Early Capitalism

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Jonty Lim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • progressive Capitalism or reactionary socialism progressive labour policy ageing marxism and unrepentant Early Capitalism in the chinese industrial revolution
    2001
    Co-Authors: Orlan Lee, Jonty Lim
    Abstract:

    The institutional guaranties of modern labour law, that provide the keystone of progressive liberalism, are often only reactionary to the entrenched concepts of socialist law. Adoption by institutions of "workers rights", and employment protection based upon contract, inevitably nullify the ideological promise of the inalienable "right to work". China, among the last bastions of theoretical Marxist socialism, and among the first socialist countries ready to accept that it has been in desperate need of reforming uneconomical state enterprises, seems willing to sacrifice ideological purity for economic development. Yet, if economic turnaround requires enterprise rationalisation on the basis of market economy, it is understandable that Chinese labour requires the same kinds of protections against unbridled Capitalism as progressive labour movements elsewhere. Doubtless, for those who have enjoyed no such institutional guaranties in the past, official commitment to improvement of labour conditions is better than no acknowledgment of need for reform of social policy whatever. Yet, the real question for students of social change is: "Are these legislated reforms effective policy guides for local administration and the courts?" "Or are they merely regulations for licensing compliance - primarily for foreign invested enterprises?" In brief, "...to what extent are the new 'workers rights' realistically attainable sources of judicial remedies for individual workers?"

  • progressive labour policy ageing marxism and unrepentant Early Capitalism in the chinese industrial revolution
    2001
    Co-Authors: Orlan Lee, Jonty Lim
    Abstract:

    The institutional guarantees of modern labour law, that provide the keystone of progressive liberalism, are often only reactionary to the entrenched concepts of socialist law. Adoption of institutions of “workers rights”, and employment protection based upon contract, inevitably nullify the ideological promise of the inalienable “right to work”. China, among the last bastions of theoretical Marxist socialism, and among the first socialist countries ready to accept that it has been in desperate need of reforming uneconomical state enterprises, seems willing to sacrifice ideological purity for economic development. Yet, if economic turnaround requires enterprise rationalisation in a market economy, it is understandable that Chinese labour requires the same kinds of protection against unbridled Capitalism as progressive labour movements elsewhere. Doubtless, for those who have enjoyed no such institutional guarantees in the past, official commitment to improvement of labour conditions is better than no acknowledgment of need for reform of social policy whatever. Yet, the real question for students of social change is “Are these legislated reforms effective policy guides for local administration and the courts?”“|Or are they merely regulations for licensing compliance – primarily for foreign invested enterprises?”. In brief, “... to what extent are the new ‘workers’ rights’ realistically attainable sources of judicial remedies for individual workers?”

Orlan Lee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • progressive Capitalism or reactionary socialism progressive labour policy ageing marxism and unrepentant Early Capitalism in the chinese industrial revolution
    2001
    Co-Authors: Orlan Lee, Jonty Lim
    Abstract:

    The institutional guaranties of modern labour law, that provide the keystone of progressive liberalism, are often only reactionary to the entrenched concepts of socialist law. Adoption by institutions of "workers rights", and employment protection based upon contract, inevitably nullify the ideological promise of the inalienable "right to work". China, among the last bastions of theoretical Marxist socialism, and among the first socialist countries ready to accept that it has been in desperate need of reforming uneconomical state enterprises, seems willing to sacrifice ideological purity for economic development. Yet, if economic turnaround requires enterprise rationalisation on the basis of market economy, it is understandable that Chinese labour requires the same kinds of protections against unbridled Capitalism as progressive labour movements elsewhere. Doubtless, for those who have enjoyed no such institutional guaranties in the past, official commitment to improvement of labour conditions is better than no acknowledgment of need for reform of social policy whatever. Yet, the real question for students of social change is: "Are these legislated reforms effective policy guides for local administration and the courts?" "Or are they merely regulations for licensing compliance - primarily for foreign invested enterprises?" In brief, "...to what extent are the new 'workers rights' realistically attainable sources of judicial remedies for individual workers?"

  • progressive labour policy ageing marxism and unrepentant Early Capitalism in the chinese industrial revolution
    2001
    Co-Authors: Orlan Lee, Jonty Lim
    Abstract:

    The institutional guarantees of modern labour law, that provide the keystone of progressive liberalism, are often only reactionary to the entrenched concepts of socialist law. Adoption of institutions of “workers rights”, and employment protection based upon contract, inevitably nullify the ideological promise of the inalienable “right to work”. China, among the last bastions of theoretical Marxist socialism, and among the first socialist countries ready to accept that it has been in desperate need of reforming uneconomical state enterprises, seems willing to sacrifice ideological purity for economic development. Yet, if economic turnaround requires enterprise rationalisation in a market economy, it is understandable that Chinese labour requires the same kinds of protection against unbridled Capitalism as progressive labour movements elsewhere. Doubtless, for those who have enjoyed no such institutional guarantees in the past, official commitment to improvement of labour conditions is better than no acknowledgment of need for reform of social policy whatever. Yet, the real question for students of social change is “Are these legislated reforms effective policy guides for local administration and the courts?”“|Or are they merely regulations for licensing compliance – primarily for foreign invested enterprises?”. In brief, “... to what extent are the new ‘workers’ rights’ realistically attainable sources of judicial remedies for individual workers?”

Tom Brass - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • late antiquity as Early Capitalism
    2005
    Co-Authors: Tom Brass
    Abstract:

    Taking issue with the thesis (advanced by Weber, de Ste Croix, and others) about the link between unfree labour and economic decline in ancient society, Banaji claims that between the fourth and seventh centuries the eastern Mediterranean was characterized much rather by economic growth and the emergence of productive aristocratic landowners employing 'free' wage labour. These 'new' agrarian classes become in turn 'evidence' for the presence in late antiquity of Early Capitalism. The sources for such a reinterpretation, however, are either incomplete or wholly lacking. Locating Capitalism in ancient society also reproduces the claim made by cliometricians that capital and labour are ever-present, historically non-specific and thus 'natural' economic categories that cannot be transcended.

Joost Jonker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Early Capitalism in the low countries
    2014
    Co-Authors: Oscar Gelderblom, Joost Jonker
    Abstract:

    Beginning in the nineteenth century, excavations in Iraq, Syria, and Iran have brought to light the remains of the civilizations that flourished in the ancient Near East in the third to first millennia BCE. Text are available in three ancient Near Eastern languages: Sumerian, Assyrian, and Babylonian. Ancient Mesopotamian societies were complex peasant societies: strongly stratified, state-building societies characterized by a comparatively high degree of urbanization. The environmental conditions determined to a large extent the economic activities. A two-sector paradigm of the Mesopotamian economy has been developed predominantly on the basis of evidence from the third millennium BCE. The model's most sustained challenges come from the documentation for long-distance (and domestic) trade that proves the existence of market-based and profit-oriented commerce supported by complex social and legal institutions, and from evidence dating to the first millennium BCE that shows a period of economic growth driven, inter alia, by increasing monetization and the market orientation of economic exchange.

  • Early Capitalism in the low countries
    2013
    Co-Authors: Oscar Gelderblom, Joost Jonker
    Abstract:

    The dynamics of European market development before the Industrial Revolution are demonstrated to good effect by the Low Countries, which underwent several distinct phases of economic growth between 1000 and 1800. This case study presents a highly illuminating contrast between a considerable degree of economic integration between regions and continuing local variations in the organization of markets. We argue that the relative ease of trade and communication combined with economic competition between towns and regions to produce a fairly rapid diffusion of information, production techniques, legal concepts, and market design from one region to the next. Thus, it was not the Early decline of feudalism that stimulated the successive phases of economic growth, but urban competition which produced both a dynamic evolution of contracting institutions and effective constraints on local and central executives. This explains why the political and legal fragmentation of the Low Countries did not end in economic stagnation.

Mohamad Haziq Ikhsan Mohd Rudzainoor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • aspek perburuhan dan permodalan dalam ekonomi melayu persoalan dominasi ekonomi komuniti imigran zaman permulaan kapitalisme the aspects of labour and capital in the malay economy the question of economic domination of the immigrant community in Early Capitalism
    2017
    Co-Authors: Rahman Tang A Abdullah, Mohd Sohaimi Esa, Mohamad Haziq Ikhsan Mohd Rudzainoor
    Abstract:

    Dalam konteks Malaysia, isu yang sering dikaitkan dengan impak negatif kapitalisme ialah dominasi ekonomi oleh komuniti bukan Melayu yang menyebabkan ekonomi masyarakat Melayu jauh ketinggalan. Pandangan ini dikaitkan dengan legasi penjajahan yang merujuk kepada kedatangan kapitalisme di Tanah Melayu pada pertengahan kedua abad ke-19. Fenomena ini dilihat sebagai fakta penting yang membawa kepada dominasi ekonomi komuniti imigran terutama sekali kaum Cina di Tanah Melayu. Tujuan makalah ini ditulis adalah untuk memaparkan sudut pandang sejarah bahawa dominasi ekonomi oleh komuniti imigran ini bukanlah semata-mata kerana peluang ekonomi yang diberikan kepada mereka oleh pihak pemerintah Kolonial. Malahan, pendekatan yang sama telah dilaksanakan oleh pemerintah Melayu sebelumnya yang banyak memberikan peluang ekonomi kepada komuniti imigran Cina dan Arab dalam bentuk konsesi dan perkongsian modal sehingga mewujudkan apa yang didakwa sebagai ‘dominasi ekonomi’ oleh komuniti imigran. Kejayaan mereka ini sebenarnya disebabkan penglibatan dengan ekonomi berasaskan wang yang dikaitkan dengan merkantalisme yang mendahului zaman kapitalisme. Sebaliknya, ekonomi berasaskan wang dalam kalangan masyarakat Melayu pada era kapitalisme masih marginal. Justeru, masyarakat Melayu masih sulit menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan ekonomi hasil daripada pengamalan sistem ekonomi Kapitalisme. In the Malaysian context, the issue which usually used to imply the negative view on Capitalism is the economic domination of the immigrant communities that resulted in the economic backwardness of the Malays. This view is associated with the colonial legacy in relations to the advent of Capitalism in Malaya in the second half of the 19th century. Nevertheless, this article highlights the historical context which shows that the economic domination by the immigrant communities prevails not simply because of the economic opportunities are given to them by the colonial authorities. In fact, the similar approach had also been excercised by the Malay rulers who provided opportunities for the Chinese and Arab immigrant in the forms of concessions and joint ventures. This situation led to what had been claimed as the economic domination by the immigrant communities. Their success was actually contributed by the fact that they were involved in money economy associated with mercantilism that preceded Capitalism. In contrast, the orientation of money economy in the Malay society during the period of Capitalism was still marginal. Therefore, the Malays were not able to adapt themselves to the economic changes derived from Capitalism.