aggregates: the “D. undata group” and the “D. maritima group”. The present contribution focusses on the former, in which three species are recognised that show clear morphological and biogeographical differences. Two specific names are revived: D. purpurascens (for D. undata) and D. serotina (for D. tazensis), the latter established as a new combination. Furthermore, a new species (D. palaestina sp. nov.) is described for the easternmost Mediterranean populations referred to D. undata. Similarly, one additional combination, D. secundiflora, is effected in the “Drimia maritima group”. Nomenclatural types (including 3 new lectotypes, 2 new neotypes and 1 new epitype) are indicated, and synonyms are shown for each accepted taxon. The taxonomic treatment for the “D. undata group” including chromosome numbers, phenology, habitats, distribution, and conservation status is presented. An identification key is also reported.
Mohaddese Mahboubi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Squill (Drimia maritima L.) and its novel biological activity
Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 2019Co-Authors: Leila Mohammad Taghizadeh Kashani, Mohaddese MahboubiAbstract:Squill ( Drimia maritima L.) as well- known medicinal plants from ancient times has been used for treatment of different ailments. This review article evaluated a comprehensive investigation on squill in modern medicine and its relation to traditional believes. The information were extracted from accessible resources (PubMed, Wiley, Springer, and Google) and Persian and English traditional books. Squill was traditionally used as good remedy for cough, asthma, indigestion, alopecia, pain and lice. Modern clinical studies confirmed the traditional believes on squill in treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver, asthma, head lice, alopecia and inflammatory pains. Also, the antioxidant, anti-parasite, anti-cancer and insecticidal effects of squill have been confirmed in experimental studies. The results of investigations exhibited that squill had good potency in management of respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases, therefore, it can be more considerate in clinical future.
