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Margaret O. Jegede - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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early warning climate indices for malaria and meningitis in tropical Ecological Zones
Scientific Reports, 2020Co-Authors: Ayansina Ayanlade, Isioma J. Nwayor, Consolato Sergi, Oluwatoyin S. Ayanlade, Paola Di Carlo, Olajumoke D. Jeje, Margaret O. JegedeAbstract:This study aims at assessing the impacts of climate indices on the spatiotemporal distribution of malaria and meningitis in Nigeria. The primary focus of the research is to develop an Early Warning System (EWS) for assessing climate variability implications on malaria and meningitis spread in the study area. Both climate and health data were used in the study to determine the relationship between climate variability and the occurrence of malaria and meningitis. The assessment was based on variations in different Ecological Zones in Nigeria. Two specific sample locations were randomly selected in each Ecological zone for the analysis. The climatic data used in this study are dekadal precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature between 2000 and 2018, monthly aerosol optical depth between 2000 and 2018. The results show that temperature is relatively high throughout the year because the country is located in a tropical region. The significant findings of this study are that rainfall has much influence on the occurrence of malaria, while temperature and aerosol have more impact on meningitis. We found the degree of relationship between precipitation and malaria, there is a correlation coefficient R2 ≥ 70.0 in Rainforest, Freshwater, and Mangrove Ecological Zones. The relationship between temperature and meningitis is accompanied by R2 ≥ 72.0 in both Sahel and Sudan, while aerosol and meningitis harbour R2 = 77.33 in the Sahel. The assessment of this initial data seems to support the finding that the occurrences of meningitis are higher in the northern region, especially the Sahel and Sudan. In contrast, malaria occurrence is higher in the southern part of the study area. In all, the multiple linear regression results revealed that rainfall was directly associated with malaria with β = 0.64, p = 0.001 but aerosol was directly associated with meningitis with β = 0.59, p < 0.001. The study concludes that variability in climatic elements such as low precipitation, high temperature, and aerosol may be the major drivers of meningitis occurrence.
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Early warning climate indices for malaria and meningitis in tropical Ecological Zones
Scientific reports, 2020Co-Authors: Ayansina Ayanlade, Isioma J. Nwayor, Consolato Sergi, Oluwatoyin S. Ayanlade, Paola Di Carlo, Olajumoke D. Jeje, Margaret O. JegedeAbstract:This study aims at assessing the impacts of climate indices on the spatiotemporal distribution of malaria and meningitis in Nigeria. The primary focus of the research is to develop an Early Warning System (EWS) for assessing climate variability implications on malaria and meningitis spread in the study area. Both climate and health data were used in the study to determine the relationship between climate variability and the occurrence of malaria and meningitis. The assessment was based on variations in different Ecological Zones in Nigeria. Two specific sample locations were randomly selected in each Ecological zone for the analysis. The climatic data used in this study are dekadal precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature between 2000 and 2018, monthly aerosol optical depth between 2000 and 2018. The results show that temperature is relatively high throughout the year because the country is located in a tropical region. The significant findings of this study are that rainfall has much influence on the occurrence of malaria, while temperature and aerosol have more impact on meningitis. We found the degree of relationship between precipitation and malaria, there is a correlation coefficient R2 ≥ 70.0 in Rainforest, Freshwater, and Mangrove Ecological Zones. The relationship between temperature and meningitis is accompanied by R2 ≥ 72.0 in both Sahel and Sudan, while aerosol and meningitis harbour R2 = 77.33 in the Sahel. The assessment of this initial data seems to support the finding that the occurrences of meningitis are higher in the northern region, especially the Sahel and Sudan. In contrast, malaria occurrence is higher in the southern part of the study area. In all, the multiple linear regression results revealed that rainfall was directly associated with malaria with β = 0.64, p = 0.001 but aerosol was directly associated with meningitis with β = 0.59, p
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Variability in atmospheric aerosols and effects of humidity, wind and InterTropical discontinuity over different Ecological Zones in Nigeria
Atmospheric Environment, 2019Co-Authors: Ayansina Ayanlade, Godwin Atai, Margaret O. JegedeAbstract:Abstract The effects of humidity, wind, and InterTropical Discontinuity (ITD) movement on seasonal distribution of atmospheric aerosols were assessed over different Ecological Zones in Nigeria. Satellite-observed aerosol optical depth (AOD), humidity, wind speed, and precipitation/ITD data were used. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) AOD time series of dataset were used. The MODIS AOD retrievals were at the wavelength of 550 nm and AOD data was re-scaled and sub-divided into seasonal and annual distributions to investigate the variations in Aerosol. Kriging spatial interpolation model was used to analyze the aerosol seasonal distribution. Correlations analysis was used to evaluate the degree of influence of humidity, wind speed, and precipitation/ITD on the seasonal distribution of aerosol over six Ecological Zones; Sahel, Sudan, Guinea, Rainforest, Freshwater, and Mangrove Zones in Nigeria. The results show that the AOD over Nigeria is influenced by meteorological factors, but much more influenced by dust source outside the country. AOD appears much more during Harmattan season than Wet and Dry seasons; with AOD ≥0.46, with considerable concentration in Sahel Ecological zone than other Ecological Zones. The results show a strong significant relationship between aerosol distribution and meteorological, principally humidity with R2 ≥ 0.65 @ p
Ayansina Ayanlade - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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early warning climate indices for malaria and meningitis in tropical Ecological Zones
Scientific Reports, 2020Co-Authors: Ayansina Ayanlade, Isioma J. Nwayor, Consolato Sergi, Oluwatoyin S. Ayanlade, Paola Di Carlo, Olajumoke D. Jeje, Margaret O. JegedeAbstract:This study aims at assessing the impacts of climate indices on the spatiotemporal distribution of malaria and meningitis in Nigeria. The primary focus of the research is to develop an Early Warning System (EWS) for assessing climate variability implications on malaria and meningitis spread in the study area. Both climate and health data were used in the study to determine the relationship between climate variability and the occurrence of malaria and meningitis. The assessment was based on variations in different Ecological Zones in Nigeria. Two specific sample locations were randomly selected in each Ecological zone for the analysis. The climatic data used in this study are dekadal precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature between 2000 and 2018, monthly aerosol optical depth between 2000 and 2018. The results show that temperature is relatively high throughout the year because the country is located in a tropical region. The significant findings of this study are that rainfall has much influence on the occurrence of malaria, while temperature and aerosol have more impact on meningitis. We found the degree of relationship between precipitation and malaria, there is a correlation coefficient R2 ≥ 70.0 in Rainforest, Freshwater, and Mangrove Ecological Zones. The relationship between temperature and meningitis is accompanied by R2 ≥ 72.0 in both Sahel and Sudan, while aerosol and meningitis harbour R2 = 77.33 in the Sahel. The assessment of this initial data seems to support the finding that the occurrences of meningitis are higher in the northern region, especially the Sahel and Sudan. In contrast, malaria occurrence is higher in the southern part of the study area. In all, the multiple linear regression results revealed that rainfall was directly associated with malaria with β = 0.64, p = 0.001 but aerosol was directly associated with meningitis with β = 0.59, p < 0.001. The study concludes that variability in climatic elements such as low precipitation, high temperature, and aerosol may be the major drivers of meningitis occurrence.
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Early warning climate indices for malaria and meningitis in tropical Ecological Zones
Scientific reports, 2020Co-Authors: Ayansina Ayanlade, Isioma J. Nwayor, Consolato Sergi, Oluwatoyin S. Ayanlade, Paola Di Carlo, Olajumoke D. Jeje, Margaret O. JegedeAbstract:This study aims at assessing the impacts of climate indices on the spatiotemporal distribution of malaria and meningitis in Nigeria. The primary focus of the research is to develop an Early Warning System (EWS) for assessing climate variability implications on malaria and meningitis spread in the study area. Both climate and health data were used in the study to determine the relationship between climate variability and the occurrence of malaria and meningitis. The assessment was based on variations in different Ecological Zones in Nigeria. Two specific sample locations were randomly selected in each Ecological zone for the analysis. The climatic data used in this study are dekadal precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature between 2000 and 2018, monthly aerosol optical depth between 2000 and 2018. The results show that temperature is relatively high throughout the year because the country is located in a tropical region. The significant findings of this study are that rainfall has much influence on the occurrence of malaria, while temperature and aerosol have more impact on meningitis. We found the degree of relationship between precipitation and malaria, there is a correlation coefficient R2 ≥ 70.0 in Rainforest, Freshwater, and Mangrove Ecological Zones. The relationship between temperature and meningitis is accompanied by R2 ≥ 72.0 in both Sahel and Sudan, while aerosol and meningitis harbour R2 = 77.33 in the Sahel. The assessment of this initial data seems to support the finding that the occurrences of meningitis are higher in the northern region, especially the Sahel and Sudan. In contrast, malaria occurrence is higher in the southern part of the study area. In all, the multiple linear regression results revealed that rainfall was directly associated with malaria with β = 0.64, p = 0.001 but aerosol was directly associated with meningitis with β = 0.59, p
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Variability in atmospheric aerosols and effects of humidity, wind and InterTropical discontinuity over different Ecological Zones in Nigeria
Atmospheric Environment, 2019Co-Authors: Ayansina Ayanlade, Godwin Atai, Margaret O. JegedeAbstract:Abstract The effects of humidity, wind, and InterTropical Discontinuity (ITD) movement on seasonal distribution of atmospheric aerosols were assessed over different Ecological Zones in Nigeria. Satellite-observed aerosol optical depth (AOD), humidity, wind speed, and precipitation/ITD data were used. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) AOD time series of dataset were used. The MODIS AOD retrievals were at the wavelength of 550 nm and AOD data was re-scaled and sub-divided into seasonal and annual distributions to investigate the variations in Aerosol. Kriging spatial interpolation model was used to analyze the aerosol seasonal distribution. Correlations analysis was used to evaluate the degree of influence of humidity, wind speed, and precipitation/ITD on the seasonal distribution of aerosol over six Ecological Zones; Sahel, Sudan, Guinea, Rainforest, Freshwater, and Mangrove Zones in Nigeria. The results show that the AOD over Nigeria is influenced by meteorological factors, but much more influenced by dust source outside the country. AOD appears much more during Harmattan season than Wet and Dry seasons; with AOD ≥0.46, with considerable concentration in Sahel Ecological zone than other Ecological Zones. The results show a strong significant relationship between aerosol distribution and meteorological, principally humidity with R2 ≥ 0.65 @ p
Pradeep Kurukulasuriya - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the impact of climate change on agro Ecological Zones evidence from africa
Environment and Development Economics, 2012Co-Authors: Namrata Kala, Pradeep Kurukulasuriya, Robert MendelsohnAbstract:This study predicts the impact of climate change on African agriculture. We use a generalized linear model (GLM) framework to estimate the relationship between the proportion of various Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) in a district and climate. Using three climate scenarios, we project how climate change will cause AEZs to shift, causing changes in acreage and net revenue per hectare of cropland. Our results predict that Africa will suffer heavy annual welfare losses by 2070–2100, ranging between US$14 billion and US$70 billion, depending on the climate scenario and cropland measure considered.
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A ricardian analysis of the distribution of climate change impacts on agriculture across agro-Ecological Zones in Africa
Environmental and Resource Economics, 2009Co-Authors: Sungno Niggol Seo, Rashid Hassan, Robert Mendelsohn, Ariel Dinar, S. Niggol Seo, Pradeep KurukulasuriyaAbstract:This paper examines the distribution of climate change impacts across the 16 agro-Ecological Zones in Africa using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization combined with economic survey data from a Global Environment Facility/World Bank project. Net revenue per hectare of cropland is regressed on a set of climate, soil, and socio-economic variables using different econometric specifications"with"and"without"country fixed effects. Country fixed effects slightly reduce predicted future climate related damage to agriculture. With a mild climate scenario, African farmers gain income from climate change; with a more severe scenario, they lose income. Some locations are more affected than others. The analysis of agro-Ecological Zones implies that the effects of climate change will vary across Africa. For example, currently productive areas such as dry/moist savannah are more vulnerable to climate change while currently less productive agricultural Zones such as humid forest or sub-humid Zones become more productive in the future. The agro-Ecological zone classification can help explain the variation of impacts across the landscape.
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Differential Adaptation Strategies By Agro-Ecological Zones In African Livestock Management - Differential adaptation strategies by agro-Ecological Zones in African livestock management
Policy Research Working Papers, 2008Co-Authors: S. Niggol Seo, Ariel Dinar, Robert Mendelsohn, Pradeep KurukulasuriyaAbstract:This paper examines how farmers have adapted their livestock operation to the current climate in each agro-Ecological zone in Africa. The authors examine how climate has affected the farmer's choice to raise livestock or not and the choice of animal species. To measure adaptation, the analysis regresses the farmer's choice on climate, soil, water flow, and socio-economic variables. The findings show that climate does in fact affect the farmer's decision about whether to raise livestock and the species. The paper also simulates how future climates may alter these decisions using forecasts from climate models and the estimated model. With a hot dry scenario, livestock ownership will increase slightly across all of Africa, but especially in West Africa and high elevation agro-Ecological Zones. Dairy cattle will decrease in semi-arid regions, sheep will increase in the lowlands, and chickens will increase at high elevations. With a mild and wet scenario, however, livestock adoption will fall dramatically in lowland and high latitude moist agro-Ecological Zones. Beef cattle will increase and sheep will fall in dry Zones, dairy cattle will fall precipitously and goats will rise in moist Zones, and chickens will increase at high elevations but fall at mid elevations. Livestock adaptations depend on the climate scenario and will vary across the landscape. Agro-Ecological Zones are a useful way to capture how these changes differ from place to place.
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Differential Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change In African Cropland By Agro-Ecological Zones - Differential adaptation strategies to climate change in African cropland by agro-Ecological Zones
Policy Research Working Papers, 2008Co-Authors: S. Niggol Seo, Pradeep Kurukulasuriya, Robert Mendelsohn, Ariel Dinar, Rashid M. HassanAbstract:This paper quantifies how African farmers have adapted their crop and irrigation decisions to their farm's current agro-Ecological zone. The results indicate that farmers carefully consider the climate and other conditions of their farm when making these choices. These results are then used to forecast how farmers might change their irrigation and crop choice decisions if climate changes. The model predicts African farmers would adopt irrigation more often under a very hot and dry climate scenario but less often with a mild and wet scenario. However, farms in the deserts, lowland humid forest, or mid elevation humid forest would reduce irrigation even in the very hot and dry climate scenario. Area under fruits and vegetables would increase Africa-wide with the very hot and dry climate scenario, except in the lowland semi-arid agro-Ecological zone. Millet would increase overall under the mild and wet scenario, but decline substantially in the lowland dry savannah and lowland semi-arid agro-Ecological Zones. Maize would be chosen less often across all the agro-Ecological Zones under both climate scenarios. Wheat would decrease across Africa. The authors recommend that care must be taken to match adaptations to local conditions because the optimal adaptation would depend on the agro-Ecological zone and the climate scenario.
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A Ricardian Analysis Of The Distribution Of Climate Change Impacts On Agriculture Across Agro-Ecological Zones In Africa - A Ricardian Analysis of the Distribution of Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture across Agro-Ecological Zones in Africa
Policy Research Working Papers, 2008Co-Authors: S. Niggol Seo, Ariel Dinar, Robert Mendelsohn, Rashid M. Hassan, Pradeep KurukulasuriyaAbstract:This paper examines the distribution of climate change impacts across the six- teen Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) of Africa. We combine net revenue from livestock and
Robert Mendelsohn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the impact of climate change on agro Ecological Zones evidence from africa
Environment and Development Economics, 2012Co-Authors: Namrata Kala, Pradeep Kurukulasuriya, Robert MendelsohnAbstract:This study predicts the impact of climate change on African agriculture. We use a generalized linear model (GLM) framework to estimate the relationship between the proportion of various Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) in a district and climate. Using three climate scenarios, we project how climate change will cause AEZs to shift, causing changes in acreage and net revenue per hectare of cropland. Our results predict that Africa will suffer heavy annual welfare losses by 2070–2100, ranging between US$14 billion and US$70 billion, depending on the climate scenario and cropland measure considered.
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A ricardian analysis of the distribution of climate change impacts on agriculture across agro-Ecological Zones in Africa
Environmental and Resource Economics, 2009Co-Authors: Sungno Niggol Seo, Rashid Hassan, Robert Mendelsohn, Ariel Dinar, S. Niggol Seo, Pradeep KurukulasuriyaAbstract:This paper examines the distribution of climate change impacts across the 16 agro-Ecological Zones in Africa using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization combined with economic survey data from a Global Environment Facility/World Bank project. Net revenue per hectare of cropland is regressed on a set of climate, soil, and socio-economic variables using different econometric specifications"with"and"without"country fixed effects. Country fixed effects slightly reduce predicted future climate related damage to agriculture. With a mild climate scenario, African farmers gain income from climate change; with a more severe scenario, they lose income. Some locations are more affected than others. The analysis of agro-Ecological Zones implies that the effects of climate change will vary across Africa. For example, currently productive areas such as dry/moist savannah are more vulnerable to climate change while currently less productive agricultural Zones such as humid forest or sub-humid Zones become more productive in the future. The agro-Ecological zone classification can help explain the variation of impacts across the landscape.
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Differential Adaptation Strategies By Agro-Ecological Zones In African Livestock Management - Differential adaptation strategies by agro-Ecological Zones in African livestock management
Policy Research Working Papers, 2008Co-Authors: S. Niggol Seo, Ariel Dinar, Robert Mendelsohn, Pradeep KurukulasuriyaAbstract:This paper examines how farmers have adapted their livestock operation to the current climate in each agro-Ecological zone in Africa. The authors examine how climate has affected the farmer's choice to raise livestock or not and the choice of animal species. To measure adaptation, the analysis regresses the farmer's choice on climate, soil, water flow, and socio-economic variables. The findings show that climate does in fact affect the farmer's decision about whether to raise livestock and the species. The paper also simulates how future climates may alter these decisions using forecasts from climate models and the estimated model. With a hot dry scenario, livestock ownership will increase slightly across all of Africa, but especially in West Africa and high elevation agro-Ecological Zones. Dairy cattle will decrease in semi-arid regions, sheep will increase in the lowlands, and chickens will increase at high elevations. With a mild and wet scenario, however, livestock adoption will fall dramatically in lowland and high latitude moist agro-Ecological Zones. Beef cattle will increase and sheep will fall in dry Zones, dairy cattle will fall precipitously and goats will rise in moist Zones, and chickens will increase at high elevations but fall at mid elevations. Livestock adaptations depend on the climate scenario and will vary across the landscape. Agro-Ecological Zones are a useful way to capture how these changes differ from place to place.
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Differential Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change In African Cropland By Agro-Ecological Zones - Differential adaptation strategies to climate change in African cropland by agro-Ecological Zones
Policy Research Working Papers, 2008Co-Authors: S. Niggol Seo, Pradeep Kurukulasuriya, Robert Mendelsohn, Ariel Dinar, Rashid M. HassanAbstract:This paper quantifies how African farmers have adapted their crop and irrigation decisions to their farm's current agro-Ecological zone. The results indicate that farmers carefully consider the climate and other conditions of their farm when making these choices. These results are then used to forecast how farmers might change their irrigation and crop choice decisions if climate changes. The model predicts African farmers would adopt irrigation more often under a very hot and dry climate scenario but less often with a mild and wet scenario. However, farms in the deserts, lowland humid forest, or mid elevation humid forest would reduce irrigation even in the very hot and dry climate scenario. Area under fruits and vegetables would increase Africa-wide with the very hot and dry climate scenario, except in the lowland semi-arid agro-Ecological zone. Millet would increase overall under the mild and wet scenario, but decline substantially in the lowland dry savannah and lowland semi-arid agro-Ecological Zones. Maize would be chosen less often across all the agro-Ecological Zones under both climate scenarios. Wheat would decrease across Africa. The authors recommend that care must be taken to match adaptations to local conditions because the optimal adaptation would depend on the agro-Ecological zone and the climate scenario.
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A Ricardian Analysis Of The Distribution Of Climate Change Impacts On Agriculture Across Agro-Ecological Zones In Africa - A Ricardian Analysis of the Distribution of Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture across Agro-Ecological Zones in Africa
Policy Research Working Papers, 2008Co-Authors: S. Niggol Seo, Ariel Dinar, Robert Mendelsohn, Rashid M. Hassan, Pradeep KurukulasuriyaAbstract:This paper examines the distribution of climate change impacts across the six- teen Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) of Africa. We combine net revenue from livestock and
Michelle M. Riehle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Malaria vector populations across Ecological Zones in Guinea Conakry and Mali, West Africa.
Malaria Journal, 2016Co-Authors: Boubacar Coulibaly, Raymond Kone, Mamadou S. Barry, Becky Emerson, Mamadou B. Coulibaly, Oumou Niare, Abdoul H. Beavogui, Sekou F. Traore, Kenneth D Vernick, Michelle M. RiehleAbstract:BACKGROUND: Malaria remains a pervasive public health problem in sub-Saharan West Africa. Here mosquito vector populations were explored across four sites in Mali and the Republic of Guinea (Guinea Conakry). The study samples the major Ecological Zones of malaria-endemic regions in West Africa within a relatively small distance. METHODS: Mosquito vectors were sampled from larval pools, adult indoor resting sites, and indoor and outdoor human-host seeking adults. Mosquitoes were collected at sites spanning 350 km that represented arid savannah, humid savannah, semi-forest and deep forest Ecological Zones, in areas where little was previously known about malaria vector populations. 1425 mosquito samples were analysed by molecular assays to determine species, genetic attributes, blood meal sources and Plasmodium infection status. RESULTS: Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii were the major anophelines represented in all collections across the Ecological Zones, with A. coluzzii predominant in the arid savannah and A. gambiae in the more humid sites. The use of multiple collection methodologies across the sampling sites allows assessment of potential collection bias of the different methods. The L1014F kdr insecticide resistance mutation (kdr-w) is found at high frequency across all study sites. This mutation appears to have swept almost to fixation, from low frequencies 6 years earlier, despite the absence of widespread insecticide use for vector control. Rates of human feeding are very high across Ecological Zones, with only small fractions of animal derived blood meals in the arid and humid savannah. About 30 % of freshly blood-fed mosquitoes were positive for Plasmodium falciparum presence, while the rate of mosquitoes with established infections was an order of magnitude lower. CONCLUSIONS: The study represents detailed vector characterization from an understudied area in West Africa with endemic malaria transmission. The deep forest study site includes the epicenter of the 2014 Ebola virus epidemic. With new malaria control interventions planned in Guinea, these data provide a baseline measure and an opportunity to assess the outcome of future interventions.
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Malaria vector populations across Ecological Zones in Guinea Conakry and Mali, West Africa
Malaria journal, 2016Co-Authors: Boubacar Coulibaly, Raymond Kone, Mamadou S. Barry, Becky Emerson, Mamadou B. Coulibaly, Oumou Niare, Abdoul H. Beavogui, Sekou F. Traore, Kenneth D Vernick, Michelle M. RiehleAbstract:Malaria remains a pervasive public health problem in sub-Saharan West Africa. Here mosquito vector populations were explored across four sites in Mali and the Republic of Guinea (Guinea Conakry). The study samples the major Ecological Zones of malaria-endemic regions in West Africa within a relatively small distance. Mosquito vectors were sampled from larval pools, adult indoor resting sites, and indoor and outdoor human-host seeking adults. Mosquitoes were collected at sites spanning 350 km that represented arid savannah, humid savannah, semi-forest and deep forest Ecological Zones, in areas where little was previously known about malaria vector populations. 1425 mosquito samples were analysed by molecular assays to determine species, genetic attributes, blood meal sources and Plasmodium infection status. Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii were the major anophelines represented in all collections across the Ecological Zones, with A. coluzzii predominant in the arid savannah and A. gambiae in the more humid sites. The use of multiple collection methodologies across the sampling sites allows assessment of potential collection bias of the different methods. The L1014F kdr insecticide resistance mutation (kdr-w) is found at high frequency across all study sites. This mutation appears to have swept almost to fixation, from low frequencies 6 years earlier, despite the absence of widespread insecticide use for vector control. Rates of human feeding are very high across Ecological Zones, with only small fractions of animal derived blood meals in the arid and humid savannah. About 30 % of freshly blood-fed mosquitoes were positive for Plasmodium falciparum presence, while the rate of mosquitoes with established infections was an order of magnitude lower. The study represents detailed vector characterization from an understudied area in West Africa with endemic malaria transmission. The deep forest study site includes the epicenter of the 2014 Ebola virus epidemic. With new malaria control interventions planned in Guinea, these data provide a baseline measure and an opportunity to assess the outcome of future interventions.
