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Mário Costa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of steam on the single particle ignition of solid fuels in a Drop Tube Furnace under air and simulated oxy fuel conditions
Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2019Co-Authors: Renan B Kops, Fernando Pereira, M Rabacal, Mário CostaAbstract:Abstract This article investigates the effect of steam on the ignition of single particles of solid fuels in a Drop Tube Furnace under air and simulated oxy-fuel conditions. Three solid fuels, all in the size range 125–150 µm, were used in this study; specifically, a low rank sub-bituminous Colombian coal, a low-rank/high-ash sub-bituminous Brazilian coal and a charcoal residue from black acacia. For each solid fuel, particles were burned at a constant Drop Tube Furnace wall temperature of 1475 K, in six different mixtures of O2/N2/CO2/H2O, which allowed simulating dry and wet conventional and oxy-fuel combustion conditions. A high-speed camera was used to record the ignition process and the collected images were treated to characterize the ignition mode (either gas-phase or surface mode) and to calculate the ignition delay times. The Colombian coal particles ignite predominately in the gas-phase for all test conditions, but under simulated oxy-fuel conditions there is a decrease in the occurrence of this ignition mode; the charcoal particles experience surface ignition regardless of the test condition; and the Brazilian coal particles ignite predominately in the gas-phase when combustion occurs in mixtures of O2/N2/H2O, but under simulated oxy-fuel conditions the ignition occurs predominantly on the surface. The ignition delay times for particles that ignited in the gas-phase are smaller than those that ignited on the surface, and generally the simulated oxy-fuel conditions retard the onset of both gas-phase and surface ignition. The addition of steam decreases the gas-phase and surface ignition delay times of the particles of both coals under simulated oxy-fuel conditions, but has a small impact on the gas-phase ignition delay times when the combustion occurs in mixtures of O2/N2/H2O. The steam gasification reaction is likely to be responsible for the steam effect on the ignition delay times through the production of highly flammable species that promote the onset of ignition.
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Ash deposit formation during the combustion of pulverized grape pomace in a Drop Tube Furnace
Energy Conversion and Management, 2018Co-Authors: A. Moço, Mário Costa, C. CasacaAbstract:Abstract This article concentrates on the ash deposit formation during the combustion of pulverized grape pomace in a Drop Tube Furnace. All experiments were conducted for a wall Drop Tube Furnace temperature of 1200 °C. Initially, axial measurements of temperature, major gas species concentrations and particle burnout were obtained for a representative Drop Tube Furnace operating condition. These measurements allowed to establish the Drop Tube Furnace axial position to place a deposition probe, fitted with a removable stainless steel capsule, to study the ash deposit formation. Subsequently, detailed data on ash deposit formation rates were obtained for seven probe exposition times between 2 and 14 h. Finally, deposit samples for all exposition times were analysed on a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray detector. Important distinct features of the present study include the examination of the temporal evolution of the deposit characteristics, such as their sintering degree, which is critical to assess the need for boiler cleaning, and the method of analysis of the deposits chemical composition. It is concluded that the sintering degree of the deposits increased with the probe exposition time and for exposition times above 8 h, the deposits are very difficult to remove. It is also observed that the impact of the probe exposition time in the concentrations of potassium, phosphorus and magnesium is marginal, and that the oxygen concentration decreases as the probe exposition time increases, while the opposite behavior is observed for calcium and silicon. Overall, the results reveal that the use of this biomass residue in industrial combustion systems may pose severe operational and maintenance problems, requiring frequent boiler cleaning.
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Evaluation of the combustion characteristics of raw and torrefied grape pomace in a thermogravimetric analyzer and in a Drop Tube Furnace
Fuel, 2018Co-Authors: Tomás Botelho, Mário Costa, Małgorzata Wilk, Aneta MagdziarzAbstract:Abstract Grape pomace is a by-product of the wine making industry with great availability and energetic potential. Torrefaction is a pre-treatment that may enhance the biomass quality as a fuel, and consists in exposing the biomass to an inert atmosphere at a temperature between 200 °C and 300 °C. This study evaluates the combustion characteristics of raw and torrefied grape pomace in a thermogravimetric analyzer and in a Drop Tube Furnace. Initially, the raw grape pomace was torrefied in an argon inert atmosphere at 260 °C. Subsequently, the combustion of the raw and torrefied grape pomace was examined in the thermogravimetric analyzer through non-isothermal runs at a heating rate of 10 °C/min from room temperature to 800 °C. Finally, the combustion of both biomass residues was evaluated in the Drop Tube Furnace at 1100 °C. The data reported includes gas temperature, major gas species concentration and particle burnout measured along the axis of the Drop Tube Furnace. The main conclusions of this study are (i) for the devolatilization stage, the thermogravimetric data yielded apparent activation energy values of 84.9 and 85.2 kJ mol −1 , and for the char oxidation stage of 137.5 and 109.2 kJ mol −1 for the raw and torrefied grape pomace, respectively; (ii) the NO x concentrations along the Drop Tube Furnace were always higher for the combustion of the torrefied grape pomace than for the combustion of the raw grape pomace because the former residue has a higher nitrogen content; and (iii) the burnout values along the Drop Tube Furnace were always lower for the combustion of the torrefied grape pomace than for the combustion of the raw grape pomace because the former residue has a lower volatile content and a higher fixed carbon content.
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Effect of particle size on the burnout and emissions of particulate matter from the combustion of pulverized agricultural residues in a Drop Tube Furnace
Energy Conversion and Management, 2017Co-Authors: Vera Branco, Mário CostaAbstract:Abstract Milling and grinding biomass fuels for pulverized combustion in industrial Furnaces can be very expensive. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the particle size on the burnout and emissions of particulate matter from the combustion of agricultural residues (wheat straw and rice husk) in a Drop Tube Furnace. Initially, both agricultural residues were crushed and sieved below 1 mm and the resulting particle size distributions formed one size class here named
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Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during biomass combustion in a Drop Tube Furnace
Fuel, 2017Co-Authors: J.m. Colom-díaz, María U. Alzueta, U. Fernandes, Mário CostaAbstract:Abstract The objective of this work is to investigate experimentally the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) during the combustion of biomass in a Drop Tube Furnace (DTF). A number of biomass fuels, including furniture residues, grape pomace, kiwi residues, olive residues, wheat straw, rice husk and platanus residues were used in this work, with the tests performed at three temperatures (900, 1000 and 1100 °C). The solid fuels feed rate was 23 g/h and the total air flow rate was 4 L/min, ensuring a residence time in the DTF of around 2 s. In order to collect the PAH in the effluent gas, a narrow Tube containing XAD-2 resin was connected to the flue gas duct of the DTF. A quartz fiber filter was placed just before it to collect the particulate matter, including soot, present in the flue gas. The analysis and quantification of the PAH combined Soxhlet extraction and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Flue gas concentrations of O 2 , CO 2 , CO, hydrocarbons and NO x were measured to gather information regarding the combustion conditions. The results showed two distinct features for the variation of the total PAH emissions: one decreasing with temperature and other with a maximum at 1000 °C. Grape pomace, kiwi residues and platanus residues presented the lowest PAHs emission (20.8–54.2 mg PAH/kg fuel). A direct relation between the total amount of PAHs and the toxic equivalency value was found.
Jianhua Yan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Co-combustion of Shenmu coal and pickling sludge in a pilot scale Drop-Tube Furnace: Pollutants emissions in flue gas and fly ash
Fuel Processing Technology, 2019Co-Authors: Shaorui Zhang, Xuguang Jiang, Yuqi Jin, Li Wei, Yifeng Wang, Chunqi Fang, Jianhua YanAbstract:Abstract Co-combustion of Shenmu coal and pickling sludge was carried out in a pilot scale Drop-Tube Furnace. The effect of different pickling sludge amounts on the NO x , SO 2 , HCl, HF, PCDD/Fs and gaseous heavy metals emissions and fly ash behaviors was studied. The burnout section Furnace temperature was 1250 °C, and the pickling sludge amount ranged from 0 to 20 wt%. The result indicates that the co-combustion of x and HCl emission concentrations were basically stable; however, those of SO 2 and HF increased obviously. The total TEQ of PCDD/Fs emission was basically positively correlated to the sludge amount in the blended fuels, and the gaseous heavy metals emissions also increased obviously with the addition of sludge. To meet the national standard (GB18484-2001) on heavy metals emissions, the pickling sludge amount used in co-combustion must be
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so2 nox hf hcl and pcdd fs emissions during co combustion of bituminous coal and pickling sludge in a Drop Tube Furnace
Fuel, 2016Co-Authors: Shaorui Zhang, Xuguang Jiang, Baoxuan Liu, Yuqi Jin, Jianhua YanAbstract:Abstract The influence of co-combustion of bituminous coal and pickling sludge on SO 2 , NO x , HF, HCl and PCDD/Fs emissions was studied in a Drop Tube Furnace. To simulate the combustion condition of suspension firing boilers, the experiment was performed at 1100–1400 °C with the share of sludge in the feed ranging from 0 to 10% by weight. The combustion characteristics of coal and of blended fuels were studied by TG analysis. The results showed that the average combustion efficiency of co-combustion of bituminous coal and pickling sludge in the Drop Tube Furnace is larger than 99%. SO 2 , NO x and HCl emissions had an increasing tendency with the temperature rising, but HF emissions were not sensitive to temperature. SO 2 and HF emissions had a rising trend with increasing share of sludge, while NO x and HCl emissions had an opposite trend. No obvious effect of temperature and the share of sludge on the total TEQ of PCDD/Fs was found, and the emissions of the seventeen congeners were basically stable under different experimental conditions. TG results showed that the combustion characteristics of coal and blended fuels were basically the same. XRD results showed that the ash composition changed significantly with the addition of sludge. Compared to the national standard, when co-combusting of bituminous coal and pickling sludge in commercial power plant, desulphurization and denitrification equipment, activated carbon injection and baghouse should be provided.
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SO2, NOx, HF, HCl and PCDD/Fs emissions during Co-combustion of bituminous coal and pickling sludge in a Drop Tube Furnace
Fuel, 2016Co-Authors: Shaorui Zhang, Xuguang Jiang, Baoxuan Liu, Yuqi Jin, Jianhua YanAbstract:Abstract The influence of co-combustion of bituminous coal and pickling sludge on SO 2 , NO x , HF, HCl and PCDD/Fs emissions was studied in a Drop Tube Furnace. To simulate the combustion condition of suspension firing boilers, the experiment was performed at 1100–1400 °C with the share of sludge in the feed ranging from 0 to 10% by weight. The combustion characteristics of coal and of blended fuels were studied by TG analysis. The results showed that the average combustion efficiency of co-combustion of bituminous coal and pickling sludge in the Drop Tube Furnace is larger than 99%. SO 2 , NO x and HCl emissions had an increasing tendency with the temperature rising, but HF emissions were not sensitive to temperature. SO 2 and HF emissions had a rising trend with increasing share of sludge, while NO x and HCl emissions had an opposite trend. No obvious effect of temperature and the share of sludge on the total TEQ of PCDD/Fs was found, and the emissions of the seventeen congeners were basically stable under different experimental conditions. TG results showed that the combustion characteristics of coal and blended fuels were basically the same. XRD results showed that the ash composition changed significantly with the addition of sludge. Compared to the national standard, when co-combusting of bituminous coal and pickling sludge in commercial power plant, desulphurization and denitrification equipment, activated carbon injection and baghouse should be provided.
Shaorui Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Co-combustion of Shenmu coal and pickling sludge in a pilot scale Drop-Tube Furnace: Pollutants emissions in flue gas and fly ash
Fuel Processing Technology, 2019Co-Authors: Shaorui Zhang, Xuguang Jiang, Yuqi Jin, Li Wei, Yifeng Wang, Chunqi Fang, Jianhua YanAbstract:Abstract Co-combustion of Shenmu coal and pickling sludge was carried out in a pilot scale Drop-Tube Furnace. The effect of different pickling sludge amounts on the NO x , SO 2 , HCl, HF, PCDD/Fs and gaseous heavy metals emissions and fly ash behaviors was studied. The burnout section Furnace temperature was 1250 °C, and the pickling sludge amount ranged from 0 to 20 wt%. The result indicates that the co-combustion of x and HCl emission concentrations were basically stable; however, those of SO 2 and HF increased obviously. The total TEQ of PCDD/Fs emission was basically positively correlated to the sludge amount in the blended fuels, and the gaseous heavy metals emissions also increased obviously with the addition of sludge. To meet the national standard (GB18484-2001) on heavy metals emissions, the pickling sludge amount used in co-combustion must be
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so2 nox hf hcl and pcdd fs emissions during co combustion of bituminous coal and pickling sludge in a Drop Tube Furnace
Fuel, 2016Co-Authors: Shaorui Zhang, Xuguang Jiang, Baoxuan Liu, Yuqi Jin, Jianhua YanAbstract:Abstract The influence of co-combustion of bituminous coal and pickling sludge on SO 2 , NO x , HF, HCl and PCDD/Fs emissions was studied in a Drop Tube Furnace. To simulate the combustion condition of suspension firing boilers, the experiment was performed at 1100–1400 °C with the share of sludge in the feed ranging from 0 to 10% by weight. The combustion characteristics of coal and of blended fuels were studied by TG analysis. The results showed that the average combustion efficiency of co-combustion of bituminous coal and pickling sludge in the Drop Tube Furnace is larger than 99%. SO 2 , NO x and HCl emissions had an increasing tendency with the temperature rising, but HF emissions were not sensitive to temperature. SO 2 and HF emissions had a rising trend with increasing share of sludge, while NO x and HCl emissions had an opposite trend. No obvious effect of temperature and the share of sludge on the total TEQ of PCDD/Fs was found, and the emissions of the seventeen congeners were basically stable under different experimental conditions. TG results showed that the combustion characteristics of coal and blended fuels were basically the same. XRD results showed that the ash composition changed significantly with the addition of sludge. Compared to the national standard, when co-combusting of bituminous coal and pickling sludge in commercial power plant, desulphurization and denitrification equipment, activated carbon injection and baghouse should be provided.
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SO2, NOx, HF, HCl and PCDD/Fs emissions during Co-combustion of bituminous coal and pickling sludge in a Drop Tube Furnace
Fuel, 2016Co-Authors: Shaorui Zhang, Xuguang Jiang, Baoxuan Liu, Yuqi Jin, Jianhua YanAbstract:Abstract The influence of co-combustion of bituminous coal and pickling sludge on SO 2 , NO x , HF, HCl and PCDD/Fs emissions was studied in a Drop Tube Furnace. To simulate the combustion condition of suspension firing boilers, the experiment was performed at 1100–1400 °C with the share of sludge in the feed ranging from 0 to 10% by weight. The combustion characteristics of coal and of blended fuels were studied by TG analysis. The results showed that the average combustion efficiency of co-combustion of bituminous coal and pickling sludge in the Drop Tube Furnace is larger than 99%. SO 2 , NO x and HCl emissions had an increasing tendency with the temperature rising, but HF emissions were not sensitive to temperature. SO 2 and HF emissions had a rising trend with increasing share of sludge, while NO x and HCl emissions had an opposite trend. No obvious effect of temperature and the share of sludge on the total TEQ of PCDD/Fs was found, and the emissions of the seventeen congeners were basically stable under different experimental conditions. TG results showed that the combustion characteristics of coal and blended fuels were basically the same. XRD results showed that the ash composition changed significantly with the addition of sludge. Compared to the national standard, when co-combusting of bituminous coal and pickling sludge in commercial power plant, desulphurization and denitrification equipment, activated carbon injection and baghouse should be provided.
Dongke Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Stratification and Chemistry Evolution of Ash Deposits During Combustion of Zhundong Lignite in a Drop Tube Furnace
Energy Procedia, 2017Co-Authors: Mingming Zhu, Zhezi Zhang, Kai Zhang, Guoqing Shen, Dongke ZhangAbstract:Abstract The structural stratification and chemistry evolution of the ash deposits formed on a probe during pf combustion of Zhundong lignite in a Drop Tube Furnace operating at 1673 K was investigated. The ash deposits formed on the probe maintained at different temperatures for varying deposition times were then analysed using SEM-EDS. Results showed that the ash deposits formed in the first hour were composed of fine ash particles less than 25 μm and rich in Ca, Ca/S, and Fe, indicating that lime, anhydrite, and hematite were responsible for initiating the ash deposition. As deposition time increased, large irregular particles rich in Si, Al, and Na subsequently deposited on top of the layer of these fine ash particles. Moreover, the S/Ca ratio of the Ca-bearing ash particles increased as the deposit time on the probe increased, indicating that calcium sulphation reaction occurred on the probe. As the probe temperature increased from 823 K to 1023 K, the structure and chemistry of these deposits remained similar, however, the S/Ca ratio of the Ca-bearing ash particles increased, confirming that increasing the probe temperature promoted the sulphation reaction of calcium and helped sulphur capture.
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characterisation of ash deposits on a probe at different temperatures during combustion of a zhundong lignite in a Drop Tube Furnace
Fuel Processing Technology, 2016Co-Authors: Jianbo Li, Zhezi Zhang, Kai Zhang, Guoqing Shen, Dongke ZhangAbstract:Characteristics of ash deposits formed on an air-cooled stainless steel probe simulating superheater surfaces at different temperatures during combustion of Zhundong lignite in a Drop Tube Furnace were systematically studied. Zhundong lignite in a size fraction of 50–100 μm was combusted in air in the Drop Tube Furnace at 1673 K. Ash deposits formed on both the top tip surface and side surface of the probe maintained at 773 K, 873 K and 973 K, respectively, were collected and characterised using XRD and SEM-EDS for their mineralogy, morphology and chemical composition. The particle sizes and sintering temperatures of the top surface deposits were also determined. At probe temperatures of 773 K and 873 K, the ash deposits on the top surface composed of particles with sizes varying from sub-microns to 100 μm, where fine particles ( 10 μm), indicating sintering had occurred. The mineral phases were dominated by anhydrite, lime, nepheline, hematite, quartz, periclase, and mullite. At 973 K, fine particles had melted and incorporated into the coarse particles, leading to increased particle sizes and the formation of a new mineral phase with low melting-point, hauyne (Al6Ca2Na6O32S2Si6), suggesting significant sintering. The ash deposits on the probe side surface, however, were also sintered but composed of fine particles and their aggregates, nominally < 10 μm in size. The mineral phases mainly consisted of anhydrite, lime and periclase, being much less complex than those in the top surface deposits. The fine ash rich in Na, Ca, S, and Mg on the probe due to condensation and thermophoresis is believed to be responsible for the severe ash deposition during combustion of Zhundong lignite.
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Characterisation of ash deposits on a probe at different temperatures during combustion of a Zhundong lignite in a Drop Tube Furnace
Fuel Processing Technology, 2016Co-Authors: Mingming Zhu, Zhezi Zhang, Kai Zhang, Guoqing Shen, Dongke ZhangAbstract:Characteristics of ash deposits formed on an air-cooled stainless steel probe simulating superheater surfaces at different temperatures during combustion of Zhundong lignite in a Drop Tube Furnace were systematically studied. Zhundong lignite in a size fraction of 50–100 μm was combusted in air in the Drop Tube Furnace at 1673 K. Ash deposits formed on both the top tip surface and side surface of the probe maintained at 773 K, 873 K and 973 K, respectively, were collected and characterised using XRD and SEM-EDS for their mineralogy, morphology and chemical composition. The particle sizes and sintering temperatures of the top surface deposits were also determined. At probe temperatures of 773 K and 873 K, the ash deposits on the top surface composed of particles with sizes varying from sub-microns to 100 μm, where fine particles ( 10 μm), indicating sintering had occurred. The mineral phases were dominated by anhydrite, lime, nepheline, hematite, quartz, periclase, and mullite. At 973 K, fine particles had melted and incorporated into the coarse particles, leading to increased particle sizes and the formation of a new mineral phase with low melting-point, hauyne (Al6Ca2Na6O32S2Si6), suggesting significant sintering. The ash deposits on the probe side surface, however, were also sintered but composed of fine particles and their aggregates, nominally
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composition and sintering characteristics of ashes from co firing of coal and biomass in a laboratory scale Drop Tube Furnace
Energy, 2014Co-Authors: Chao Luan, Dongke ZhangAbstract:In this study ash Ts (sintering temperature) is proposed as an index to evaluate deposition propensity during coal and biomass co-firing. The experiments were carried out in a Drop-Tube Furnace and the resulting ash samples were collected. Ts of the ash samples was measured with a pressure-Drop sintering device. The chemical compositions and mineral phase characteristics of the ashes were also analyzed using ICP (inductively coupled plasma), SEM (scanning electron microscope) and XRD (X-ray diffraction), respectively. Ts decreased with increasing the mass ratio of biomass to coal with a non-linear relationship. The straw showed a more significant effect on the ash sintering temperature than the sawdust. The limitation of contents in the fuel blends should be 15% and 50% for straw and sawdust, respectively. SEM analysis indicated that biomass promoted ash deposition by accelerating the formation of neck between ash particles. Transformations of the mineral matter to lower sintering temperatures during co-firing had occurred.
Xuguang Jiang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Co-combustion of Shenmu coal and pickling sludge in a pilot scale Drop-Tube Furnace: Pollutants emissions in flue gas and fly ash
Fuel Processing Technology, 2019Co-Authors: Shaorui Zhang, Xuguang Jiang, Yuqi Jin, Li Wei, Yifeng Wang, Chunqi Fang, Jianhua YanAbstract:Abstract Co-combustion of Shenmu coal and pickling sludge was carried out in a pilot scale Drop-Tube Furnace. The effect of different pickling sludge amounts on the NO x , SO 2 , HCl, HF, PCDD/Fs and gaseous heavy metals emissions and fly ash behaviors was studied. The burnout section Furnace temperature was 1250 °C, and the pickling sludge amount ranged from 0 to 20 wt%. The result indicates that the co-combustion of x and HCl emission concentrations were basically stable; however, those of SO 2 and HF increased obviously. The total TEQ of PCDD/Fs emission was basically positively correlated to the sludge amount in the blended fuels, and the gaseous heavy metals emissions also increased obviously with the addition of sludge. To meet the national standard (GB18484-2001) on heavy metals emissions, the pickling sludge amount used in co-combustion must be
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so2 nox hf hcl and pcdd fs emissions during co combustion of bituminous coal and pickling sludge in a Drop Tube Furnace
Fuel, 2016Co-Authors: Shaorui Zhang, Xuguang Jiang, Baoxuan Liu, Yuqi Jin, Jianhua YanAbstract:Abstract The influence of co-combustion of bituminous coal and pickling sludge on SO 2 , NO x , HF, HCl and PCDD/Fs emissions was studied in a Drop Tube Furnace. To simulate the combustion condition of suspension firing boilers, the experiment was performed at 1100–1400 °C with the share of sludge in the feed ranging from 0 to 10% by weight. The combustion characteristics of coal and of blended fuels were studied by TG analysis. The results showed that the average combustion efficiency of co-combustion of bituminous coal and pickling sludge in the Drop Tube Furnace is larger than 99%. SO 2 , NO x and HCl emissions had an increasing tendency with the temperature rising, but HF emissions were not sensitive to temperature. SO 2 and HF emissions had a rising trend with increasing share of sludge, while NO x and HCl emissions had an opposite trend. No obvious effect of temperature and the share of sludge on the total TEQ of PCDD/Fs was found, and the emissions of the seventeen congeners were basically stable under different experimental conditions. TG results showed that the combustion characteristics of coal and blended fuels were basically the same. XRD results showed that the ash composition changed significantly with the addition of sludge. Compared to the national standard, when co-combusting of bituminous coal and pickling sludge in commercial power plant, desulphurization and denitrification equipment, activated carbon injection and baghouse should be provided.
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SO2, NOx, HF, HCl and PCDD/Fs emissions during Co-combustion of bituminous coal and pickling sludge in a Drop Tube Furnace
Fuel, 2016Co-Authors: Shaorui Zhang, Xuguang Jiang, Baoxuan Liu, Yuqi Jin, Jianhua YanAbstract:Abstract The influence of co-combustion of bituminous coal and pickling sludge on SO 2 , NO x , HF, HCl and PCDD/Fs emissions was studied in a Drop Tube Furnace. To simulate the combustion condition of suspension firing boilers, the experiment was performed at 1100–1400 °C with the share of sludge in the feed ranging from 0 to 10% by weight. The combustion characteristics of coal and of blended fuels were studied by TG analysis. The results showed that the average combustion efficiency of co-combustion of bituminous coal and pickling sludge in the Drop Tube Furnace is larger than 99%. SO 2 , NO x and HCl emissions had an increasing tendency with the temperature rising, but HF emissions were not sensitive to temperature. SO 2 and HF emissions had a rising trend with increasing share of sludge, while NO x and HCl emissions had an opposite trend. No obvious effect of temperature and the share of sludge on the total TEQ of PCDD/Fs was found, and the emissions of the seventeen congeners were basically stable under different experimental conditions. TG results showed that the combustion characteristics of coal and blended fuels were basically the same. XRD results showed that the ash composition changed significantly with the addition of sludge. Compared to the national standard, when co-combusting of bituminous coal and pickling sludge in commercial power plant, desulphurization and denitrification equipment, activated carbon injection and baghouse should be provided.
