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Emily Oken - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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plasma concentrations of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances and body composition from mid childhood to Early Adolescence
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2021Co-Authors: Jaclyn A Janis, Diane R Gold, Sheryl L Rifasshiman, Shravanthi M Seshasayee, Sharon K Sagiv, Antonia M Calafat, Brent A Coull, Clifford J Rosen, Emily OkenAbstract:Context Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may alter body composition by lowering anabolic hormones and increasing inflammation, but data are limited, particularly in Adolescence when body composition is rapidly changing. Objective To evaluate associations of PFAS plasma concentrations in childhood with change in body composition through Early Adolescence. Design, setting, and participants 537 children in the Boston-area Project Viva cohort. Methods We used multivariable linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to examine associations of plasma concentrations of six PFAS, quantified by mass spectrometry, in mid-childhood (mean age 7.9 years; 2007-2010) with change in body composition measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry from mid-childhood to Early Adolescence (mean age 13.1 years). Results In single PFAS linear regression models, children with higher concentrations of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) had less accrual of lean mass (e.g., -0.33 [95% CI: -0.52, -0.13] kg/m 2 per doubling of PFOA). Children with higher PFOS and PFHxS had less accrual of total and truncal fat mass (e.g., -0.32 [95% CI: -0.54, -0.11] kg/m 2 total fat mass per doubling of PFOS), particularly subcutaneous fat mass (e.g., -17.26 [95% CI -32.25, -2.27] g/m 2 per doubling of PFOS). Children with higher PFDA and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) had greater accrual of visceral fat mass (e.g., 0.44 [95% CI: 0.13, 0.75] g/m 2 per doubling of PFDA). Results from BKMR mixture models were consistent with linear regression analyses. Conclusions Early life exposure to some but not all PFAS may be associated with adverse changes in body composition.
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associations of dxa measured abdominal adiposity with cardio metabolic risk and related markers in Early Adolescence in project viva
Pediatric Obesity, 2021Co-Authors: Sheryl L Rifasshiman, Emily Oken, Elsie M Taveras, Mariefrance HivertAbstract:BACKGROUND Increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) precedes development of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in adults. The associations of abdominal adiposity derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), including VAT, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) and total abdominal adipose tissue (TAAT) with cardio-metabolic risk in adolescents are understudied. OBJECTIVES We examined the cross-sectional associations of DXA-measured abdominal adiposity with cardio-metabolic risk and related markers in Early Adolescence (mean [SD] age 13.0 [0.7] years). METHODS We collected data from 740 adolescents (374 girls and 366 boys) in Project Viva, a U.S. pre-birth cohort. We used DXA estimates of VAT, SAAT and TAAT area. We conducted overall and sex-stratified linear regression models, adjusting for age, sex (in overall models), race/ethnicity, puberty score and body mass index (BMI) z-score. RESULTS Mean BMI z-score was 0.59 (1.28). After adjustment, greater VAT (per 1 SD score) was associated with higher metabolic risk z-score (β 0.14 units; 95% CI 0.08, 0.20), higher log high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (β 0.51 mg/L; 0.36, 0.66) and log leptin (β 0.36 ng/mL; 0.27, 0.44), and lower log adiponectin (β -0.08 ug/mL; -0.13, -0.02). SAAT and TAAT showed similar associations as VAT with comparable or greater effect sizes. CONCLUSION In Early Adolescence, DXA-measured VAT, SAAT and TAAT are associated with cardio-metabolic risk and related markers, independent of current BMI. Among two adolescents with the same BMI, there is an associated higher cardio-metabolic risk in the adolescent with greater DXA-measured abdominal adiposity.
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Early life exposure to green space and insulin resistance an assessment from infancy to Early Adolescence
Environment International, 2020Co-Authors: Marcia P Jimenez, Emily Oken, Diane R Gold, Heike Luttmanngibson, Weeberb J Requia, Sheryl L Rifasshiman, Veronique Gingras, Mariefrance Hivert, Eric B Rimm, Peter JamesAbstract:Abstract Background Recent studies suggest that greater exposure to natural vegetation, or “green space” is associated with lower diabetes risk, possibly through increasing physical activity. However, there is limited research on green space and insulin resistance in youth. We hypothesized greater green space at Early-life sensitive time periods would be associated with lower insulin resistance in youth. Methods We used data from Project Viva (N = 460), a pre-birth cohort study that recruited pregnant women in eastern Massachusetts, 1999–2002, and followed offspring into Adolescence. We defined residential green space exposure at infancy (median age − 1.1 years), Early childhood (3.2 years), mid-childhood (7.7 years), and Early Adolescence (12.8 years), using 30 m resolution Landsat satellite imagery to estimate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index [NDVI]. Our main outcome was Early Adolescence estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). We used multiple imputation to account for missing data and multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, parental education, household income, and neighborhood median household income. Results The highest green space tertile had the highest percentage of white participants (85%), college-educated mothers (87%) and fathers (85%), and households with income higher than US$70,000 (86%). Unadjusted models showed that participants living in the highest green space tertile at infancy had a 0.15 unit lower HOMA-IR (95% CI: −0.23, −0.06) in Early Adolescence, than those living in the lowest tertile. However, in adjusted models, we did not observe evidence of associations between green space from infancy to Early Adolescence and HOMA-IR in Early Adolescence, although some point estimates were in the hypothesized direction. For example, participants in the highest green space tertile in infancy had 0.03 units lower HOMA-IR (95%CI: −0.14, 0.08) than those living in the lowest tertile. Conclusions Exposure to green space at Early life sensitive time periods was not associated with HOMA-IR in youth. Early-life longitudinal studies across diverse populations are needed to confirm or refute our results.
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leptin trajectories from birth to mid childhood and cardio metabolic health in Early Adolescence
Metabolism-clinical and Experimental, 2019Co-Authors: Sheryl L Rifasshiman, Mariefrance Hivert, Izzuddin M Aris, Christos S Mantzoros, Emily OkenAbstract:Abstract Objectives Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose tissue that promotes satiety, and some evidence suggests that greater Early life leptin exposure prevents excessive adiposity gain in later life. However, few studies have analyzed dynamic changes in leptin throughout childhood in relation to later cardio-metabolic health. Our study aims to identify distinct leptin trajectories in childhood, and to examine their associations with cardio-metabolic outcomes in Adolescence. Methods Among children in the Project Viva cohort born 1999–2002 in Massachusetts, we used latent class growth models to identify leptin trajectories independent of maternal BMI, child sex, race/ethnicity, size at birth and current age and size among 1360 children with leptin measured at least once at birth, Early childhood (mean 3.3 ± SD 0.3 years), or mid-childhood (7.9 ± 0.8 years). At research visits in Early Adolescence (13.2 ± 0.9 years), we assessed cardio-metabolic outcomes including adiposity measures, fasting biomarkers, and blood pressure among 855 children. We then applied multiple regression models to examine associations of the leptin trajectories with these cardio-metabolic outcomes in Early Adolescence, adjusting for child age at outcome, maternal age, education, prenatal smoking and glucose, total gestational weight gain and paternal BMI. Results The latent class growth model identified 3 distinct leptin trajectories: “low stable” (n = 1031, 75.8%), “high-decreasing” (n = 219, 16.1%) and “intermediate-increasing” (n = 110, 8.1%). In adjusted models, the intermediate-increasing leptin trajectory was associated with higher Early Adolescence adiposity measures (e.g. BMI z-score: 0.62 units; 95% confidence interval: 0.28, 0.96 and odds of obesity: 2.84: 1.17, 6.94), but lower systolic blood pressure (−0.46 z-score units; −0.74, −0.18), compared to the low-stable group. Conclusions Our findings on leptin trajectories in childhood suggest important differences and associations with later metabolic outcomes.
Sheryl L Rifasshiman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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plasma concentrations of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances and body composition from mid childhood to Early Adolescence
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2021Co-Authors: Jaclyn A Janis, Diane R Gold, Sheryl L Rifasshiman, Shravanthi M Seshasayee, Sharon K Sagiv, Antonia M Calafat, Brent A Coull, Clifford J Rosen, Emily OkenAbstract:Context Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may alter body composition by lowering anabolic hormones and increasing inflammation, but data are limited, particularly in Adolescence when body composition is rapidly changing. Objective To evaluate associations of PFAS plasma concentrations in childhood with change in body composition through Early Adolescence. Design, setting, and participants 537 children in the Boston-area Project Viva cohort. Methods We used multivariable linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to examine associations of plasma concentrations of six PFAS, quantified by mass spectrometry, in mid-childhood (mean age 7.9 years; 2007-2010) with change in body composition measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry from mid-childhood to Early Adolescence (mean age 13.1 years). Results In single PFAS linear regression models, children with higher concentrations of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) had less accrual of lean mass (e.g., -0.33 [95% CI: -0.52, -0.13] kg/m 2 per doubling of PFOA). Children with higher PFOS and PFHxS had less accrual of total and truncal fat mass (e.g., -0.32 [95% CI: -0.54, -0.11] kg/m 2 total fat mass per doubling of PFOS), particularly subcutaneous fat mass (e.g., -17.26 [95% CI -32.25, -2.27] g/m 2 per doubling of PFOS). Children with higher PFDA and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) had greater accrual of visceral fat mass (e.g., 0.44 [95% CI: 0.13, 0.75] g/m 2 per doubling of PFDA). Results from BKMR mixture models were consistent with linear regression analyses. Conclusions Early life exposure to some but not all PFAS may be associated with adverse changes in body composition.
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associations of dxa measured abdominal adiposity with cardio metabolic risk and related markers in Early Adolescence in project viva
Pediatric Obesity, 2021Co-Authors: Sheryl L Rifasshiman, Emily Oken, Elsie M Taveras, Mariefrance HivertAbstract:BACKGROUND Increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) precedes development of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in adults. The associations of abdominal adiposity derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), including VAT, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) and total abdominal adipose tissue (TAAT) with cardio-metabolic risk in adolescents are understudied. OBJECTIVES We examined the cross-sectional associations of DXA-measured abdominal adiposity with cardio-metabolic risk and related markers in Early Adolescence (mean [SD] age 13.0 [0.7] years). METHODS We collected data from 740 adolescents (374 girls and 366 boys) in Project Viva, a U.S. pre-birth cohort. We used DXA estimates of VAT, SAAT and TAAT area. We conducted overall and sex-stratified linear regression models, adjusting for age, sex (in overall models), race/ethnicity, puberty score and body mass index (BMI) z-score. RESULTS Mean BMI z-score was 0.59 (1.28). After adjustment, greater VAT (per 1 SD score) was associated with higher metabolic risk z-score (β 0.14 units; 95% CI 0.08, 0.20), higher log high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (β 0.51 mg/L; 0.36, 0.66) and log leptin (β 0.36 ng/mL; 0.27, 0.44), and lower log adiponectin (β -0.08 ug/mL; -0.13, -0.02). SAAT and TAAT showed similar associations as VAT with comparable or greater effect sizes. CONCLUSION In Early Adolescence, DXA-measured VAT, SAAT and TAAT are associated with cardio-metabolic risk and related markers, independent of current BMI. Among two adolescents with the same BMI, there is an associated higher cardio-metabolic risk in the adolescent with greater DXA-measured abdominal adiposity.
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Early life exposure to green space and insulin resistance an assessment from infancy to Early Adolescence
Environment International, 2020Co-Authors: Marcia P Jimenez, Emily Oken, Diane R Gold, Heike Luttmanngibson, Weeberb J Requia, Sheryl L Rifasshiman, Veronique Gingras, Mariefrance Hivert, Eric B Rimm, Peter JamesAbstract:Abstract Background Recent studies suggest that greater exposure to natural vegetation, or “green space” is associated with lower diabetes risk, possibly through increasing physical activity. However, there is limited research on green space and insulin resistance in youth. We hypothesized greater green space at Early-life sensitive time periods would be associated with lower insulin resistance in youth. Methods We used data from Project Viva (N = 460), a pre-birth cohort study that recruited pregnant women in eastern Massachusetts, 1999–2002, and followed offspring into Adolescence. We defined residential green space exposure at infancy (median age − 1.1 years), Early childhood (3.2 years), mid-childhood (7.7 years), and Early Adolescence (12.8 years), using 30 m resolution Landsat satellite imagery to estimate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index [NDVI]. Our main outcome was Early Adolescence estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). We used multiple imputation to account for missing data and multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, parental education, household income, and neighborhood median household income. Results The highest green space tertile had the highest percentage of white participants (85%), college-educated mothers (87%) and fathers (85%), and households with income higher than US$70,000 (86%). Unadjusted models showed that participants living in the highest green space tertile at infancy had a 0.15 unit lower HOMA-IR (95% CI: −0.23, −0.06) in Early Adolescence, than those living in the lowest tertile. However, in adjusted models, we did not observe evidence of associations between green space from infancy to Early Adolescence and HOMA-IR in Early Adolescence, although some point estimates were in the hypothesized direction. For example, participants in the highest green space tertile in infancy had 0.03 units lower HOMA-IR (95%CI: −0.14, 0.08) than those living in the lowest tertile. Conclusions Exposure to green space at Early life sensitive time periods was not associated with HOMA-IR in youth. Early-life longitudinal studies across diverse populations are needed to confirm or refute our results.
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leptin trajectories from birth to mid childhood and cardio metabolic health in Early Adolescence
Metabolism-clinical and Experimental, 2019Co-Authors: Sheryl L Rifasshiman, Mariefrance Hivert, Izzuddin M Aris, Christos S Mantzoros, Emily OkenAbstract:Abstract Objectives Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose tissue that promotes satiety, and some evidence suggests that greater Early life leptin exposure prevents excessive adiposity gain in later life. However, few studies have analyzed dynamic changes in leptin throughout childhood in relation to later cardio-metabolic health. Our study aims to identify distinct leptin trajectories in childhood, and to examine their associations with cardio-metabolic outcomes in Adolescence. Methods Among children in the Project Viva cohort born 1999–2002 in Massachusetts, we used latent class growth models to identify leptin trajectories independent of maternal BMI, child sex, race/ethnicity, size at birth and current age and size among 1360 children with leptin measured at least once at birth, Early childhood (mean 3.3 ± SD 0.3 years), or mid-childhood (7.9 ± 0.8 years). At research visits in Early Adolescence (13.2 ± 0.9 years), we assessed cardio-metabolic outcomes including adiposity measures, fasting biomarkers, and blood pressure among 855 children. We then applied multiple regression models to examine associations of the leptin trajectories with these cardio-metabolic outcomes in Early Adolescence, adjusting for child age at outcome, maternal age, education, prenatal smoking and glucose, total gestational weight gain and paternal BMI. Results The latent class growth model identified 3 distinct leptin trajectories: “low stable” (n = 1031, 75.8%), “high-decreasing” (n = 219, 16.1%) and “intermediate-increasing” (n = 110, 8.1%). In adjusted models, the intermediate-increasing leptin trajectory was associated with higher Early Adolescence adiposity measures (e.g. BMI z-score: 0.62 units; 95% confidence interval: 0.28, 0.96 and odds of obesity: 2.84: 1.17, 6.94), but lower systolic blood pressure (−0.46 z-score units; −0.74, −0.18), compared to the low-stable group. Conclusions Our findings on leptin trajectories in childhood suggest important differences and associations with later metabolic outcomes.
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association of weight for length vs body mass index during the first 2 years of life with cardiometabolic risk in Early Adolescence
JAMA, 2018Co-Authors: Sheryl L Rifasshiman, Mariefrance Hivert, Izzuddin M Aris, Seungmi Yang, Mandy B Belfort, Jennifer Thompson, Rita Patel, Richard M MartinAbstract:Importance The American Academy of Pediatrics currently recommends weight for length (WFL) for assessment of weight status in children younger than 2 years but body mass index (BMI) for children older than 2 years. However, the clinical implications of using WFL vs BMI in children younger than 2 years as an indicator of future health outcomes remains understudied. Objective To compare associations of overweight based on WFL vs BMI in children younger than 2 years with cardiometabolic outcomes during Early Adolescence. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective study of birth cohorts in the United States (Project Viva) and Belarus (Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial [PROBIT]) performed from June 1, 1996, to November 31, 2002, included 13 666 children younger than 2 years. Main Exposures Overweight defined as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) WFL in the 95th percentile or greater, World Health Organization (WHO) WFL in the 97.7th percentile or greater, or WHO BMI in the 97.7th percentile or greater at 6, 12, 18, or 24 months of age. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes were fat mass index, insulin resistance, metabolic risk score, and obesity during Early Adolescence. Secondary outcomes were height and BMIzscores, sum of skinfolds, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure during Early Adolescence. Results The study included 919 children (mean [SD] age, 12.9 [0.9] years; 460 [50.1%] male; and 598 [65.1%] white) from Project Viva and 12 747 children (mean [SD] age, 11.5 [0.5] years; 6204 [48.7%] male; and 12 747 [100%] white) from PROBIT. During 6 to 24 months of age, in Project Viva, 206 children (22.4%) were overweight at any of the 4 times points according to the CDC WFL, 160 (17.4%) according to WHO WFL, and 161 (17.5%) according to WHO BMI cut points. In PROBIT, 3715 children (29.1%) were overweight at any of the 4 time points according to the CDC WFL, 3069 (24.1%) according to WHO WFL, and 3125 (24.5%) according to WHO BMI cut points. After maternal and child characteristics were adjusted for, being ever overweight (vs never overweight) during 6 to 24 months of age was associated with higher likelihood of adverse cardiometabolic risk markers during Early Adolescence, but associations did not differ substantially across WFL and BMI cut points in either cohort. For example, for fat mass index in Project Viva, β = 0.9 (95% CI, 0.5-1.4) for the CDC WFL, β = 1.1 (95% CI, 0.6-1.6) for WHO WFL, and β = 1.4 (95% CI, 0.9-1.9) for WHO BMI. For PROBIT, β = 0.5 (95% CI, 0.4-0.6) for the CDC WFL, β = 0.6 (95% CI, 0.5-0.7) for WHO WFL, and β = 0.6 (95% CI, 0.5-0.6) for WHO BMI. Neither growth metric in infancy was superior over the others based onFstatistics (Project Viva: 17.1-17.8; PROBIT: 87.1-88.7). Findings were similar for insulin resistance, metabolic risk score, obesity, and secondary outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance Choice of WFL vs BMI to define overweight during the first 2 years of life may not greatly affect the association with cardiometabolic outcomes during Early Adolescence. The findings appear to have important implications for investigators seeking to use BMI as a growth metric for epidemiologic research and for practitioners monitoring the weight status of children younger than 2 years.
Zhonghai Zhu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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postnatal stature does not largely mediate the relationship between adverse birth outcomes and cognitive development in mid childhood and Early Adolescence in rural western china
Journal of Nutrition, 2021Co-Authors: Zhonghai Zhu, Nandita Perumal, Wafaie W Fawzi, Yue Cheng, Mohamed Elhoumed, Liang Wang, Michael J Dibley, Lingxia Zeng, Christopher R SudfeldAbstract:BACKGROUND Preterm birth and fetal growth restriction are associated with linear growth faltering and suboptimal cognitive development in childhood. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether and to what extent the associations between adverse birth outcomes and cognitive development in mid-childhood and Early Adolescence are mediated by postnatal stature. METHODS We used data from a prospective birth cohort of children born to women who participated in a large cluster-randomized trial of antenatal micronutrient supplementation in rural western China. Children were followed up for anthropometric assessments at 6, 12, 24 months of age and mid-childhood (7-9 years). Cognitive development was assessed at mid-childhood (n = 669) and Early Adolescence (n = 735, 10-12 years) using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV. We conducted a causal mediation analysis to evaluate the proportion of the association of low birth weight (LBW, <2500g), small-for-gestational age (SGA, <10th percentile) and preterm birth (<37 gestational weeks) with cognitive development at mid-childhood and Early Adolescence that was mediated by postnatal length/height-for- age and sex Z-score (LAZ/HAZ) during the first two years of life and mid-childhood. RESULTS LBW and SGA, but not preterm birth, were associated with lower cognitive test scores at mid-childhood and Early Adolescence. The proportion of total association of SGA on adolescent cognitive development that was mediated by LAZ/HAZ at 6, 12, 24 months of age and mid-childhood was 25%, 32%, 32%, and 27%, respectively. The corresponding proportions for LBW was 25%, 32%, 16% and 24%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The association of LBW and SGA with cognitive development in mid-childhood and Adolescence is not largely mediated by postnatal stature during the first two years of life. Postnatal interventions that address the antecedent causes of poor child growth and development, rather than Early childhood growth alone, are more likely to mitigate the risk of suboptimal development among SGA and LBW children.
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Early life cognitive development trajectories and intelligence quotient in middle childhood and Early Adolescence in rural western china
Scientific Reports, 2019Co-Authors: Zhonghai Zhu, Wafaie W Fawzi, Yue Cheng, Mohamed Elhoumed, Michael J Dibley, Lingxia Zeng, Suying Chang, Hong Yan, Christopher R SudfeldAbstract:The relationship of cognitive developmental trajectories during the dynamic first years with later life development outcomes remains unclear in low- and middle-income countries. 1388 Children born to women who participated in a randomized trial of antenatal micronutrient supplementation in rural China were prospectively followed. Cognitive development was assessed six times between 3 and 30 months of age using Bayley Scales of Infant Development, and then in mid-childhood (7–9 years) and Early Adolescence (10–12 years) using Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. We identified four distinct infant cognitive development trajectory subgroups using group-based trajectory modeling: (i) consistently above average, (ii) consistently average, (iii) started below average and then improved, and (iv) started below average and then declined. LBW infants (<2500 g) were 10.60 times (95% CI 3.57, 31.49) more likely to be in the trajectory group that started below average and then declined, while each grade increase in maternal education decreased the risk of being in this group by 73% (95% CI 54%, 84%). Infants who performed consistently above average had 8.02 (95% CI 1.46, 14.59) points higher IQ in Adolescence versus the declining trajectory group. These findings suggest that interventions to improve Early child development trajectories may produce long-term human capital benefits.
Mariefrance Hivert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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associations of dxa measured abdominal adiposity with cardio metabolic risk and related markers in Early Adolescence in project viva
Pediatric Obesity, 2021Co-Authors: Sheryl L Rifasshiman, Emily Oken, Elsie M Taveras, Mariefrance HivertAbstract:BACKGROUND Increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) precedes development of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in adults. The associations of abdominal adiposity derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), including VAT, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) and total abdominal adipose tissue (TAAT) with cardio-metabolic risk in adolescents are understudied. OBJECTIVES We examined the cross-sectional associations of DXA-measured abdominal adiposity with cardio-metabolic risk and related markers in Early Adolescence (mean [SD] age 13.0 [0.7] years). METHODS We collected data from 740 adolescents (374 girls and 366 boys) in Project Viva, a U.S. pre-birth cohort. We used DXA estimates of VAT, SAAT and TAAT area. We conducted overall and sex-stratified linear regression models, adjusting for age, sex (in overall models), race/ethnicity, puberty score and body mass index (BMI) z-score. RESULTS Mean BMI z-score was 0.59 (1.28). After adjustment, greater VAT (per 1 SD score) was associated with higher metabolic risk z-score (β 0.14 units; 95% CI 0.08, 0.20), higher log high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (β 0.51 mg/L; 0.36, 0.66) and log leptin (β 0.36 ng/mL; 0.27, 0.44), and lower log adiponectin (β -0.08 ug/mL; -0.13, -0.02). SAAT and TAAT showed similar associations as VAT with comparable or greater effect sizes. CONCLUSION In Early Adolescence, DXA-measured VAT, SAAT and TAAT are associated with cardio-metabolic risk and related markers, independent of current BMI. Among two adolescents with the same BMI, there is an associated higher cardio-metabolic risk in the adolescent with greater DXA-measured abdominal adiposity.
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Early life exposure to green space and insulin resistance an assessment from infancy to Early Adolescence
Environment International, 2020Co-Authors: Marcia P Jimenez, Emily Oken, Diane R Gold, Heike Luttmanngibson, Weeberb J Requia, Sheryl L Rifasshiman, Veronique Gingras, Mariefrance Hivert, Eric B Rimm, Peter JamesAbstract:Abstract Background Recent studies suggest that greater exposure to natural vegetation, or “green space” is associated with lower diabetes risk, possibly through increasing physical activity. However, there is limited research on green space and insulin resistance in youth. We hypothesized greater green space at Early-life sensitive time periods would be associated with lower insulin resistance in youth. Methods We used data from Project Viva (N = 460), a pre-birth cohort study that recruited pregnant women in eastern Massachusetts, 1999–2002, and followed offspring into Adolescence. We defined residential green space exposure at infancy (median age − 1.1 years), Early childhood (3.2 years), mid-childhood (7.7 years), and Early Adolescence (12.8 years), using 30 m resolution Landsat satellite imagery to estimate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index [NDVI]. Our main outcome was Early Adolescence estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). We used multiple imputation to account for missing data and multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, parental education, household income, and neighborhood median household income. Results The highest green space tertile had the highest percentage of white participants (85%), college-educated mothers (87%) and fathers (85%), and households with income higher than US$70,000 (86%). Unadjusted models showed that participants living in the highest green space tertile at infancy had a 0.15 unit lower HOMA-IR (95% CI: −0.23, −0.06) in Early Adolescence, than those living in the lowest tertile. However, in adjusted models, we did not observe evidence of associations between green space from infancy to Early Adolescence and HOMA-IR in Early Adolescence, although some point estimates were in the hypothesized direction. For example, participants in the highest green space tertile in infancy had 0.03 units lower HOMA-IR (95%CI: −0.14, 0.08) than those living in the lowest tertile. Conclusions Exposure to green space at Early life sensitive time periods was not associated with HOMA-IR in youth. Early-life longitudinal studies across diverse populations are needed to confirm or refute our results.
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leptin trajectories from birth to mid childhood and cardio metabolic health in Early Adolescence
Metabolism-clinical and Experimental, 2019Co-Authors: Sheryl L Rifasshiman, Mariefrance Hivert, Izzuddin M Aris, Christos S Mantzoros, Emily OkenAbstract:Abstract Objectives Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose tissue that promotes satiety, and some evidence suggests that greater Early life leptin exposure prevents excessive adiposity gain in later life. However, few studies have analyzed dynamic changes in leptin throughout childhood in relation to later cardio-metabolic health. Our study aims to identify distinct leptin trajectories in childhood, and to examine their associations with cardio-metabolic outcomes in Adolescence. Methods Among children in the Project Viva cohort born 1999–2002 in Massachusetts, we used latent class growth models to identify leptin trajectories independent of maternal BMI, child sex, race/ethnicity, size at birth and current age and size among 1360 children with leptin measured at least once at birth, Early childhood (mean 3.3 ± SD 0.3 years), or mid-childhood (7.9 ± 0.8 years). At research visits in Early Adolescence (13.2 ± 0.9 years), we assessed cardio-metabolic outcomes including adiposity measures, fasting biomarkers, and blood pressure among 855 children. We then applied multiple regression models to examine associations of the leptin trajectories with these cardio-metabolic outcomes in Early Adolescence, adjusting for child age at outcome, maternal age, education, prenatal smoking and glucose, total gestational weight gain and paternal BMI. Results The latent class growth model identified 3 distinct leptin trajectories: “low stable” (n = 1031, 75.8%), “high-decreasing” (n = 219, 16.1%) and “intermediate-increasing” (n = 110, 8.1%). In adjusted models, the intermediate-increasing leptin trajectory was associated with higher Early Adolescence adiposity measures (e.g. BMI z-score: 0.62 units; 95% confidence interval: 0.28, 0.96 and odds of obesity: 2.84: 1.17, 6.94), but lower systolic blood pressure (−0.46 z-score units; −0.74, −0.18), compared to the low-stable group. Conclusions Our findings on leptin trajectories in childhood suggest important differences and associations with later metabolic outcomes.
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association of weight for length vs body mass index during the first 2 years of life with cardiometabolic risk in Early Adolescence
JAMA, 2018Co-Authors: Sheryl L Rifasshiman, Mariefrance Hivert, Izzuddin M Aris, Seungmi Yang, Mandy B Belfort, Jennifer Thompson, Rita Patel, Richard M MartinAbstract:Importance The American Academy of Pediatrics currently recommends weight for length (WFL) for assessment of weight status in children younger than 2 years but body mass index (BMI) for children older than 2 years. However, the clinical implications of using WFL vs BMI in children younger than 2 years as an indicator of future health outcomes remains understudied. Objective To compare associations of overweight based on WFL vs BMI in children younger than 2 years with cardiometabolic outcomes during Early Adolescence. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective study of birth cohorts in the United States (Project Viva) and Belarus (Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial [PROBIT]) performed from June 1, 1996, to November 31, 2002, included 13 666 children younger than 2 years. Main Exposures Overweight defined as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) WFL in the 95th percentile or greater, World Health Organization (WHO) WFL in the 97.7th percentile or greater, or WHO BMI in the 97.7th percentile or greater at 6, 12, 18, or 24 months of age. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes were fat mass index, insulin resistance, metabolic risk score, and obesity during Early Adolescence. Secondary outcomes were height and BMIzscores, sum of skinfolds, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure during Early Adolescence. Results The study included 919 children (mean [SD] age, 12.9 [0.9] years; 460 [50.1%] male; and 598 [65.1%] white) from Project Viva and 12 747 children (mean [SD] age, 11.5 [0.5] years; 6204 [48.7%] male; and 12 747 [100%] white) from PROBIT. During 6 to 24 months of age, in Project Viva, 206 children (22.4%) were overweight at any of the 4 times points according to the CDC WFL, 160 (17.4%) according to WHO WFL, and 161 (17.5%) according to WHO BMI cut points. In PROBIT, 3715 children (29.1%) were overweight at any of the 4 time points according to the CDC WFL, 3069 (24.1%) according to WHO WFL, and 3125 (24.5%) according to WHO BMI cut points. After maternal and child characteristics were adjusted for, being ever overweight (vs never overweight) during 6 to 24 months of age was associated with higher likelihood of adverse cardiometabolic risk markers during Early Adolescence, but associations did not differ substantially across WFL and BMI cut points in either cohort. For example, for fat mass index in Project Viva, β = 0.9 (95% CI, 0.5-1.4) for the CDC WFL, β = 1.1 (95% CI, 0.6-1.6) for WHO WFL, and β = 1.4 (95% CI, 0.9-1.9) for WHO BMI. For PROBIT, β = 0.5 (95% CI, 0.4-0.6) for the CDC WFL, β = 0.6 (95% CI, 0.5-0.7) for WHO WFL, and β = 0.6 (95% CI, 0.5-0.6) for WHO BMI. Neither growth metric in infancy was superior over the others based onFstatistics (Project Viva: 17.1-17.8; PROBIT: 87.1-88.7). Findings were similar for insulin resistance, metabolic risk score, obesity, and secondary outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance Choice of WFL vs BMI to define overweight during the first 2 years of life may not greatly affect the association with cardiometabolic outcomes during Early Adolescence. The findings appear to have important implications for investigators seeking to use BMI as a growth metric for epidemiologic research and for practitioners monitoring the weight status of children younger than 2 years.
Christopher R Sudfeld - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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postnatal stature does not largely mediate the relationship between adverse birth outcomes and cognitive development in mid childhood and Early Adolescence in rural western china
Journal of Nutrition, 2021Co-Authors: Zhonghai Zhu, Nandita Perumal, Wafaie W Fawzi, Yue Cheng, Mohamed Elhoumed, Liang Wang, Michael J Dibley, Lingxia Zeng, Christopher R SudfeldAbstract:BACKGROUND Preterm birth and fetal growth restriction are associated with linear growth faltering and suboptimal cognitive development in childhood. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether and to what extent the associations between adverse birth outcomes and cognitive development in mid-childhood and Early Adolescence are mediated by postnatal stature. METHODS We used data from a prospective birth cohort of children born to women who participated in a large cluster-randomized trial of antenatal micronutrient supplementation in rural western China. Children were followed up for anthropometric assessments at 6, 12, 24 months of age and mid-childhood (7-9 years). Cognitive development was assessed at mid-childhood (n = 669) and Early Adolescence (n = 735, 10-12 years) using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV. We conducted a causal mediation analysis to evaluate the proportion of the association of low birth weight (LBW, <2500g), small-for-gestational age (SGA, <10th percentile) and preterm birth (<37 gestational weeks) with cognitive development at mid-childhood and Early Adolescence that was mediated by postnatal length/height-for- age and sex Z-score (LAZ/HAZ) during the first two years of life and mid-childhood. RESULTS LBW and SGA, but not preterm birth, were associated with lower cognitive test scores at mid-childhood and Early Adolescence. The proportion of total association of SGA on adolescent cognitive development that was mediated by LAZ/HAZ at 6, 12, 24 months of age and mid-childhood was 25%, 32%, 32%, and 27%, respectively. The corresponding proportions for LBW was 25%, 32%, 16% and 24%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The association of LBW and SGA with cognitive development in mid-childhood and Adolescence is not largely mediated by postnatal stature during the first two years of life. Postnatal interventions that address the antecedent causes of poor child growth and development, rather than Early childhood growth alone, are more likely to mitigate the risk of suboptimal development among SGA and LBW children.
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Early life cognitive development trajectories and intelligence quotient in middle childhood and Early Adolescence in rural western china
Scientific Reports, 2019Co-Authors: Zhonghai Zhu, Wafaie W Fawzi, Yue Cheng, Mohamed Elhoumed, Michael J Dibley, Lingxia Zeng, Suying Chang, Hong Yan, Christopher R SudfeldAbstract:The relationship of cognitive developmental trajectories during the dynamic first years with later life development outcomes remains unclear in low- and middle-income countries. 1388 Children born to women who participated in a randomized trial of antenatal micronutrient supplementation in rural China were prospectively followed. Cognitive development was assessed six times between 3 and 30 months of age using Bayley Scales of Infant Development, and then in mid-childhood (7–9 years) and Early Adolescence (10–12 years) using Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. We identified four distinct infant cognitive development trajectory subgroups using group-based trajectory modeling: (i) consistently above average, (ii) consistently average, (iii) started below average and then improved, and (iv) started below average and then declined. LBW infants (<2500 g) were 10.60 times (95% CI 3.57, 31.49) more likely to be in the trajectory group that started below average and then declined, while each grade increase in maternal education decreased the risk of being in this group by 73% (95% CI 54%, 84%). Infants who performed consistently above average had 8.02 (95% CI 1.46, 14.59) points higher IQ in Adolescence versus the declining trajectory group. These findings suggest that interventions to improve Early child development trajectories may produce long-term human capital benefits.
