The Experts below are selected from a list of 25179 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Susan Feigelman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Exposure to Drug Trafficking among urban, low-income African American children and adolescents
Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 1999Co-Authors: Bonita Stanton, Susan FeigelmanAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between exposure to Drug Trafficking (selling or delivering Drugs) and exposure to other forms of community violence and risk behaviors among urban, low-income African American children and adolescents. DESIGN: Community-based, cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Ten public housing developments in a large eastern city in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred forty-nine urban, low-income African American children and adolescents (198 boys and 151 girls), aged 9 to 15 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Exposure to Drug Trafficking and other forms of community violence (as either a victim or a witness), risk behaviors/perceptions including risk-taking/delinquency, Drug use, perpetration of violence or other crimes, threats to school achievement, and perceived peer involvement. ANALYSIS: Exploratory factor analysis was performed to examine whether exposure to Drug Trafficking is a risk factor that is distinct from other exposure to violence. Multivariate analysis of variance and chi2 tests were performed to assess the relationship between exposure to Drug Trafficking and other forms of community violence and risk behaviors/perceptions. RESULTS: Of 349 participants, 63 (18%) had been asked to traffic Drugs and 134 (38%) had seen someone else being asked to traffic Drugs. Factor analysis indicates that exposure to Drug Trafficking appears to be different from other forms of community violence. However, having been asked and having seen other people being asked to traffic Drugs were both strongly associated with exposure to other forms of community violence. Compared with children and adolescents who had not been exposed to Drug Trafficking, those who were exposed to Drug Trafficking reported more risk-taking and delinquent behaviors, Drug use, threats to achievement, and a perception of more peer involvement in these risk behaviors. CONCLUSION: Exposure to Drug Trafficking is a unique risk factor that is strongly associated with exposure to other forms of community violence and involvement in other risk behaviors. Language: en
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Drug Trafficking and Drug use among urban African-American adolescents: a causal analysis.
The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 1998Co-Authors: Susan Feigelman, Bonita Stanton, Jennifer Galbraith, Weihua HuangAbstract:Abstract Objective: To test the hypothesis that involvement in Drug Trafficking leads to illicit Drug use among urban African-American adolescents. Methods: Self-reports of substance use, illicit Drug use, and Drug Trafficking were obtained at baseline and every 6 months for 24 months from 383 African-American early adolescents. Transitions between involvement in Drug Trafficking and illicit Drug use over time were examined. Path analysis was conducted to examine the causal relation between Drug Trafficking and Drug use. Results: Among the 35 youth who were initially involved only in Drug Trafficking, 22 (67%) subsequently used illicit Drugs. Of the 53 youth who were initially involved only in illicit Drug use, only 19 (42%) continued using Drugs at later waves ( p Conclusions: Initiation of Drug Trafficking by adolescents appears to lead to sustained involvement in Drug-related activities, including continued Drug Trafficking and Drug use. By contrast, initiation of Drug use does not necessarily lead to continued involvement in Drug-related behaviors.
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Persistence of Drug Trafficking Behaviors and Intentions among Urban African American Early Adolescents
The Journal of Early Adolescence, 1996Co-Authors: Bonita Stanton, Maureen M. Black, Susan FeigelmanAbstract:Longitudinal data obtained 6 months apart from 132 urban African American adolescents, 9 through 15 years of age, were analyzed to assess the stability and predictability of behaviors, intentions, and perceptions regarding Drug Trafficking. Drug Trafficking behaviors, intentions, and perceptions were relatively stable over time. Although rates of Drug Trafficking were low (7%o), about two-thirds of the youth involved at baseline were still involved 6 months later Males were more likely to be involved than females. Previous involvement was the best predictor for subsequent behavior and intention. Baseline intention was not predictive of subsequent behavior but was predictive of subsequent intention. Perceptions, particularly those regarding extrinsic rewards and response costs of Drug Trafficking, were predictive of subsequent behavior and intention. The youth appeared to differentiate between Drug selling and Drug delivering. These results represent the first longitudinal description of the natural histor...
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Recent and intended Drug Trafficking among male and female urban African-American early adolescents
Pediatrics, 1994Co-Authors: Susan FeigelmanAbstract:OBJECTIVE. To investigate associations between recent and intended involvement in Drug Trafficking and perceptions of the social environment among high-risk urban African-American youths. METHODS. A multicomponent risk assessment survey was conducted among a convenience sample of 351 African-American youths 9 through 15 years of age residing in low-income communities. Both univariate analysis and logistic regression were performed to examine the association of youths' perceived social environment with recent and intended involvement in Drug Trafficking. RESULTS. Drug selling or delivering in the previous 6 months was reported by 6% of the youths; 12% expected to engage in these activities in the next 6 months. There was a strong association between Drug Trafficking and other high-risk behaviors, including Drug use. Among both genders, perceptions that neighbors, friends, or family members were involved in Drug Trafficking were correlated with recent or intended Drug Trafficking. For boys, personal economic needs had a strong association with Drug Trafficking. For girls, personal feelings were more important correlates of intended involvement. CONCLUSIONS. Efforts aimed at both Drug-Trafficking prevention and intervention need to be community-based and multifaceted. Programs should address the youths' perceived social environments and consider gender differences regarding correlates of Drug-Trafficking involvement. Language: en
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Recent and intended Drug Trafficking among male and female urban African-American early adolescents.
Pediatrics, 1994Co-Authors: Susan FeigelmanAbstract:To investigate associations between recent and intended involvement in Drug Trafficking and perceptions of the social environment among high-risk urban African-American youths. A multicomponent risk assessment survey was conducted among a convenience sample of 351 African-American youths 9 through 15 years of age residing in low-income communities. Both univariate analysis and logistic regression were performed to examine the association of youths' perceived social environment with recent and intended involvement in Drug Trafficking. Drug selling or delivering in the previous 6 months was reported by 6% of the youths; 12% expected to engage in these activities in the next 6 months. There was a strong association between Drug Trafficking and other high-risk behaviors, including Drug use. Among both genders, perceptions that neighbors, friends, or family members were involved in Drug Trafficking were correlated with recent or intended Drug Trafficking. For boys, personal economic needs had a strong association with Drug Trafficking. For girls, personal feelings were more important correlates of intended involvement. Efforts aimed at both Drug-Trafficking prevention and intervention need to be community-based and multifaceted. Programs should address the youths' perceived social environments and consider gender differences regarding correlates of Drug-Trafficking involvement.
Bonita Stanton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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protection motivation theory and adolescent Drug Trafficking relationship between health motivation and longitudinal risk involvement
Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 2005Co-Authors: Bonita Stanton, Jennifer Galbraith, Matthew L ColeAbstract:Objective To assess health protection motivation as explained by the constructs of protection motivation theory (PMT) and its association with Drug Trafficking over 2 years. Methods The sample included 817 African American youth (13-16 years old) participating in an adolescent risk-reduction program. We developed an instrument measuring the level of health protection motivation (LHPM) using factor analysis. Changes in LHPM over time were examined among Drug traffickers, abstainers, initiators, and nonrisk youths. Results In sum, 151 participants reported selling and/or delivering Drugs during the study period. The significant inverse correlation between Drug-Trafficking intention and health protection motivation was consistent with PMT. Changes in LHPM were strongly associated with the dynamics of behavior over 2 years. Conclusions Adolescent Drug Trafficking can be predicted by an overall level of health protection motivation. PMT and related theories should be considered in the design of Drug-Trafficking prevention intervention.
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Exposure to Drug Trafficking among urban, low-income African American children and adolescents
Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 1999Co-Authors: Bonita Stanton, Susan FeigelmanAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between exposure to Drug Trafficking (selling or delivering Drugs) and exposure to other forms of community violence and risk behaviors among urban, low-income African American children and adolescents. DESIGN: Community-based, cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Ten public housing developments in a large eastern city in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred forty-nine urban, low-income African American children and adolescents (198 boys and 151 girls), aged 9 to 15 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Exposure to Drug Trafficking and other forms of community violence (as either a victim or a witness), risk behaviors/perceptions including risk-taking/delinquency, Drug use, perpetration of violence or other crimes, threats to school achievement, and perceived peer involvement. ANALYSIS: Exploratory factor analysis was performed to examine whether exposure to Drug Trafficking is a risk factor that is distinct from other exposure to violence. Multivariate analysis of variance and chi2 tests were performed to assess the relationship between exposure to Drug Trafficking and other forms of community violence and risk behaviors/perceptions. RESULTS: Of 349 participants, 63 (18%) had been asked to traffic Drugs and 134 (38%) had seen someone else being asked to traffic Drugs. Factor analysis indicates that exposure to Drug Trafficking appears to be different from other forms of community violence. However, having been asked and having seen other people being asked to traffic Drugs were both strongly associated with exposure to other forms of community violence. Compared with children and adolescents who had not been exposed to Drug Trafficking, those who were exposed to Drug Trafficking reported more risk-taking and delinquent behaviors, Drug use, threats to achievement, and a perception of more peer involvement in these risk behaviors. CONCLUSION: Exposure to Drug Trafficking is a unique risk factor that is strongly associated with exposure to other forms of community violence and involvement in other risk behaviors. Language: en
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Drug Trafficking and Drug use among urban African-American adolescents: a causal analysis.
The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 1998Co-Authors: Susan Feigelman, Bonita Stanton, Jennifer Galbraith, Weihua HuangAbstract:Abstract Objective: To test the hypothesis that involvement in Drug Trafficking leads to illicit Drug use among urban African-American adolescents. Methods: Self-reports of substance use, illicit Drug use, and Drug Trafficking were obtained at baseline and every 6 months for 24 months from 383 African-American early adolescents. Transitions between involvement in Drug Trafficking and illicit Drug use over time were examined. Path analysis was conducted to examine the causal relation between Drug Trafficking and Drug use. Results: Among the 35 youth who were initially involved only in Drug Trafficking, 22 (67%) subsequently used illicit Drugs. Of the 53 youth who were initially involved only in illicit Drug use, only 19 (42%) continued using Drugs at later waves ( p Conclusions: Initiation of Drug Trafficking by adolescents appears to lead to sustained involvement in Drug-related activities, including continued Drug Trafficking and Drug use. By contrast, initiation of Drug use does not necessarily lead to continued involvement in Drug-related behaviors.
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Persistence of Drug Trafficking Behaviors and Intentions among Urban African American Early Adolescents
The Journal of Early Adolescence, 1996Co-Authors: Bonita Stanton, Maureen M. Black, Susan FeigelmanAbstract:Longitudinal data obtained 6 months apart from 132 urban African American adolescents, 9 through 15 years of age, were analyzed to assess the stability and predictability of behaviors, intentions, and perceptions regarding Drug Trafficking. Drug Trafficking behaviors, intentions, and perceptions were relatively stable over time. Although rates of Drug Trafficking were low (7%o), about two-thirds of the youth involved at baseline were still involved 6 months later Males were more likely to be involved than females. Previous involvement was the best predictor for subsequent behavior and intention. Baseline intention was not predictive of subsequent behavior but was predictive of subsequent intention. Perceptions, particularly those regarding extrinsic rewards and response costs of Drug Trafficking, were predictive of subsequent behavior and intention. The youth appeared to differentiate between Drug selling and Drug delivering. These results represent the first longitudinal description of the natural histor...
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Drug Trafficking among African-American early adolescents: prevalence, consequences, and associated behaviors and beliefs.
Pediatrics, 1994Co-Authors: Bonita Stanton, Jennifer GalbraithAbstract:Objective/Methodology. Drug Trafficking by minority youths in low-income, urban areas has received considerable publicity from the mass media in the past half-decade. However, there has been correspondingly little exposition of this problem in the medical literature. This review was undertaken to provide an overview of the epidemiology and consequences of Drug Trafficking among urban youths and to describe factors associated with Drug Trafficking. Results. Existing data indicate that approximately 10% of male, urban, African-American early adolescents report having engaged in Drug Trafficking, with a higher percent of youths reporting having been asked to sell Drugs and/or indicating that they expect to become involved in Drug Trafficking. Rates increase with advancing age. Reported rates of Drug Trafficking are comparable with rates of tobacco and alcohol use among early adolescents and are substantially higher than use rates of illegal Drugs. Drug Trafficking is associated with increased mortality, accounting for one third to one half of homicide-related deaths in some studies. The practice is also associated with other health-risk behaviors, including nonfatal violence, substance use, and incarceration. Perceived social pressures by family members and/or peers to engage in Drug Trafficking and the belief that a youth9s wage-earning potential is limited to Drug Trafficking are highly correlated with involvement in this activity. Conclusions. Drug Trafficking is a prevalent risk behavior among adolescents that has several negative health consequences.
Jennifer Galbraith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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protection motivation theory and adolescent Drug Trafficking relationship between health motivation and longitudinal risk involvement
Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 2005Co-Authors: Bonita Stanton, Jennifer Galbraith, Matthew L ColeAbstract:Objective To assess health protection motivation as explained by the constructs of protection motivation theory (PMT) and its association with Drug Trafficking over 2 years. Methods The sample included 817 African American youth (13-16 years old) participating in an adolescent risk-reduction program. We developed an instrument measuring the level of health protection motivation (LHPM) using factor analysis. Changes in LHPM over time were examined among Drug traffickers, abstainers, initiators, and nonrisk youths. Results In sum, 151 participants reported selling and/or delivering Drugs during the study period. The significant inverse correlation between Drug-Trafficking intention and health protection motivation was consistent with PMT. Changes in LHPM were strongly associated with the dynamics of behavior over 2 years. Conclusions Adolescent Drug Trafficking can be predicted by an overall level of health protection motivation. PMT and related theories should be considered in the design of Drug-Trafficking prevention intervention.
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Drug Trafficking and Drug use among urban African-American adolescents: a causal analysis.
The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 1998Co-Authors: Susan Feigelman, Bonita Stanton, Jennifer Galbraith, Weihua HuangAbstract:Abstract Objective: To test the hypothesis that involvement in Drug Trafficking leads to illicit Drug use among urban African-American adolescents. Methods: Self-reports of substance use, illicit Drug use, and Drug Trafficking were obtained at baseline and every 6 months for 24 months from 383 African-American early adolescents. Transitions between involvement in Drug Trafficking and illicit Drug use over time were examined. Path analysis was conducted to examine the causal relation between Drug Trafficking and Drug use. Results: Among the 35 youth who were initially involved only in Drug Trafficking, 22 (67%) subsequently used illicit Drugs. Of the 53 youth who were initially involved only in illicit Drug use, only 19 (42%) continued using Drugs at later waves ( p Conclusions: Initiation of Drug Trafficking by adolescents appears to lead to sustained involvement in Drug-related activities, including continued Drug Trafficking and Drug use. By contrast, initiation of Drug use does not necessarily lead to continued involvement in Drug-related behaviors.
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Drug Trafficking among African-American early adolescents: prevalence, consequences, and associated behaviors and beliefs.
Pediatrics, 1994Co-Authors: Bonita Stanton, Jennifer GalbraithAbstract:Objective/Methodology. Drug Trafficking by minority youths in low-income, urban areas has received considerable publicity from the mass media in the past half-decade. However, there has been correspondingly little exposition of this problem in the medical literature. This review was undertaken to provide an overview of the epidemiology and consequences of Drug Trafficking among urban youths and to describe factors associated with Drug Trafficking. Results. Existing data indicate that approximately 10% of male, urban, African-American early adolescents report having engaged in Drug Trafficking, with a higher percent of youths reporting having been asked to sell Drugs and/or indicating that they expect to become involved in Drug Trafficking. Rates increase with advancing age. Reported rates of Drug Trafficking are comparable with rates of tobacco and alcohol use among early adolescents and are substantially higher than use rates of illegal Drugs. Drug Trafficking is associated with increased mortality, accounting for one third to one half of homicide-related deaths in some studies. The practice is also associated with other health-risk behaviors, including nonfatal violence, substance use, and incarceration. Perceived social pressures by family members and/or peers to engage in Drug Trafficking and the belief that a youth9s wage-earning potential is limited to Drug Trafficking are highly correlated with involvement in this activity. Conclusions. Drug Trafficking is a prevalent risk behavior among adolescents that has several negative health consequences.
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Drug Trafficking among African-American early adolescents: prevalence, consequences, and associated behaviors and beliefs.
Pediatrics, 1994Co-Authors: Bonita Stanton, Jennifer GalbraithAbstract:Drug Trafficking by minority youths in low-income, urban areas has received considerable publicity from the mass media in the past half-decade. However, there has been corresponding little exposition of this problem in the medical literature. This review was undertaken to provide an overview of the epidemiology and consequences of Drug Trafficking among urban youths and to describe factors associated with Drug Trafficking. Existing data indicate that approximately 10% of male, urban, African-American early adolescents report having engaged in Drug Trafficking, with a higher percent of youths reporting having been asked to sell Drugs and/or indicating that they expect to become involved in Drug Trafficking. Rates increase with advancing age. Reported rates of Drug Trafficking are comparable with rates of tobacco and alcohol use among early adolescents and are substantially higher than use rates of illegal Drugs. Drug Trafficking is associated with increased mortality, accounting for one third to one half of homicide-related deaths in some studies. The practice is also associated with other health-risk behaviors, including nonfatal violence, substance use, and incarceration. Perceived social pressures by family members and/or peers to engage in Drug Trafficking and the belief that a youth's wage-earning potential is limited to Drug Trafficking are highly correlated with involvement in this activity. Drug Trafficking is a prevalent risk behavior among adolescents that has several negative health consequences.
R S Orleans - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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African-American Youth: Drug Trafficking and the Justice System
Pediatrics, 1994Co-Authors: S Leviton, M A Schindler, R S OrleansAbstract:OBJECTIVE. To examine the role of the legal system in adolescent Drug Trafficking. METHODS. Descriptive and analytic review of the literature and relevant legislation. FINDINGS. Utilization of young adolescents by Drug "kingpins" in Drug Trafficking is a new practice that is highly advantageous to the employer for several legal and economic reasons. From the perspective of the Drug kingpins, juveniles are particularly useful in Drug Trafficking because they work for lower wages. Further, even if the youth are arrested, the juvenile justice system enables their rapid return for continued service in the Drug trade. From the perspective of the youth, Drug Trafficking offers one of the few economic opportunities available to them. Further, the numbers suggest a tremendous racial disparity in the juvenile justice system. CONCLUSIONS. The mutual advantages to both employer and employee of using youths in Drug Trafficking increases the likelihood that this new practice will continue to flourish and with increasingly young children. Effective prevention and treatment interventions will need to be multifaceted, addressing the economic, educational, and social issues that have permitted the rapid emergence of adolescent Drug Trafficking. Finally, further investigation of the apparent racial disparities is necessary. Language: en
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African-American youth: Drug Trafficking and the justice system.
Pediatrics, 1994Co-Authors: S Leviton, M A Schindler, R S OrleansAbstract:To examine the role of the legal system in adolescent Drug Trafficking. Descriptive and analytic review of the literature and relevant legislation. Utilization of young adolescents by Drug "kingpins" in Drug Trafficking is a new practice that is highly advantageous to the employer for several legal and economic reasons. From the perspective of the Drug kingpins, juveniles are particularly useful in Drug Trafficking because they work for lower wages. Further, even if the youth are arrested, the juvenile justice system enables their rapid return for continued service in the Drug trade. From the perspective of the youth, Drug Trafficking offers one of the few economic opportunities available to them. Further, the numbers suggest a tremendous racial disparity in the juvenile justice system. The mutual advantages to both employer and employee of using youths in Drug Trafficking increases the likelihood that this new practice will continue to flourish and with increasingly young children. Effective prevention and treatment interventions will need to be multifaceted, addressing the economic, educational, and social issues that have permitted the rapid emergence of adolescent Drug Trafficking. Finally, further investigation of the apparent racial disparities is necessary.
S Leviton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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African-American Youth: Drug Trafficking and the Justice System
Pediatrics, 1994Co-Authors: S Leviton, M A Schindler, R S OrleansAbstract:OBJECTIVE. To examine the role of the legal system in adolescent Drug Trafficking. METHODS. Descriptive and analytic review of the literature and relevant legislation. FINDINGS. Utilization of young adolescents by Drug "kingpins" in Drug Trafficking is a new practice that is highly advantageous to the employer for several legal and economic reasons. From the perspective of the Drug kingpins, juveniles are particularly useful in Drug Trafficking because they work for lower wages. Further, even if the youth are arrested, the juvenile justice system enables their rapid return for continued service in the Drug trade. From the perspective of the youth, Drug Trafficking offers one of the few economic opportunities available to them. Further, the numbers suggest a tremendous racial disparity in the juvenile justice system. CONCLUSIONS. The mutual advantages to both employer and employee of using youths in Drug Trafficking increases the likelihood that this new practice will continue to flourish and with increasingly young children. Effective prevention and treatment interventions will need to be multifaceted, addressing the economic, educational, and social issues that have permitted the rapid emergence of adolescent Drug Trafficking. Finally, further investigation of the apparent racial disparities is necessary. Language: en
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African-American youth: Drug Trafficking and the justice system.
Pediatrics, 1994Co-Authors: S Leviton, M A Schindler, R S OrleansAbstract:To examine the role of the legal system in adolescent Drug Trafficking. Descriptive and analytic review of the literature and relevant legislation. Utilization of young adolescents by Drug "kingpins" in Drug Trafficking is a new practice that is highly advantageous to the employer for several legal and economic reasons. From the perspective of the Drug kingpins, juveniles are particularly useful in Drug Trafficking because they work for lower wages. Further, even if the youth are arrested, the juvenile justice system enables their rapid return for continued service in the Drug trade. From the perspective of the youth, Drug Trafficking offers one of the few economic opportunities available to them. Further, the numbers suggest a tremendous racial disparity in the juvenile justice system. The mutual advantages to both employer and employee of using youths in Drug Trafficking increases the likelihood that this new practice will continue to flourish and with increasingly young children. Effective prevention and treatment interventions will need to be multifaceted, addressing the economic, educational, and social issues that have permitted the rapid emergence of adolescent Drug Trafficking. Finally, further investigation of the apparent racial disparities is necessary.
