The Experts below are selected from a list of 222045 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Magnus Johannesson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a randomized trial of the effect of estrogen and testosterone on Economic Behavior
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009Co-Authors: Niklas Zethraeus, Ljiljana Kocoskamaras, Tore Ellingsen, Bo Von Schoultz, Angelica Linden Hirschberg, Magnus JohannessonAbstract:Existing correlative evidence suggests that sex hormones may affect Economic Behavior such as risk taking and reciprocal fairness. To test this hypothesis we conducted a double-blind randomized study. Two-hundred healthy postmenopausal women aged 50–65 years were randomly allocated to 4 weeks of treatment with estrogen, testosterone, or placebo. At the end of the treatment period, the subjects participated in a series of Economic experiments that measure altruism, reciprocal fairness, trust, trustworthiness, and risk attitudes. There was no significant effect of estrogen or testosterone on any of the studied Behaviors.
Aldo Rustichini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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organizing effects of testosterone and Economic Behavior not just risk taking
PLOS ONE, 2011Co-Authors: Pablo Branasgarza, Aldo RustichiniAbstract:Recent literature emphasizes the role that testosterone, as well as markers indicating early exposure to T and its organizing effect on the brain (such as the ratio of second to fourth finger, ), have on performance in financial markets. These results may suggest that the main effect of T, either circulating or in fetal exposure, on Economic Behavior occurs through the increased willingness to take risks. However, these findings indicate that traders with a low digit ratio are not only more profitable, but more able to survive in the long run, thus the effect might consist of more than just lower risk aversion. In addition, recent literature suggests a positive correlation between abstract reasoning ability and higher willingness to take risks. To test the two hypotheses of testosterone on performance in financial activities (effect on risk attitude versus a complex effect involving risk attitude and reasoning ability), we gather data on the three variables in a sample of 188 ethnically homogeneous college students (Caucasians). We measure a digit ratio, abstract reasoning ability with the Raven Progressive Matrices task, and risk attitude with choice among lotteries. Low digit ratio in men is associated with higher risk taking and higher scores in abstract reasoning ability when a combined measure of risk aversion over different tasks is used. This explains both the higher performance and higher survival rate observed in traders, as well as the observed correlation between abstract reasoning ability and risk taking. We also analyze how much of the total effect of digit ratio on risk attitude is direct, and how much is mediated. Mediation analysis shows that a substantial part of the effect of T on attitude to risk is mediated by abstract reasoning ability.
Ulrich Witt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Economic Behavior—Evolutionary Versus Behavioral Perspectives
Biological Theory, 2011Co-Authors: Ulrich WittAbstract:Behavioral Economics focuses mainly on how limitations of the human cognitive apparatus, risk attitudes, and human sociality affect decision making. The former two lead to deviations from rationality standards, the latter to deviations from rational self-interest. Some of these research interests are also shared by evolutionary psychology which, however, explains the observed deviations by features of the human genetic endowment conjectured to have evolved under fierce selection pressure in early human phylogeny. Important as the decision-making theoretical perspective of the two disciplines is, it will be claimed to be too narrow to fully account for what an evolutionary approach has to say about Economic Behavior. This is particularly true regarding the questions of what choices are made and what causes them, i.e., the motivational aspects of Behavior. In the language of Economics this points to the agents’ preferences. This article discusses how preferences relate to the human genetic endowment, how they can change over time, and what conclusions have to be drawn from extending the analysis to the motivational side.
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2010,17: Economic Behavior : evolutionary vs. Behavioral perspectives
2011Co-Authors: Ulrich WittAbstract:An evolutionary perspective on Economic Behavior has to account for the influences that the human genetic endowment has on the choices the agents make. Likely to have been fixed in times of fierce selection pressure, this endowment is presumably adapted to the living conditions of early humans. If at all, Behavioral Economics accounts for its influences on Economic decision making in a way similar to the approach taken by evolutionary psychology, i.e. by focusing on decision heuristics and their tensions with modern rationality standards. In an evolutionary perspective, that focus needs to be extended so as to also embrace the motivational underpinnings of Economic Behavior. In the language of Economics this means to inquire into the agents' preferences and to explain how they relate to the human genetic endowment and how they change over time. The paper discusses several implications of such an extension.
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Economic Behavior - Evolutionary vs. Behavioral Perspectives
2010Co-Authors: Ulrich WittAbstract:An evolutionary perspective on Economic Behavior has to account for the influences that the human genetic endowment has on the choices the agents make. Likely to have been fixed in times of fierce selection pressure, this endowment is presumably adapted to the living conditions of early humans. If at all, Behavioral Economics accounts for its influences on Economic decision making in a way similar to the approach taken by evolutionary psychology, i.e. by focusing on decision heuristics and their tensions with modern rationality standards. In an evolutionary perspective, that focus needs to be extended so as to also embrace the motivational underpinnings of Economic Behavior. In the language of Economics this means to inquire into the agents' preferences and to explain how they relate to the human genetic endowment and how they change over time. The paper discusses several implications of such an extension.
Gerhard Riener - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effect of perceived regional accents on individual Economic Behavior a lab experiment on linguistic performance cognitive ratings and Economic decisions
PLOS ONE, 2015Co-Authors: Stephan Heblich, Alfred Lameli, Gerhard RienerAbstract:Does it matter if you speak with a regional accent? Speaking immediately reveals something of one’s own social and cultural identity, be it consciously or unconsciously. Perceiving accents involves not only reconstructing such imprints but also augmenting them with particular attitudes and stereotypes. Even though we know much about attitudes and stereotypes that are transmitted by, e.g. skin color, names or physical attractiveness, we do not yet have satisfactory answers how accent perception affects human Behavior. How do people act in Economically relevant contexts when they are confronted with regional accents? This paper reports a laboratory experiment where we address this question. Participants in our experiment conduct cognitive tests where they can choose to either cooperate or compete with a randomly matched male opponent identified only via his rendering of a standardized text in either a regional accent or standard accent. We find a strong connection between the linguistic performance and the cognitive rating of the opponent. When matched with an opponent who speaks the accent of the participant’s home region—the in-group opponent –, individuals tend to cooperate significantly more often. By contrast, they are more likely to compete when matched with an accent speaker from outside their home region, the out-group opponent. Our findings demonstrate, firstly, that the perception of an out-group accent leads not only to social discrimination but also influences Economic decisions. Secondly, they suggest that this Economic Behavior is not necessarily attributable to the perception of a regional accent per se, but rather to the social rating of linguistic distance and the in-group/out-group perception it evokes.
Niklas Zethraeus - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a randomized trial of the effect of estrogen and testosterone on Economic Behavior
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009Co-Authors: Niklas Zethraeus, Ljiljana Kocoskamaras, Tore Ellingsen, Bo Von Schoultz, Angelica Linden Hirschberg, Magnus JohannessonAbstract:Existing correlative evidence suggests that sex hormones may affect Economic Behavior such as risk taking and reciprocal fairness. To test this hypothesis we conducted a double-blind randomized study. Two-hundred healthy postmenopausal women aged 50–65 years were randomly allocated to 4 weeks of treatment with estrogen, testosterone, or placebo. At the end of the treatment period, the subjects participated in a series of Economic experiments that measure altruism, reciprocal fairness, trust, trustworthiness, and risk attitudes. There was no significant effect of estrogen or testosterone on any of the studied Behaviors.
