The Experts below are selected from a list of 126 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
M Triassi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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DOI 10.1186/s13104-015-1534-9
2016Co-Authors: Maria Bagattini, Raffaella Buonocore, Maria Giannouli, Rossella Bellopede, Nicola Grimaldi, Antonio Nardone, Raffaele Zarrilli, Dario Mattiacci, M TriassiAbstract:Effect of treatment with an overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour disinfection system on multidrug and extensively drug-resistant nosocomial pathogens and comparison with sodium hypochlorite activit
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effect of treatment with an overheated Dry Saturated Steam vapour disinfection system on multidrug and extensively drug resistant nosocomial pathogens and comparison with sodium hypochlorite activity
BMC Research Notes, 2015Co-Authors: Maria Bagattini, Raffaella Buonocore, Maria Giannouli, Dario Maria Mattiacci, Rossella Bellopede, Nicola Grimaldi, Antonio Nardone, Raffaele Zarrilli, M TriassiAbstract:The development of portable Steam generators has made disinfection of the environment more practical. This study assessed the “in vitro” ability of an overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system to kill multidrug and extensively-drug resistant nosocomial pathogens, defining the antimicrobial spectrum and the contact times compared with the activity of sodium hypochlorite. The antibacterial efficacy of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system and of sodium hypochlorite against nosocomial pathogen isolates: extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, high-level aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus fumigatus were assessed using a surface time-kill test carried out on glass surfaces, with or without bovine serum albumin (BSA). The bactericidal activity of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system was observed at 180 °C after 5 min contact with or without BSA, using an initial inoculum of 109 CFU/mL. To reduce C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus counts (from 107 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In vitro tests with sodium hypochlorite at 5 % in the absence of an organic substance also resulted in an overall reduction in bacterial counts (from 109 CFU/mL) after 5 min of treatment. For mycotic challenge (107 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In the presence of an organic substance, after 5 min, the hypochlorite reduced the viable count from 109 to 105 CFU/mL for all bacterial strains except E. faecalis that showed a reduction of 2 log units (109 to 107 CFU/mL). For C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus, a 2 log unit reduction was observed after 7 min. Steam disinfection of environmental surfaces using a portable Steam generator is a practical and effective method that is not affected by the presence of organic matter.
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Effect of treatment with an overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour disinfection system on multidrug and extensively drug-resistant nosocomial pathogens and comparison with sodium hypochlorite activity
BMC Research Notes, 2015Co-Authors: Maria Bagattini, Raffaella Buonocore, Maria Giannouli, Dario Maria Mattiacci, Rossella Bellopede, Nicola Grimaldi, Antonio Nardone, Raffaele Zarrilli, M TriassiAbstract:Background The development of portable Steam generators has made disinfection of the environment more practical. This study assessed the “in vitro” ability of an overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system to kill multidrug and extensively-drug resistant nosocomial pathogens, defining the antimicrobial spectrum and the contact times compared with the activity of sodium hypochlorite. Methods The antibacterial efficacy of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system and of sodium hypochlorite against nosocomial pathogen isolates: extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae , methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , high-level aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus faecalis , Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus fumigatus were assessed using a surface time-kill test carried out on glass surfaces, with or without bovine serum albumin (BSA). Results The bactericidal activity of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system was observed at 180 °C after 5 min contact with or without BSA, using an initial inoculum of 10^9 CFU/mL. To reduce C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus counts (from 10^7 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In vitro tests with sodium hypochlorite at 5 % in the absence of an organic substance also resulted in an overall reduction in bacterial counts (from 10^9 CFU/mL) after 5 min of treatment. For mycotic challenge (10^7 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In the presence of an organic substance, after 5 min, the hypochlorite reduced the viable count from 10^9 to 10^5 CFU/mL for all bacterial strains except E. faecalis that showed a reduction of 2 log units (10^9 to 10^7 CFU/mL). For C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus , a 2 log unit reduction was observed after 7 min. Conclusions Steam disinfection of environmental surfaces using a portable Steam generator is a practical and effective method that is not affected by the presence of organic matter.
Maria Bagattini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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DOI 10.1186/s13104-015-1534-9
2016Co-Authors: Maria Bagattini, Raffaella Buonocore, Maria Giannouli, Rossella Bellopede, Nicola Grimaldi, Antonio Nardone, Raffaele Zarrilli, Dario Mattiacci, M TriassiAbstract:Effect of treatment with an overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour disinfection system on multidrug and extensively drug-resistant nosocomial pathogens and comparison with sodium hypochlorite activit
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effect of treatment with an overheated Dry Saturated Steam vapour disinfection system on multidrug and extensively drug resistant nosocomial pathogens and comparison with sodium hypochlorite activity
BMC Research Notes, 2015Co-Authors: Maria Bagattini, Raffaella Buonocore, Maria Giannouli, Dario Maria Mattiacci, Rossella Bellopede, Nicola Grimaldi, Antonio Nardone, Raffaele Zarrilli, M TriassiAbstract:The development of portable Steam generators has made disinfection of the environment more practical. This study assessed the “in vitro” ability of an overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system to kill multidrug and extensively-drug resistant nosocomial pathogens, defining the antimicrobial spectrum and the contact times compared with the activity of sodium hypochlorite. The antibacterial efficacy of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system and of sodium hypochlorite against nosocomial pathogen isolates: extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, high-level aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus fumigatus were assessed using a surface time-kill test carried out on glass surfaces, with or without bovine serum albumin (BSA). The bactericidal activity of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system was observed at 180 °C after 5 min contact with or without BSA, using an initial inoculum of 109 CFU/mL. To reduce C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus counts (from 107 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In vitro tests with sodium hypochlorite at 5 % in the absence of an organic substance also resulted in an overall reduction in bacterial counts (from 109 CFU/mL) after 5 min of treatment. For mycotic challenge (107 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In the presence of an organic substance, after 5 min, the hypochlorite reduced the viable count from 109 to 105 CFU/mL for all bacterial strains except E. faecalis that showed a reduction of 2 log units (109 to 107 CFU/mL). For C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus, a 2 log unit reduction was observed after 7 min. Steam disinfection of environmental surfaces using a portable Steam generator is a practical and effective method that is not affected by the presence of organic matter.
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Effect of treatment with an overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour disinfection system on multidrug and extensively drug-resistant nosocomial pathogens and comparison with sodium hypochlorite activity
BMC Research Notes, 2015Co-Authors: Maria Bagattini, Raffaella Buonocore, Maria Giannouli, Dario Maria Mattiacci, Rossella Bellopede, Nicola Grimaldi, Antonio Nardone, Raffaele Zarrilli, M TriassiAbstract:Background The development of portable Steam generators has made disinfection of the environment more practical. This study assessed the “in vitro” ability of an overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system to kill multidrug and extensively-drug resistant nosocomial pathogens, defining the antimicrobial spectrum and the contact times compared with the activity of sodium hypochlorite. Methods The antibacterial efficacy of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system and of sodium hypochlorite against nosocomial pathogen isolates: extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae , methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , high-level aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus faecalis , Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus fumigatus were assessed using a surface time-kill test carried out on glass surfaces, with or without bovine serum albumin (BSA). Results The bactericidal activity of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system was observed at 180 °C after 5 min contact with or without BSA, using an initial inoculum of 10^9 CFU/mL. To reduce C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus counts (from 10^7 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In vitro tests with sodium hypochlorite at 5 % in the absence of an organic substance also resulted in an overall reduction in bacterial counts (from 10^9 CFU/mL) after 5 min of treatment. For mycotic challenge (10^7 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In the presence of an organic substance, after 5 min, the hypochlorite reduced the viable count from 10^9 to 10^5 CFU/mL for all bacterial strains except E. faecalis that showed a reduction of 2 log units (10^9 to 10^7 CFU/mL). For C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus , a 2 log unit reduction was observed after 7 min. Conclusions Steam disinfection of environmental surfaces using a portable Steam generator is a practical and effective method that is not affected by the presence of organic matter.
Dario Maria Mattiacci - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of treatment with an overheated Dry Saturated Steam vapour disinfection system on multidrug and extensively drug resistant nosocomial pathogens and comparison with sodium hypochlorite activity
BMC Research Notes, 2015Co-Authors: Maria Bagattini, Raffaella Buonocore, Maria Giannouli, Dario Maria Mattiacci, Rossella Bellopede, Nicola Grimaldi, Antonio Nardone, Raffaele Zarrilli, M TriassiAbstract:The development of portable Steam generators has made disinfection of the environment more practical. This study assessed the “in vitro” ability of an overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system to kill multidrug and extensively-drug resistant nosocomial pathogens, defining the antimicrobial spectrum and the contact times compared with the activity of sodium hypochlorite. The antibacterial efficacy of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system and of sodium hypochlorite against nosocomial pathogen isolates: extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, high-level aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus fumigatus were assessed using a surface time-kill test carried out on glass surfaces, with or without bovine serum albumin (BSA). The bactericidal activity of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system was observed at 180 °C after 5 min contact with or without BSA, using an initial inoculum of 109 CFU/mL. To reduce C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus counts (from 107 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In vitro tests with sodium hypochlorite at 5 % in the absence of an organic substance also resulted in an overall reduction in bacterial counts (from 109 CFU/mL) after 5 min of treatment. For mycotic challenge (107 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In the presence of an organic substance, after 5 min, the hypochlorite reduced the viable count from 109 to 105 CFU/mL for all bacterial strains except E. faecalis that showed a reduction of 2 log units (109 to 107 CFU/mL). For C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus, a 2 log unit reduction was observed after 7 min. Steam disinfection of environmental surfaces using a portable Steam generator is a practical and effective method that is not affected by the presence of organic matter.
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Effect of treatment with an overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour disinfection system on multidrug and extensively drug-resistant nosocomial pathogens and comparison with sodium hypochlorite activity
BMC Research Notes, 2015Co-Authors: Maria Bagattini, Raffaella Buonocore, Maria Giannouli, Dario Maria Mattiacci, Rossella Bellopede, Nicola Grimaldi, Antonio Nardone, Raffaele Zarrilli, M TriassiAbstract:Background The development of portable Steam generators has made disinfection of the environment more practical. This study assessed the “in vitro” ability of an overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system to kill multidrug and extensively-drug resistant nosocomial pathogens, defining the antimicrobial spectrum and the contact times compared with the activity of sodium hypochlorite. Methods The antibacterial efficacy of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system and of sodium hypochlorite against nosocomial pathogen isolates: extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae , methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , high-level aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus faecalis , Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus fumigatus were assessed using a surface time-kill test carried out on glass surfaces, with or without bovine serum albumin (BSA). Results The bactericidal activity of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system was observed at 180 °C after 5 min contact with or without BSA, using an initial inoculum of 10^9 CFU/mL. To reduce C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus counts (from 10^7 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In vitro tests with sodium hypochlorite at 5 % in the absence of an organic substance also resulted in an overall reduction in bacterial counts (from 10^9 CFU/mL) after 5 min of treatment. For mycotic challenge (10^7 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In the presence of an organic substance, after 5 min, the hypochlorite reduced the viable count from 10^9 to 10^5 CFU/mL for all bacterial strains except E. faecalis that showed a reduction of 2 log units (10^9 to 10^7 CFU/mL). For C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus , a 2 log unit reduction was observed after 7 min. Conclusions Steam disinfection of environmental surfaces using a portable Steam generator is a practical and effective method that is not affected by the presence of organic matter.
Antonio Nardone - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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DOI 10.1186/s13104-015-1534-9
2016Co-Authors: Maria Bagattini, Raffaella Buonocore, Maria Giannouli, Rossella Bellopede, Nicola Grimaldi, Antonio Nardone, Raffaele Zarrilli, Dario Mattiacci, M TriassiAbstract:Effect of treatment with an overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour disinfection system on multidrug and extensively drug-resistant nosocomial pathogens and comparison with sodium hypochlorite activit
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effect of treatment with an overheated Dry Saturated Steam vapour disinfection system on multidrug and extensively drug resistant nosocomial pathogens and comparison with sodium hypochlorite activity
BMC Research Notes, 2015Co-Authors: Maria Bagattini, Raffaella Buonocore, Maria Giannouli, Dario Maria Mattiacci, Rossella Bellopede, Nicola Grimaldi, Antonio Nardone, Raffaele Zarrilli, M TriassiAbstract:The development of portable Steam generators has made disinfection of the environment more practical. This study assessed the “in vitro” ability of an overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system to kill multidrug and extensively-drug resistant nosocomial pathogens, defining the antimicrobial spectrum and the contact times compared with the activity of sodium hypochlorite. The antibacterial efficacy of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system and of sodium hypochlorite against nosocomial pathogen isolates: extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, high-level aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus fumigatus were assessed using a surface time-kill test carried out on glass surfaces, with or without bovine serum albumin (BSA). The bactericidal activity of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system was observed at 180 °C after 5 min contact with or without BSA, using an initial inoculum of 109 CFU/mL. To reduce C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus counts (from 107 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In vitro tests with sodium hypochlorite at 5 % in the absence of an organic substance also resulted in an overall reduction in bacterial counts (from 109 CFU/mL) after 5 min of treatment. For mycotic challenge (107 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In the presence of an organic substance, after 5 min, the hypochlorite reduced the viable count from 109 to 105 CFU/mL for all bacterial strains except E. faecalis that showed a reduction of 2 log units (109 to 107 CFU/mL). For C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus, a 2 log unit reduction was observed after 7 min. Steam disinfection of environmental surfaces using a portable Steam generator is a practical and effective method that is not affected by the presence of organic matter.
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Effect of treatment with an overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour disinfection system on multidrug and extensively drug-resistant nosocomial pathogens and comparison with sodium hypochlorite activity
BMC Research Notes, 2015Co-Authors: Maria Bagattini, Raffaella Buonocore, Maria Giannouli, Dario Maria Mattiacci, Rossella Bellopede, Nicola Grimaldi, Antonio Nardone, Raffaele Zarrilli, M TriassiAbstract:Background The development of portable Steam generators has made disinfection of the environment more practical. This study assessed the “in vitro” ability of an overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system to kill multidrug and extensively-drug resistant nosocomial pathogens, defining the antimicrobial spectrum and the contact times compared with the activity of sodium hypochlorite. Methods The antibacterial efficacy of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system and of sodium hypochlorite against nosocomial pathogen isolates: extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae , methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , high-level aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus faecalis , Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus fumigatus were assessed using a surface time-kill test carried out on glass surfaces, with or without bovine serum albumin (BSA). Results The bactericidal activity of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system was observed at 180 °C after 5 min contact with or without BSA, using an initial inoculum of 10^9 CFU/mL. To reduce C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus counts (from 10^7 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In vitro tests with sodium hypochlorite at 5 % in the absence of an organic substance also resulted in an overall reduction in bacterial counts (from 10^9 CFU/mL) after 5 min of treatment. For mycotic challenge (10^7 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In the presence of an organic substance, after 5 min, the hypochlorite reduced the viable count from 10^9 to 10^5 CFU/mL for all bacterial strains except E. faecalis that showed a reduction of 2 log units (10^9 to 10^7 CFU/mL). For C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus , a 2 log unit reduction was observed after 7 min. Conclusions Steam disinfection of environmental surfaces using a portable Steam generator is a practical and effective method that is not affected by the presence of organic matter.
Nicola Grimaldi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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DOI 10.1186/s13104-015-1534-9
2016Co-Authors: Maria Bagattini, Raffaella Buonocore, Maria Giannouli, Rossella Bellopede, Nicola Grimaldi, Antonio Nardone, Raffaele Zarrilli, Dario Mattiacci, M TriassiAbstract:Effect of treatment with an overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour disinfection system on multidrug and extensively drug-resistant nosocomial pathogens and comparison with sodium hypochlorite activit
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effect of treatment with an overheated Dry Saturated Steam vapour disinfection system on multidrug and extensively drug resistant nosocomial pathogens and comparison with sodium hypochlorite activity
BMC Research Notes, 2015Co-Authors: Maria Bagattini, Raffaella Buonocore, Maria Giannouli, Dario Maria Mattiacci, Rossella Bellopede, Nicola Grimaldi, Antonio Nardone, Raffaele Zarrilli, M TriassiAbstract:The development of portable Steam generators has made disinfection of the environment more practical. This study assessed the “in vitro” ability of an overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system to kill multidrug and extensively-drug resistant nosocomial pathogens, defining the antimicrobial spectrum and the contact times compared with the activity of sodium hypochlorite. The antibacterial efficacy of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system and of sodium hypochlorite against nosocomial pathogen isolates: extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, high-level aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus fumigatus were assessed using a surface time-kill test carried out on glass surfaces, with or without bovine serum albumin (BSA). The bactericidal activity of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system was observed at 180 °C after 5 min contact with or without BSA, using an initial inoculum of 109 CFU/mL. To reduce C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus counts (from 107 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In vitro tests with sodium hypochlorite at 5 % in the absence of an organic substance also resulted in an overall reduction in bacterial counts (from 109 CFU/mL) after 5 min of treatment. For mycotic challenge (107 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In the presence of an organic substance, after 5 min, the hypochlorite reduced the viable count from 109 to 105 CFU/mL for all bacterial strains except E. faecalis that showed a reduction of 2 log units (109 to 107 CFU/mL). For C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus, a 2 log unit reduction was observed after 7 min. Steam disinfection of environmental surfaces using a portable Steam generator is a practical and effective method that is not affected by the presence of organic matter.
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Effect of treatment with an overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour disinfection system on multidrug and extensively drug-resistant nosocomial pathogens and comparison with sodium hypochlorite activity
BMC Research Notes, 2015Co-Authors: Maria Bagattini, Raffaella Buonocore, Maria Giannouli, Dario Maria Mattiacci, Rossella Bellopede, Nicola Grimaldi, Antonio Nardone, Raffaele Zarrilli, M TriassiAbstract:Background The development of portable Steam generators has made disinfection of the environment more practical. This study assessed the “in vitro” ability of an overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system to kill multidrug and extensively-drug resistant nosocomial pathogens, defining the antimicrobial spectrum and the contact times compared with the activity of sodium hypochlorite. Methods The antibacterial efficacy of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system and of sodium hypochlorite against nosocomial pathogen isolates: extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae , methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , high-level aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus faecalis , Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus fumigatus were assessed using a surface time-kill test carried out on glass surfaces, with or without bovine serum albumin (BSA). Results The bactericidal activity of the overheated Dry-Saturated Steam vapour system was observed at 180 °C after 5 min contact with or without BSA, using an initial inoculum of 10^9 CFU/mL. To reduce C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus counts (from 10^7 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In vitro tests with sodium hypochlorite at 5 % in the absence of an organic substance also resulted in an overall reduction in bacterial counts (from 10^9 CFU/mL) after 5 min of treatment. For mycotic challenge (10^7 CFU/mL), a longer contact time was necessary (7 min). In the presence of an organic substance, after 5 min, the hypochlorite reduced the viable count from 10^9 to 10^5 CFU/mL for all bacterial strains except E. faecalis that showed a reduction of 2 log units (10^9 to 10^7 CFU/mL). For C. parapsilosis and A. fumigatus , a 2 log unit reduction was observed after 7 min. Conclusions Steam disinfection of environmental surfaces using a portable Steam generator is a practical and effective method that is not affected by the presence of organic matter.
