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Christine Feinlebisset - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Droplet Size of intraduodenal fat emulsions influences antropyloroduodenal motility hormone release and appetite in healthy males
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009Co-Authors: Radhika V Seimon, Timothy Wooster, B Otto, Tanya J Little, Peter M Clifton, Matt Golding, Michael Horowitz, Christine FeinlebissetAbstract:BACKGROUND: The presence of fat in the small intestine modulates gastrointestinal motility, stimulates plasma cholecystokinin and peptide YY release, and suppresses appetite and energy intake. These effects are dependent on the lipolysis of fat. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the hypothesis that increasing the Droplet Size of a fat emulsion would attenuate these effects. DESIGN: Ten healthy, lean males were studied on 4 separate occasions in single-blind randomized order. Antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma triglycerides, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and appetite were measured during 120-min intraduodenal infusions of fat emulsions comprising 3 different Droplet Sizes: 1) 0.26 microm (LE-0.26), 2) 30 microm (LE-30), and 3) 170 microm (LE-170) in addition to saline (control). Energy intake at a buffet lunch was quantified immediately after the infusions. RESULTS: Increasing the Droplet Size of the lipid emulsion was associated with diminished suppression of antral (r = 0.75, P < 0.01) and duodenal (r = 0.80, P < 0.01) pressure waves and with stimulation of isolated (r = -0.72, P < 0.01) and basal (r = -0.83, P < 0.01) pyloric pressures. Increasing the Droplet Size was also associated with attenuation of the stimulation of plasma triglycerides (r = -0.73, P < 0.001), cholecystokinin (r = -0.73, P < 0.001), and peptide YY (r = -0.83, P < 0.001) as well as with reductions in the suppression of hunger (r = 0.75, P < 0.01) and energy intake (r = 0.66, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The acute effects of intraduodenal fat emulsions on gastrointestinal function and appetite are dependent on fat Droplet Size. These observations have implications for the design of functional foods to maximize effects on those gut functions that are involved in the suppression of appetite.
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the Droplet Size of intraduodenal fat emulsions influences antropyloroduodenal motility hormone release and appetite in healthy males
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009Co-Authors: Radhika V Seimon, Timothy Wooster, B Otto, Tanya J Little, Peter M Clifton, Matt Golding, Michael Horowitz, Christine FeinlebissetAbstract:BACKGROUND: The presence of fat in the small intestine modulates gastrointestinal motility, stimulates plasma cholecystokinin and peptide YY release, and suppresses appetite and energy intake. These effects are dependent on the lipolysis of fat. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the hypothesis that increasing the Droplet Size of a fat emulsion would attenuate these effects. DESIGN: Ten healthy, lean males were studied on 4 separate occasions in single-blind randomized order. Antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma triglycerides, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and appetite were measured during 120-min intraduodenal infusions of fat emulsions comprising 3 different Droplet Sizes: 1) 0.26 microm (LE-0.26), 2) 30 microm (LE-30), and 3) 170 microm (LE-170) in addition to saline (control). Energy intake at a buffet lunch was quantified immediately after the infusions. RESULTS: Increasing the Droplet Size of the lipid emulsion was associated with diminished suppression of antral (r = 0.75, P < 0.01) and duodenal (r = 0.80, P < 0.01) pressure waves and with stimulation of isolated (r = -0.72, P < 0.01) and basal (r = -0.83, P < 0.01) pyloric pressures. Increasing the Droplet Size was also associated with attenuation of the stimulation of plasma triglycerides (r = -0.73, P < 0.001), cholecystokinin (r = -0.73, P < 0.001), and peptide YY (r = -0.83, P < 0.001) as well as with reductions in the suppression of hunger (r = 0.75, P < 0.01) and energy intake (r = 0.66, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The acute effects of intraduodenal fat emulsions on gastrointestinal function and appetite are dependent on fat Droplet Size. These observations have implications for the design of functional foods to maximize effects on those gut functions that are involved in the suppression of appetite.
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the Droplet Size of intraduodenal fat emulsions influences antropyloroduodenal motility hormone release and appetite in healthy
2009Co-Authors: Radhika V Seimon, Timothy Wooster, Peter M Clifton, Matt Golding, Michael Horowitz, Christine FeinlebissetAbstract:Background: The presence of fat in the small intestine modulates gastrointestinal motility, stimulates plasma cholecystokinin and peptide YY release, and suppresses appetite and energy intake. These effects are dependent on the lipolysis of fat. Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the hypothesis that increasing the Droplet Size of a fat emulsion would attenuate these effects. Design: Ten healthy, lean males were studied on 4 separate occasions in single-blind randomized order. Antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma triglycerides, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and appetite were measured during 120-min intraduodenal infusions of fat emulsions comprising 3 different Droplet Sizes: 1) 0.26 lm (LE0.26), 2 )3 0lm (LE-30), and 3) 170 lm (LE-170) in addition to saline (control). Energy intake at a buffet lunch was quantified immediately after the infusions. Results: Increasing the Droplet Size of the lipid emulsion was associated with diminished suppression of antral (r ¼ 0.75, P , 0.01) and duodenal (r ¼ 0.80, P , 0.01) pressure waves and with stimulation of isolated (r ¼ 20.72, P , 0.01) and basal (r ¼ 20.83, P , 0.01) pyloric pressures. Increasing the Droplet Size was also associated with attenuation of the stimulation of plasma triglycerides (r ¼ 20.73, P , 0.001), cholecystokinin (r ¼ 20.73, P , 0.001), and peptide YY (r ¼ 20.83, P , 0.001) as well as with reductions in the suppression of hunger (r ¼ 0.75, P , 0.01) and energy intake (r ¼ 0.66, P , 0.001). Conclusions: The acute effects of intraduodenal fat emulsions on gastrointestinal function and appetite are dependent on fat Droplet Size. These observations have implications for the design of functional foods to maximize effects on those gut functions that are involved in the suppression of appetite. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1729‐36.
Radhika V Seimon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Droplet Size of intraduodenal fat emulsions influences antropyloroduodenal motility hormone release and appetite in healthy males
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009Co-Authors: Radhika V Seimon, Timothy Wooster, B Otto, Tanya J Little, Peter M Clifton, Matt Golding, Michael Horowitz, Christine FeinlebissetAbstract:BACKGROUND: The presence of fat in the small intestine modulates gastrointestinal motility, stimulates plasma cholecystokinin and peptide YY release, and suppresses appetite and energy intake. These effects are dependent on the lipolysis of fat. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the hypothesis that increasing the Droplet Size of a fat emulsion would attenuate these effects. DESIGN: Ten healthy, lean males were studied on 4 separate occasions in single-blind randomized order. Antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma triglycerides, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and appetite were measured during 120-min intraduodenal infusions of fat emulsions comprising 3 different Droplet Sizes: 1) 0.26 microm (LE-0.26), 2) 30 microm (LE-30), and 3) 170 microm (LE-170) in addition to saline (control). Energy intake at a buffet lunch was quantified immediately after the infusions. RESULTS: Increasing the Droplet Size of the lipid emulsion was associated with diminished suppression of antral (r = 0.75, P < 0.01) and duodenal (r = 0.80, P < 0.01) pressure waves and with stimulation of isolated (r = -0.72, P < 0.01) and basal (r = -0.83, P < 0.01) pyloric pressures. Increasing the Droplet Size was also associated with attenuation of the stimulation of plasma triglycerides (r = -0.73, P < 0.001), cholecystokinin (r = -0.73, P < 0.001), and peptide YY (r = -0.83, P < 0.001) as well as with reductions in the suppression of hunger (r = 0.75, P < 0.01) and energy intake (r = 0.66, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The acute effects of intraduodenal fat emulsions on gastrointestinal function and appetite are dependent on fat Droplet Size. These observations have implications for the design of functional foods to maximize effects on those gut functions that are involved in the suppression of appetite.
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the Droplet Size of intraduodenal fat emulsions influences antropyloroduodenal motility hormone release and appetite in healthy males
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009Co-Authors: Radhika V Seimon, Timothy Wooster, B Otto, Tanya J Little, Peter M Clifton, Matt Golding, Michael Horowitz, Christine FeinlebissetAbstract:BACKGROUND: The presence of fat in the small intestine modulates gastrointestinal motility, stimulates plasma cholecystokinin and peptide YY release, and suppresses appetite and energy intake. These effects are dependent on the lipolysis of fat. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the hypothesis that increasing the Droplet Size of a fat emulsion would attenuate these effects. DESIGN: Ten healthy, lean males were studied on 4 separate occasions in single-blind randomized order. Antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma triglycerides, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and appetite were measured during 120-min intraduodenal infusions of fat emulsions comprising 3 different Droplet Sizes: 1) 0.26 microm (LE-0.26), 2) 30 microm (LE-30), and 3) 170 microm (LE-170) in addition to saline (control). Energy intake at a buffet lunch was quantified immediately after the infusions. RESULTS: Increasing the Droplet Size of the lipid emulsion was associated with diminished suppression of antral (r = 0.75, P < 0.01) and duodenal (r = 0.80, P < 0.01) pressure waves and with stimulation of isolated (r = -0.72, P < 0.01) and basal (r = -0.83, P < 0.01) pyloric pressures. Increasing the Droplet Size was also associated with attenuation of the stimulation of plasma triglycerides (r = -0.73, P < 0.001), cholecystokinin (r = -0.73, P < 0.001), and peptide YY (r = -0.83, P < 0.001) as well as with reductions in the suppression of hunger (r = 0.75, P < 0.01) and energy intake (r = 0.66, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The acute effects of intraduodenal fat emulsions on gastrointestinal function and appetite are dependent on fat Droplet Size. These observations have implications for the design of functional foods to maximize effects on those gut functions that are involved in the suppression of appetite.
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the Droplet Size of intraduodenal fat emulsions influences antropyloroduodenal motility hormone release and appetite in healthy
2009Co-Authors: Radhika V Seimon, Timothy Wooster, Peter M Clifton, Matt Golding, Michael Horowitz, Christine FeinlebissetAbstract:Background: The presence of fat in the small intestine modulates gastrointestinal motility, stimulates plasma cholecystokinin and peptide YY release, and suppresses appetite and energy intake. These effects are dependent on the lipolysis of fat. Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the hypothesis that increasing the Droplet Size of a fat emulsion would attenuate these effects. Design: Ten healthy, lean males were studied on 4 separate occasions in single-blind randomized order. Antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma triglycerides, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and appetite were measured during 120-min intraduodenal infusions of fat emulsions comprising 3 different Droplet Sizes: 1) 0.26 lm (LE0.26), 2 )3 0lm (LE-30), and 3) 170 lm (LE-170) in addition to saline (control). Energy intake at a buffet lunch was quantified immediately after the infusions. Results: Increasing the Droplet Size of the lipid emulsion was associated with diminished suppression of antral (r ¼ 0.75, P , 0.01) and duodenal (r ¼ 0.80, P , 0.01) pressure waves and with stimulation of isolated (r ¼ 20.72, P , 0.01) and basal (r ¼ 20.83, P , 0.01) pyloric pressures. Increasing the Droplet Size was also associated with attenuation of the stimulation of plasma triglycerides (r ¼ 20.73, P , 0.001), cholecystokinin (r ¼ 20.73, P , 0.001), and peptide YY (r ¼ 20.83, P , 0.001) as well as with reductions in the suppression of hunger (r ¼ 0.75, P , 0.01) and energy intake (r ¼ 0.66, P , 0.001). Conclusions: The acute effects of intraduodenal fat emulsions on gastrointestinal function and appetite are dependent on fat Droplet Size. These observations have implications for the design of functional foods to maximize effects on those gut functions that are involved in the suppression of appetite. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1729‐36.
Xiao Yan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Droplet jumping effects of Droplet Size surface structure pinning and liquid properties
ACS Nano, 2019Co-Authors: Xiao Yan, Leicheng Zhang, Soumyadip Sett, Lezhou Feng, Chongyan Zhao, Zhiyong Huang, Hamed Vahabi, Arun K. Kota, Feng ChenAbstract:Coalescence-induced Droplet jumping has the potential to enhance the efficiency of a plethora of applications. Although binary Droplet jumping is quantitatively understood from energy and hydrodynamic perspectives, multiple aspects that affect jumping behavior, including Droplet Size mismatch, Droplet-surface interaction, and condensate thermophysical properties, remain poorly understood. Here, we develop a visualization technique utilizing microDroplet dispensing to study Droplet jumping dynamics on nanostructured superhydrophobic, hierarchical superhydrophobic, and hierarchical biphilic surfaces. We show that on the nanostructured superhydrophobic surface the jumping velocity follows inertial-capillary scaling with a dimensionless velocity of 0.26 and a jumping direction perpendicular to the substrate. A Droplet mismatch phase diagram was developed showing that jumping is possible for Droplet Size mismatch up to 70%. On the hierarchical superhydrophobic surface, jumping behavior was dependent on the ratio between the Droplet radius Ri and surface structure length scale L. For small Droplets ( Ri ≤ 5 L), the jumping velocity was highly scattered, with a deviation of the jumping direction from the substrate normal as high as 80°. Surface structure length scale effects were shown to vanish for large Droplets ( Ri > 5 L). On the hierarchical biphilic surface, similar but more significant scattering of the jumping velocity and direction was observed. Droplet-Size-dependent surface adhesion and pinning-mediated Droplet rotation were responsible for the reduced jumping velocity and scattered jumping direction. Furthermore, Droplet jumping studies of liquids with surface tensions as low as 38 mN/m were performed, further confirming the validity of inertial-capillary scaling for varying condensate fluids. Our work not only demonstrates a powerful platform to study Droplet-Droplet and Droplet-surface interactions but provides insights into the role of fluid-substrate coupling as well as condensate properties during Droplet jumping.
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Droplet Jumping: Effects of Droplet Size, Surface Structure, Pinning, and Liquid Properties
2019Co-Authors: Xiao Yan, Leicheng Zhang, Soumyadip Sett, Lezhou Feng, Chongyan Zhao, Zhiyong Huang, Hamed Vahabi, Arun K. Kota, Feng Chen, Nenad MiljkovicAbstract:Coalescence-induced Droplet jumping has the potential to enhance the efficiency of a plethora of applications. Although binary Droplet jumping is quantitatively understood from energy and hydrodynamic perspectives, multiple aspects that affect jumping behavior, including Droplet Size mismatch, Droplet–surface interaction, and condensate thermophysical properties, remain poorly understood. Here, we develop a visualization technique utilizing microDroplet dispensing to study Droplet jumping dynamics on nanostructured superhydrophobic, hierarchical superhydrophobic, and hierarchical biphilic surfaces. We show that on the nanostructured superhydrophobic surface the jumping velocity follows inertial-capillary scaling with a dimensionless velocity of 0.26 and a jumping direction perpendicular to the substrate. A Droplet mismatch phase diagram was developed showing that jumping is possible for Droplet Size mismatch up to 70%. On the hierarchical superhydrophobic surface, jumping behavior was dependent on the ratio between the Droplet radius Ri and surface structure length scale L. For small Droplets (Ri ≤ 5L), the jumping velocity was highly scattered, with a deviation of the jumping direction from the substrate normal as high as 80°. Surface structure length scale effects were shown to vanish for large Droplets (Ri > 5L). On the hierarchical biphilic surface, similar but more significant scattering of the jumping velocity and direction was observed. Droplet-Size-dependent surface adhesion and pinning-mediated Droplet rotation were responsible for the reduced jumping velocity and scattered jumping direction. Furthermore, Droplet jumping studies of liquids with surface tensions as low as 38 mN/m were performed, further confirming the validity of inertial-capillary scaling for varying condensate fluids. Our work not only demonstrates a powerful platform to study Droplet–Droplet and Droplet–surface interactions but provides insights into the role of fluid–substrate coupling as well as condensate properties during Droplet jumping
G. Brambilla - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Transient flashing propellant flow models to predict internal flow characteristics, spray velocity and aerosol Droplet Size of a pMDI
2017Co-Authors: Barzin Gavtash, Hendrik Versteeg, Graham Hargrave, Ben Myatt, David Lewis, Tanya Church, G. BrambillaAbstract:Despite of the popularity of the pMDI as an asthma remedy, the mechanism leading to spray generation is elusive, mainly due to small length scales and short time scale, causing experimental difficulties to obtain flow information. This mechanism involves transient development of two-phase flashing propellant flow inside pMDI actuator as well as transfer of heat, mass and momentum between the liquid and vapour phase. Variations in the rate of such interphase phenomena dictate the two-phase mass flow rate emission, which itself determines spray velocity and Droplet Size. In this work we compare the performance of existing two-phase flow models to predict the flow conditions and the rate of propellant flow through a pMDI actuator: the homogeneous equilibrium model (HEM), the slip equilibrium model (SEM) and the homogeneous frozen model (HFM). The velocity prediction of the HFM was found to be in good agreement with Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) data indicating the metastable nature of the emitted propellant spray. This work also considers Clark’s correlation for the aerosol Droplet Size based on the results of the flow model. The results of the correlation were compared with phase Doppler anemometry (PDA) Droplet Size measurements. Clark’s correlation was found to be effective in predictions of the temporal Droplet Size variations. However, the value of an empirical constant had to be tuned to fix the Droplet Size for a given combination of formulation, device and to a lesser extent also the distance from the spray orific
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Transient flashing propellant flow models to predict internal flow characteristics, spray velocity, and aerosol Droplet Size of a pMDI
2017Co-Authors: Barzin Gavtash, Graham Hargrave, Ben Myatt, David Lewis, Tanya Church, H. K. Versteeg, G. BrambillaAbstract:Despite the popularity of the pMDI as an asthma remedy, the mechanism leading to spray generation is elusive, mainly due to small length scales and short time scale, causing experimental difficulties to obtain flow information. This mechanism involves transient development of two-phase flashing propellant flow inside pMDI actuator as well as transfer of heat, mass, and momentum between the liquid and vapor phase. Variations in the rate of such interphase phenomena dictate the two-phase mass flow rate emission, which itself determines spray velocity and Droplet Size. In this work, we compare the performance of existing two-phase flow models to predict the flow conditions and the rate of propellant flow through a pMDI actuator: the homogenous equilibrium model (HEM), the slip equilibrium model (SEM), and the homogenous frozen model (HFM). The velocity prediction of the HFM was found to be in good agreement with phase Doppler anemometry (PDA) data indicating the metastable nature of the emitted propellant spray. This work also considers Clark's correlation for the aerosol Droplet Size based on the results of the flow model. The results of the correlation were compared with PDA Droplet Size measurements. Clark's correlation was found to be effective in predictions of the temporal Droplet Size variations. However, the value of an empirical constant had to be tuned to fix the Droplet Size for a given combination of formulation, device, and to a lesser extent also the distance from the spray orifice where predictions are compared with PDA data. This highlights the need to develop first principle atomization models without the need for case-by-case adjustment. © 2017 American Association for Aerosol Research
Michael Horowitz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Droplet Size of intraduodenal fat emulsions influences antropyloroduodenal motility hormone release and appetite in healthy males
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009Co-Authors: Radhika V Seimon, Timothy Wooster, B Otto, Tanya J Little, Peter M Clifton, Matt Golding, Michael Horowitz, Christine FeinlebissetAbstract:BACKGROUND: The presence of fat in the small intestine modulates gastrointestinal motility, stimulates plasma cholecystokinin and peptide YY release, and suppresses appetite and energy intake. These effects are dependent on the lipolysis of fat. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the hypothesis that increasing the Droplet Size of a fat emulsion would attenuate these effects. DESIGN: Ten healthy, lean males were studied on 4 separate occasions in single-blind randomized order. Antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma triglycerides, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and appetite were measured during 120-min intraduodenal infusions of fat emulsions comprising 3 different Droplet Sizes: 1) 0.26 microm (LE-0.26), 2) 30 microm (LE-30), and 3) 170 microm (LE-170) in addition to saline (control). Energy intake at a buffet lunch was quantified immediately after the infusions. RESULTS: Increasing the Droplet Size of the lipid emulsion was associated with diminished suppression of antral (r = 0.75, P < 0.01) and duodenal (r = 0.80, P < 0.01) pressure waves and with stimulation of isolated (r = -0.72, P < 0.01) and basal (r = -0.83, P < 0.01) pyloric pressures. Increasing the Droplet Size was also associated with attenuation of the stimulation of plasma triglycerides (r = -0.73, P < 0.001), cholecystokinin (r = -0.73, P < 0.001), and peptide YY (r = -0.83, P < 0.001) as well as with reductions in the suppression of hunger (r = 0.75, P < 0.01) and energy intake (r = 0.66, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The acute effects of intraduodenal fat emulsions on gastrointestinal function and appetite are dependent on fat Droplet Size. These observations have implications for the design of functional foods to maximize effects on those gut functions that are involved in the suppression of appetite.
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the Droplet Size of intraduodenal fat emulsions influences antropyloroduodenal motility hormone release and appetite in healthy males
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009Co-Authors: Radhika V Seimon, Timothy Wooster, B Otto, Tanya J Little, Peter M Clifton, Matt Golding, Michael Horowitz, Christine FeinlebissetAbstract:BACKGROUND: The presence of fat in the small intestine modulates gastrointestinal motility, stimulates plasma cholecystokinin and peptide YY release, and suppresses appetite and energy intake. These effects are dependent on the lipolysis of fat. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the hypothesis that increasing the Droplet Size of a fat emulsion would attenuate these effects. DESIGN: Ten healthy, lean males were studied on 4 separate occasions in single-blind randomized order. Antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma triglycerides, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and appetite were measured during 120-min intraduodenal infusions of fat emulsions comprising 3 different Droplet Sizes: 1) 0.26 microm (LE-0.26), 2) 30 microm (LE-30), and 3) 170 microm (LE-170) in addition to saline (control). Energy intake at a buffet lunch was quantified immediately after the infusions. RESULTS: Increasing the Droplet Size of the lipid emulsion was associated with diminished suppression of antral (r = 0.75, P < 0.01) and duodenal (r = 0.80, P < 0.01) pressure waves and with stimulation of isolated (r = -0.72, P < 0.01) and basal (r = -0.83, P < 0.01) pyloric pressures. Increasing the Droplet Size was also associated with attenuation of the stimulation of plasma triglycerides (r = -0.73, P < 0.001), cholecystokinin (r = -0.73, P < 0.001), and peptide YY (r = -0.83, P < 0.001) as well as with reductions in the suppression of hunger (r = 0.75, P < 0.01) and energy intake (r = 0.66, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The acute effects of intraduodenal fat emulsions on gastrointestinal function and appetite are dependent on fat Droplet Size. These observations have implications for the design of functional foods to maximize effects on those gut functions that are involved in the suppression of appetite.
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the Droplet Size of intraduodenal fat emulsions influences antropyloroduodenal motility hormone release and appetite in healthy
2009Co-Authors: Radhika V Seimon, Timothy Wooster, Peter M Clifton, Matt Golding, Michael Horowitz, Christine FeinlebissetAbstract:Background: The presence of fat in the small intestine modulates gastrointestinal motility, stimulates plasma cholecystokinin and peptide YY release, and suppresses appetite and energy intake. These effects are dependent on the lipolysis of fat. Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the hypothesis that increasing the Droplet Size of a fat emulsion would attenuate these effects. Design: Ten healthy, lean males were studied on 4 separate occasions in single-blind randomized order. Antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma triglycerides, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and appetite were measured during 120-min intraduodenal infusions of fat emulsions comprising 3 different Droplet Sizes: 1) 0.26 lm (LE0.26), 2 )3 0lm (LE-30), and 3) 170 lm (LE-170) in addition to saline (control). Energy intake at a buffet lunch was quantified immediately after the infusions. Results: Increasing the Droplet Size of the lipid emulsion was associated with diminished suppression of antral (r ¼ 0.75, P , 0.01) and duodenal (r ¼ 0.80, P , 0.01) pressure waves and with stimulation of isolated (r ¼ 20.72, P , 0.01) and basal (r ¼ 20.83, P , 0.01) pyloric pressures. Increasing the Droplet Size was also associated with attenuation of the stimulation of plasma triglycerides (r ¼ 20.73, P , 0.001), cholecystokinin (r ¼ 20.73, P , 0.001), and peptide YY (r ¼ 20.83, P , 0.001) as well as with reductions in the suppression of hunger (r ¼ 0.75, P , 0.01) and energy intake (r ¼ 0.66, P , 0.001). Conclusions: The acute effects of intraduodenal fat emulsions on gastrointestinal function and appetite are dependent on fat Droplet Size. These observations have implications for the design of functional foods to maximize effects on those gut functions that are involved in the suppression of appetite. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1729‐36.
