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Thomas Miedaner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effect of a rye Dwarfing gene on plant height, heading stage, and Fusarium head blight in triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack)
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2014Co-Authors: Rasha Kalih, Hans Peter Maurer, Bernd Hackauf, Thomas MiedanerAbstract:Key message The rye-derived Dwarfing gene Ddw1 on chromosome 5R acts in triticale in considerably reducing plant height, increasing FHB severity and delaying heading stage. Abstract Triticale, an amphiploid hybrid between durum wheat and rye, is an European cereal mainly grown in Germany, France, Poland, and Belarus for feeding purposes. Dwarfing genes might further improve the genetic potential of triticale concerning lodging resistance and yield. However, they might have pleiotropic effects on other, agronomically important traits including Fusarium head blight. Therefore, we analyzed a population of 199 doubled haploid (DH) lines of the cross HeTi117-06 × Pigmej for plant height, heading stage, and FHB severity across 2 locations and 2 years. The most prominent QTL was detected on chromosome 5R explaining 48, 77, and 71 % of genotypic variation for FHB severity, plant height, and heading stage, respectively. The frequency of recovery in cross validation was ≥90 % for all three traits. Because the markers that detect Dwarfing gene Ddw1 in rye are also in our population the most closely linked markers, we assume that this major QTL resembles Ddw1 . For FHB severity two, for plant height three, and for heading stage five additional QTL were detected. Caused by the considerable genetic variation for heading stage and FHB severity within the progeny with the Dwarfing allele, short-strawed, early heading and FHB-resistant lines can be developed when population size is large enough.
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effect of a rye Dwarfing gene on plant height heading stage and fusarium head blight in triticale triticosecale wittmack
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2014Co-Authors: Rasha Kalih, Hans Peter Maurer, Bernd Hackauf, Thomas MiedanerAbstract:Triticale, an amphiploid hybrid between durum wheat and rye, is an European cereal mainly grown in Germany, France, Poland, and Belarus for feeding purposes. Dwarfing genes might further improve the genetic potential of triticale concerning lodging resistance and yield. However, they might have pleiotropic effects on other, agronomically important traits including Fusarium head blight. Therefore, we analyzed a population of 199 doubled haploid (DH) lines of the cross HeTi117-06 × Pigmej for plant height, heading stage, and FHB severity across 2 locations and 2 years. The most prominent QTL was detected on chromosome 5R explaining 48, 77, and 71 % of genotypic variation for FHB severity, plant height, and heading stage, respectively. The frequency of recovery in cross validation was ≥90 % for all three traits. Because the markers that detect Dwarfing gene Ddw1 in rye are also in our population the most closely linked markers, we assume that this major QTL resembles Ddw1. For FHB severity two, for plant height three, and for heading stage five additional QTL were detected. Caused by the considerable genetic variation for heading stage and FHB severity within the progeny with the Dwarfing allele, short-strawed, early heading and FHB-resistant lines can be developed when population size is large enough.
Theodore M. Dejong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Interactions between rootstock, inter-stem and scion xylem vessel characteristics of peach trees growing on rootstocks with contrasting size-controlling characteristics
AoB PLANTS, 2010Co-Authors: Sergio Tombesi, R. Scott Johnson, Kevin R. Day, Theodore M. DejongAbstract:Background and aims The primary physiological mechanism influencing tree vigour in size-controlling rootstocks of peach has been related to the hydraulic conductance of the rootstock. Differences in rootstock hydraulic conductance are a function of rootstock xylem vessel characteristics. The present research examined whether the vigour and xylem vessel characteristics of the rootstock influence the xylem characteristics of the scion. We tested whether using a size-controlling rootstock genotype as an inter-stem influences the xylem vessel characteristics of either the rootstock below the inter-stem or the scion above it and vice versa. Methodology Anatomical measurements (diameter and frequency) of xylem vessels were determined above and below the graft unions of the trunks of peach trees with differing scion/rootstock combinations. The three peach rootstocks were ‘Nemaguard’ (vigorous), ‘P30-135’ (intermediate vigour) and ‘K146-43’ (Dwarfing). The vigorous scion cultivar was ‘O’Henry’. The inter-stem experiment involved trees with ‘Nemaguard’ (vigorous) as the rootstock, ‘K146-43’ (Dwarfing) as the inter-stem and ‘O’Henry’ as the scion. Based on anatomical measurements, we calculated the theoretical axial xylem conductance of each stem piece and rootstock genotype with the Hagen – Poiseuille law. Principal results Xylem vessel dimensions of rootstocks varied in conjunction with tree vigour. Scion xylem vessel dimensions of different scion/rootstock combinations were only marginally affected by rootstock genotype. The inter-stem sections from the Dwarfing genotype (‘K146-43’) had narrower vessels and a lower calculated hydraulic conductance than the xylem from either the vigorous rootstock below (‘Nemaguard’) or the scion above (‘O’Henry’). Conclusions Rootstock genotype only marginally affected scion xylem vessel characteristics. Thus the xylem vessel characteristics of the Dwarfing rootstock genotypes appear to influence tree growth directly rather than through an effect on the xylem characteristics of the scion. A Dwarfing rootstock genotype used as an inter-stem appeared to work as a physical restriction to water movement, reducing potential xylem flow and conductance of the whole tree.
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relationships between xylem vessel characteristics calculated axial hydraulic conductance and size controlling capacity of peach rootstocks
Annals of Botany, 2010Co-Authors: Sergio Tombesi, Scott R Johnson, Theodore M. DejongAbstract:BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Previous studies indicate that the size-controlling capacity of peach rootstocks is associated with reductions of scion water potential during mid-day that are caused by the reduced hydraulic conductance of the rootstock. Thus, shoot growth appears to be reduced by decreases in stem water potential. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of reduced hydraulic conductance in size-controlling peach rootstocks. METHODS: Anatomical measurements (diameter and frequency) of xylem vessels were determined in shoots, trunks and roots of three contrasting peach rootstocks grown as trees, each with different size-controlling characteristics: 'Nemaguard' (vigorous), 'P30-135' (intermediate vigour) and 'K146-43' (substantially Dwarfing). Based on anatomical measurements, the theoretical axial xylem conductance of each tissue type and rootstock genotype was calculated via the Poiseuille-Hagen law. KEY RESULTS: Larger vessel dimensions were found in the vigorous rootstock ('Nemaguard') than in the most Dwarfing one ('K146-43') whereas vessels of 'P30-135' had intermediate dimensions. The density of vessels per xylem area in 'Nemaguard' was also less than in 'P30-135'and 'K146-43'. These characteristics resulted in different estimated hydraulic conductance among rootstocks: 'Nemaguard' had higher theoretical values followed by 'P30-135' and 'K146-43'. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that phenotypic differences in xylem anatomical characteristics of rootstock genotypes appear to influence hydraulic conductance capacity directly, and therefore may be the main determinant of Dwarfing in these peach rootstocks.
Anthony G Condon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparing the effects of ga responsive Dwarfing genes rht13 and rht8 on plant height and some agronomic traits in common wheat
Field Crops Research, 2015Co-Authors: Yushen Wang, Liang Chen, Zhiyuan Yang, Anthony G CondonAbstract:Abstract Rht8 is the only GA-responsive Dwarfing gene used in wheat grown in rainfed or irrigation-limited areas. To assess an alternative Dwarfing gene, the effects of GA-responsive Dwarfing gene Rht13 on plant height and some agronomic traits were compared with Rht8 in this study. The four homozygous genotypes of the F2 individuals, F2:3 and F3:4 lines derived from the cross between Jinmai47 (Rht8) and Magnif M1 (Rht13) were used to evaluate and compare the effects of Rht13 and Rht8. The coleoptile length and seedling root characteristics was conducted under laboratory conditions, while plant height and various yield components were evaluated in field environments in northwest China. Rht13 significantly shortened the length of all internodes (except the basal internode) and reduced final plant height by 30.3% (30.1 cm) on average, while Rht8 mainly reduced peduncle length alone to obtain a plant stature shortened by only 15.7% (16.0 cm). The greater effect of Rht13 on plant height resulted in the distance from spike to flag leaf ligule being decreased by 97.7%. The effect of Rht13 was even greater when combined with Rht8 (104.9%), such that the spikes failed to fully emerge from the flag leaf sheath. Compared with tall genotypes, coleoptile length and seedling root characteristics were not significantly affected by either Rht13 or Rht8, which might favor the utilization of Rht13 or Rht13 + Rht8 in rainfed and irrigation-limited areas. Fewer grains spike−1 were observed in lines with Rht13 alone (18.2%) and with both Dwarfing genes (Rht13 + Rht8, 18.9%), whereas there was no significant difference between the lines with Rht8 alone and tall lines. Rht13 and Rht8 reduced biomass plant−1 by 27.9% and 25.2% and grain yield plant−1 by 29.0% and 17.4%, respectively. Rht13 did not affect 1000-kernel weight and harvest index whereas Rht8 significantly increased 1000-kernel weight and harvest index. In the rainfed winter wheat environment encountered in northwest China, Rht13 reduced grain number spike−1 significantly. This effect may be due to the very short distance from spike to flag leaf ligule. This undesirable effect may be improved through selection. If so, then there is potential for using Rht13 in wheat improvement in rainfed and irrigation-limited areas.
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genetic effect of Dwarfing gene rht13 compared with rht d1b on plant height and some agronomic traits in common wheat triticum aestivum l
Field Crops Research, 2014Co-Authors: Yushen Wang, Liang Chen, Zhiyuan Yang, Anthony G CondonAbstract:GA-insensitive (GAI) Dwarfing genes Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b have been widely used to reduce plant height, increase yield and improve harvest index, but they also express shorter coleoptiles and poor seedling vigor. GA-responsive Dwarfing genes, such as Rht13 have potential for wheat improvement since they may not be associated with the latter effects. In this study, the effects of Dwarfing genes Rht-D1b and Rht13 on plant height, coleoptile length, seedling root characters and yield components were investigated and compared in field environments in northwest China, using F2:3 and F3:4 lines derived from a cross between the Chinese winter wheat Xinong223 (Rht-D1b) and Magnif M1 (Rht13). The results showed that both Rht13 and Rht-D1b significantly reduced internode length and plant height. GA-responsive (GAR) Dwarfing gene Rht13 reduced plant height by 16.5%, but did not affect coleoptile length or seedling root characters. Rht13 lines demonstrated better seedling vigor with greater potential for seedling establishment in the field. The GAI Dwarfing gene Rht-D1b was associated with shorter plant height (22.0% in general) along with shorter coleoptile length, shorter total root length, smaller root surface area, and less root volume. These phenotypes may contribute to lower seedling vigor and poorer seedling emergence in the field. The GAR Dwarfing gene Rht13 could compensate for some of the negative effect of the GAI Dwarfing gene Rht-D1b on root surface area and root volume, which could benefit the root system. The combination of these two Dwarfing genes produced even shorter plants (40.3% in general) and resulted in the shortest distance from spike to flag-leaf ligule. Rht-D1b did not affect the diameter of stems and flag leaf size adversely, while Rht13 narrowed the diameter of stems (except the peduncle) and narrowed flag leaf width. Grain number spike−1 and number of fertile tillers plant−1 was similar between lines with single Dwarfing gene (Rht-D1b or Rht13) and tall lines, but less grain number spike−1 was observed in lines with double Dwarfing genes. 1000-kernel weight was significantly reduced by Rht13, while Rht-D1b had no significant effect on 1000-kernel weight. In the rainfed winter wheat environments encountered here, Rht13 and Rht-D1b reduced biomass plant−1 by 24.5% and 19.9% and grain yield plant−1 by 25.8% and 25.7%, respectively, but harvest index remained the same as tall lines in both Rht13 and Rht-D1b dwarf lines.
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exogenous ga3 application can compensate the morphogenetic effects of the ga responsive Dwarfing gene rht12 in bread wheat
PLOS ONE, 2014Co-Authors: Liang Chen, Liugen Hao, Anthony G CondonAbstract:The most common Dwarfing genes in wheat, Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b, classified as gibberellin-insensitive (GAI) Dwarfing genes due to their reduced response to exogenous GA, have been verified as encoding negative regulators of gibberellin signaling. In contrast, the response of gibberellin-responsive (GAR) Dwarfing genes, such as Rht12, to exogenous GA is still unclear and the role of them, if any, in GA biosynthesis or signaling is unknown. The responses of Rht12 to exogenous GA3 were investigated on seedling vigour, spike phenological development, plant height and other agronomic traits, using F2∶3 and F3∶4 lines derived from a cross between Ningchun45 and Karcagi-12 in three experiments. The application of exogenous GA3 significantly increased coleoptile length and seedling leaf 1 length and area. While there was no significant difference between the dwarf and the tall lines at the seedling stage in the responsiveness to GA3, plant height was significantly increased, by 41 cm (53%) averaged across the three experiments, in the GA3-treated Rht12 dwarf lines. Plant height of the tall lines was not affected significantly by GA3 treatment (<10 cm increased). Plant biomass and seed size of the GA3-treated dwarf lines was significantly increased compared with untreated dwarf plants while there was no such difference in the tall lines. GA3-treated Rht12 dwarf plants with the dominant Vrn-B1 developed faster than untreated plants and reached double ridge stage 57 days, 11 days and 50 days earlier and finally flowered earlier by almost 7 days while the GA3-treated tall lines flowering only 1–2 days earlier than the untreated tall lines. Thus, it is clear that exogenous GA3 can break the masking effect of Rht12 on Vrn-B1 and also restore other characters of Rht12 to normal. It suggested that Rht12 mutants may be deficient in GA biosynthesis rather than in GA signal transduction like the GA-insensitive dwarfs.
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height reduction and agronomic performance for selected gibberellin responsive Dwarfing genes in bread wheat triticum aestivum l
Field Crops Research, 2012Co-Authors: G J Rebetzke, Anthony G Condon, M H Ellis, David Bonnett, B Mickelson, R A RichardsAbstract:Abstract Improved ability to establish well when sowing at depth, into crop residues or hard soils should lead to increased yields in these situations. The semi-Dwarfing Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b genes reduce plant height and increase grain number and yield in favourable environments. However, these genes are associated with reduced coleoptile length and leaf length extension to slow leaf area and biomass accumulation especially when seed are sown deep. Preliminary evidence indicates the potential of Rht4 , Rht5 , Rht8 , Rht12 and Rht13 gibberellin-responsive (GAR) Dwarfing genes to reduce plant height without affecting seedling vigour. Four large, inbred populations were generated varying for presence of one or more GAR-Dwarfing genes. Lines were genotyped with molecular markers linked to each Dwarfing gene and grown in multiple environments to evaluate seedling growth and agronomic performance. Genotypic variation was large for plant height, aerial biomass, grain yield and its components, grain number and size. Height reduction was greatest for Rht5 (−55%), Rht12 (−45%), Rht13 (−34%), Rht4 (−17%), and to a lesser extent Rht8 (−7%). In comparison, height reductions associated with Rht-B1b averaged 23%. Reduced height was genetically correlated with reduced lodging score ( r g = 0.84–0.93), increased dry-matter partitioning to grain (i.e. harvest index; r g = −0.46** to −0.86**) and increased grain number ( r g = −0.22* to −0.73**). Most Dwarfing genes were associated with increased grain number: Rht13 (+27%), Rht4 (+19%), Rht12 (+19%), and Rht-B1b (+9%). Rht8 had little effect on grain number (−1%) whereas later maturity associated with Rht5 contributed to reduced grain number (−66%). The influence of Dwarfing genes on aerial biomass was negligible, with some Rht4 , Rht12 and Rht13 semi-dwarf lines identified combining greater partitioning and aerial biomass to increase grain yield. Compared to tall siblings, coleoptile lengths and seedling leaf breadths were largely unaffected by GAR-Dwarfing genes but leaf length was on average smaller in lines containing Rht5 or Rht12 . These studies demonstrate the potential of GAR-Dwarfing genes for increasing grain number and yield without compromising aerial biomass or coleoptile length in bread wheat.
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the rht13 Dwarfing gene reduces peduncle length and plant height to increase grain number and yield of wheat
Field Crops Research, 2011Co-Authors: G J Rebetzke, Anthony G Condon, M H Ellis, David Bonnett, D E Falk, R A RichardsAbstract:Abstract The green-revolution Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b Dwarfing alleles are usually associated with increased wheat yields but are linked to reduced early growth and poor emergence if sowing conditions are unfavourable. Other Dwarfing genes are available but not used in commercial breeding. The Rht13 bread wheat donor, Magnif M1, produces uniquely short peduncle and penultimate internodes to reduce plant height. A set of near-isogenic (NILs) and recombinant inbred (RILs) lines varying for height were developed from the cross of Magnif M1 and the Rht8c -containing Chuan-mai 18, and evaluated for a range of agronomic characteristics across favourable environments. Reductions in plant height were associated with increased grain number ( r 2 = 0.35**) and harvest index ( r 2 = 0.62**) in the NILs. Reduced-height RILs containing the Rht13 -linked, Xgwm577 M microsatellite marker were significantly shorter, produced greater biomass, yield and harvest index, and increased spike and grain number than lines without the marker. Approximately 74 and 7% of the total phenotypic variance in plant height was accounted for by allelic differences in Xgwm577 and Rht8 loci, respectively. The peduncle and penultimate peduncle internodes of Rht13 -containing lines were proportionately shorter than Rht8c -containing sibs and lines containing the Rht-B1b Dwarfing allele. The unique height-reducing phenotype, increased grain number and yield associated with Rht13 indicate considerable potential for use of this Dwarfing allele for improving wheat performance.
Rasha Kalih - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effect of a rye Dwarfing gene on plant height, heading stage, and Fusarium head blight in triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack)
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2014Co-Authors: Rasha Kalih, Hans Peter Maurer, Bernd Hackauf, Thomas MiedanerAbstract:Key message The rye-derived Dwarfing gene Ddw1 on chromosome 5R acts in triticale in considerably reducing plant height, increasing FHB severity and delaying heading stage. Abstract Triticale, an amphiploid hybrid between durum wheat and rye, is an European cereal mainly grown in Germany, France, Poland, and Belarus for feeding purposes. Dwarfing genes might further improve the genetic potential of triticale concerning lodging resistance and yield. However, they might have pleiotropic effects on other, agronomically important traits including Fusarium head blight. Therefore, we analyzed a population of 199 doubled haploid (DH) lines of the cross HeTi117-06 × Pigmej for plant height, heading stage, and FHB severity across 2 locations and 2 years. The most prominent QTL was detected on chromosome 5R explaining 48, 77, and 71 % of genotypic variation for FHB severity, plant height, and heading stage, respectively. The frequency of recovery in cross validation was ≥90 % for all three traits. Because the markers that detect Dwarfing gene Ddw1 in rye are also in our population the most closely linked markers, we assume that this major QTL resembles Ddw1 . For FHB severity two, for plant height three, and for heading stage five additional QTL were detected. Caused by the considerable genetic variation for heading stage and FHB severity within the progeny with the Dwarfing allele, short-strawed, early heading and FHB-resistant lines can be developed when population size is large enough.
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effect of a rye Dwarfing gene on plant height heading stage and fusarium head blight in triticale triticosecale wittmack
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2014Co-Authors: Rasha Kalih, Hans Peter Maurer, Bernd Hackauf, Thomas MiedanerAbstract:Triticale, an amphiploid hybrid between durum wheat and rye, is an European cereal mainly grown in Germany, France, Poland, and Belarus for feeding purposes. Dwarfing genes might further improve the genetic potential of triticale concerning lodging resistance and yield. However, they might have pleiotropic effects on other, agronomically important traits including Fusarium head blight. Therefore, we analyzed a population of 199 doubled haploid (DH) lines of the cross HeTi117-06 × Pigmej for plant height, heading stage, and FHB severity across 2 locations and 2 years. The most prominent QTL was detected on chromosome 5R explaining 48, 77, and 71 % of genotypic variation for FHB severity, plant height, and heading stage, respectively. The frequency of recovery in cross validation was ≥90 % for all three traits. Because the markers that detect Dwarfing gene Ddw1 in rye are also in our population the most closely linked markers, we assume that this major QTL resembles Ddw1. For FHB severity two, for plant height three, and for heading stage five additional QTL were detected. Caused by the considerable genetic variation for heading stage and FHB severity within the progeny with the Dwarfing allele, short-strawed, early heading and FHB-resistant lines can be developed when population size is large enough.
Sergio Tombesi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Interactions between rootstock, inter-stem and scion xylem vessel characteristics of peach trees growing on rootstocks with contrasting size-controlling characteristics
AoB PLANTS, 2010Co-Authors: Sergio Tombesi, R. Scott Johnson, Kevin R. Day, Theodore M. DejongAbstract:Background and aims The primary physiological mechanism influencing tree vigour in size-controlling rootstocks of peach has been related to the hydraulic conductance of the rootstock. Differences in rootstock hydraulic conductance are a function of rootstock xylem vessel characteristics. The present research examined whether the vigour and xylem vessel characteristics of the rootstock influence the xylem characteristics of the scion. We tested whether using a size-controlling rootstock genotype as an inter-stem influences the xylem vessel characteristics of either the rootstock below the inter-stem or the scion above it and vice versa. Methodology Anatomical measurements (diameter and frequency) of xylem vessels were determined above and below the graft unions of the trunks of peach trees with differing scion/rootstock combinations. The three peach rootstocks were ‘Nemaguard’ (vigorous), ‘P30-135’ (intermediate vigour) and ‘K146-43’ (Dwarfing). The vigorous scion cultivar was ‘O’Henry’. The inter-stem experiment involved trees with ‘Nemaguard’ (vigorous) as the rootstock, ‘K146-43’ (Dwarfing) as the inter-stem and ‘O’Henry’ as the scion. Based on anatomical measurements, we calculated the theoretical axial xylem conductance of each stem piece and rootstock genotype with the Hagen – Poiseuille law. Principal results Xylem vessel dimensions of rootstocks varied in conjunction with tree vigour. Scion xylem vessel dimensions of different scion/rootstock combinations were only marginally affected by rootstock genotype. The inter-stem sections from the Dwarfing genotype (‘K146-43’) had narrower vessels and a lower calculated hydraulic conductance than the xylem from either the vigorous rootstock below (‘Nemaguard’) or the scion above (‘O’Henry’). Conclusions Rootstock genotype only marginally affected scion xylem vessel characteristics. Thus the xylem vessel characteristics of the Dwarfing rootstock genotypes appear to influence tree growth directly rather than through an effect on the xylem characteristics of the scion. A Dwarfing rootstock genotype used as an inter-stem appeared to work as a physical restriction to water movement, reducing potential xylem flow and conductance of the whole tree.
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relationships between xylem vessel characteristics calculated axial hydraulic conductance and size controlling capacity of peach rootstocks
Annals of Botany, 2010Co-Authors: Sergio Tombesi, Scott R Johnson, Theodore M. DejongAbstract:BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Previous studies indicate that the size-controlling capacity of peach rootstocks is associated with reductions of scion water potential during mid-day that are caused by the reduced hydraulic conductance of the rootstock. Thus, shoot growth appears to be reduced by decreases in stem water potential. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of reduced hydraulic conductance in size-controlling peach rootstocks. METHODS: Anatomical measurements (diameter and frequency) of xylem vessels were determined in shoots, trunks and roots of three contrasting peach rootstocks grown as trees, each with different size-controlling characteristics: 'Nemaguard' (vigorous), 'P30-135' (intermediate vigour) and 'K146-43' (substantially Dwarfing). Based on anatomical measurements, the theoretical axial xylem conductance of each tissue type and rootstock genotype was calculated via the Poiseuille-Hagen law. KEY RESULTS: Larger vessel dimensions were found in the vigorous rootstock ('Nemaguard') than in the most Dwarfing one ('K146-43') whereas vessels of 'P30-135' had intermediate dimensions. The density of vessels per xylem area in 'Nemaguard' was also less than in 'P30-135'and 'K146-43'. These characteristics resulted in different estimated hydraulic conductance among rootstocks: 'Nemaguard' had higher theoretical values followed by 'P30-135' and 'K146-43'. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that phenotypic differences in xylem anatomical characteristics of rootstock genotypes appear to influence hydraulic conductance capacity directly, and therefore may be the main determinant of Dwarfing in these peach rootstocks.
