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Pinghsun Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cross straits Economic Cooperation framework agreement cross strait agreement on intellectual property right protection and Cooperation and implications of one china
Social Science Research Network, 2014Co-Authors: Pinghsun ChenAbstract:In 2010, Taiwan and China entered into a treaty, Cross-Straits Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA), which was overwhelmingly claimed to be a major step of the Taiwan-China relationship. Contrary to other free trade agreements (FTAs), China did not include intellectual property (IP) clauses in the ECFA. Instead, China signed a separate IP treaty, “Cross-strait Agreement on Intellectual Property Rights Cooperation and Protection,” with Taiwan to address the issues of IP protection. The IP treaty was even signed in a separate proceeding and meeting. This practice of China is very rare and cannot be found in other practices. Thus, there must be some reasons for doing so. Here, this paper intends to discover the unspoken reasons for why China took this approach. The main idea is that while signing any treaty with Taiwan, China must not place itself in a position where other countries might consider the action of China as recognition of Taiwan’s statehood under the international law. Granting IP rights is a power of a state, so in China’s view, the IP treaty has to be treated different. Unlike China’s FTAs with other countries, the ECFA cannot include IP provisions to make the ECFA more like an administrative contract between the central government and local government.
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cross straits Economic Cooperation framework agreement cross strait agreement on intellectual property right protection and Cooperation and implications of one china
Houston Journal of International Law, 2014Co-Authors: Pinghsun ChenAbstract:I. INTRODUCTION II. TRIPS AND FTA A. Overview B. IP Issues in FTA Negotiations C. Taiwan's Approach D. China's Approach III. CHINA AND ITS CEPAs WITH HONG KONG AND MACAU. A. Overview B. Supplements to the Hong Kong CEPA C. Supplements to the Macau CEPA D. Comments IV. ECFA WITHOUT IP-RELATED PROVISIONS: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE "ONE CHINA" PRINCIPLES A. "One-China" Prerequisite B. Role of a Separate IP Agreement V. AFTERMATH OF THE ECFA VI. CONCLUSION I. INTRODUCTION China continues to consider Taiwan as its territory. (1) In recent years, China has made many efforts to incorporate Taiwan into its Economic system. (2) The traditional approach was to attract Taiwanese companies to set-up manufacturing facilities in China. (3) The new approach characterizes the Chinese market as Taiwan's most promising export market. (4) In 2010, China finally had a chance to include Taiwan into a central government-to-local government scenario. (5) On June 29, 2010, Taiwan and China entered into an "agreement" named "Cross-Straits Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement" ([TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], liang an ring ji he zuo jia gou xie yi, in Mandarin Chinese; hereinafter, ECFA) (6) which then was ratified by the Legislative Yuan (Taiwanese congress) on August 17, 2010. (7) The ECFA was designed, according to the Ma Ying-Jeou Administration, to facilitate stronger Economic Cooperation between the two states. (8) Particularly, the ECFA was expected by the same administration to make Taiwan a gateway for foreign companies to enter the Chinese market. (9) During the making of the ECFA, another agreement was being negotiated by the two countries. (10) This unique agreement was specifically about the affairs of intellectual property protection (11) and is called "Cross-Strait Agreement on Intellectual Property Right Protection and Cooperation" ([TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], hai xia liang an zhi hui cai chan quan bao hu he zuo xie yi, in Mandarin Chinese; hereinafter, Taiwan-China IP Agreement). (12) The Taiwan-China IP Agreement and ECFA were signed on the same day. (13) Some commentators try to characterize the ECFA as a free trade agreement (FTA). (14) However, the ECFA is not a FTA because of its two distinctive features. First, the signatory representatives are not government agencies responsible for Economic affairs. (15) The Taiwanese signatory is the Strait Exchange Foundation ([TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], hai xia jiao liu ji fin hui, in Mandarin), while the Chinese signatory is the Association for Relations across the Taiwan Straits ([TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], hai xia liang an ring mao jiao liu xie hui, in Mandarin Chinese), a special association created by the Chinese Government to deal with Taiwan affairs to avoid recognizing Taiwan's statehood. (16) The formation of the ECFA was managed by this Chinese special association. (17) On the other hand, China's FTAs are managed by the Ministry of Commerce. (18) The signature of each FTA is the Government of the People's Republic of China. (19) Hence, the ECFA is very different from China's regular FTA practice, which shows that China intended to treat the ECFA as a non-FTA agreement. Second, the ECFA does not have IP-related provisions. (20) The independency of the Taiwan-China IP Agreement from the ECFA further demonstrates that the ECFA is not a FTA. (21) The general practice of forming a FTA includes IP clauses in an agreement. (22) For example, the United States always raises IP issues in negotiating FTAs with other countries and provides clauses in its model FTA. (23) Even China, as this Article discusses, has included IP clauses in its FTAs. (24) Therefore, China must have reasons for structuring the ECFA without IP clauses. This Article particularly explores the second distinctive feature of the ECFA, a lack of IP-related provisions, and is intended to address what Taiwan has lost through the ECFA. …
Nicolaas S Klazinga - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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an in depth assessment of diabetes related lower extremity amputation rates 2000 2013 delivered by twenty one countries for the data collection 2015 of the organization for Economic Cooperation and development oecd
Acta Diabetologica, 2020Co-Authors: Fabrizio Carinci, Luigi Uccioli, Massi M Benedetti, Nicolaas S KlazingaAbstract:Background: International comparisons of diabetes-related lower extremity amputation rates are still hampered by different criteria used for data collection and analysis. We aimed to evaluate trends and variation of major/minor amputations, using agreed definitions adopted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in 2015. Methods: Direct age–sex standardized rates were calculated per 100,000 subjects per year between 2000 and 2013, using major/minor amputations with diabetes diagnosis as numerators and the total population or number of people with diabetes as denominators. Longitudinal trends were investigated using generalized estimating equations. Results: Twenty-one countries reported major amputations referred to the general population, showing a mean reduction from 10.8 to 7.5 per 100,000 (− 30.6%). Eleven countries also reported major amputations among people with diabetes, showing a mean reduction from 182.9 to 128.3 per 100,000 (− 29.8%). Minor amputations remained stable over the study period. Longitudinal trends showed a significant average annual decrease of − 0.19 per 100,000 in the general population (95% CI − 0.36 to − 0.02; p =.03) and − 4.52 per 100,000 among subjects with diabetes (95% CI − 6.09 to − 2.94; p <.001). The coefficient of variation of major amputation rates between countries was fairly high (64%—in the total population, 67% among people with diabetes). Conclusions: The study highlighted a clinically significant reduction of major amputations, in both the general population and among people with diabetes. The use of standardized definitions, while increasing the comparability of multinational data, highlighted remarkable differences between countries. These results can help identifying and sharing best practices effectively on a global scale.
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an in depth assessment of diabetes related lower extremity amputation rates 2000 2013 delivered by twenty one countries for the data collection 2015 of the organization for Economic Cooperation and development oecd
Acta Diabetologica, 2020Co-Authors: Fabrizio Carinci, Luigi Uccioli, Massi M Benedetti, Nicolaas S KlazingaAbstract:International comparisons of diabetes-related lower extremity amputation rates are still hampered by different criteria used for data collection and analysis. We aimed to evaluate trends and variation of major/minor amputations, using agreed definitions adopted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in 2015. Direct age–sex standardized rates were calculated per 100,000 subjects per year between 2000 and 2013, using major/minor amputations with diabetes diagnosis as numerators and the total population or number of people with diabetes as denominators. Longitudinal trends were investigated using generalized estimating equations. Twenty-one countries reported major amputations referred to the general population, showing a mean reduction from 10.8 to 7.5 per 100,000 (− 30.6%). Eleven countries also reported major amputations among people with diabetes, showing a mean reduction from 182.9 to 128.3 per 100,000 (− 29.8%). Minor amputations remained stable over the study period. Longitudinal trends showed a significant average annual decrease of − 0.19 per 100,000 in the general population (95% CI − 0.36 to − 0.02; p = .03) and − 4.52 per 100,000 among subjects with diabetes (95% CI − 6.09 to − 2.94; p < .001). The coefficient of variation of major amputation rates between countries was fairly high (64%—in the total population, 67% among people with diabetes). The study highlighted a clinically significant reduction of major amputations, in both the general population and among people with diabetes. The use of standardized definitions, while increasing the comparability of multinational data, highlighted remarkable differences between countries. These results can help identifying and sharing best practices effectively on a global scale.
Wu R. R. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Characterization of ambient volatile organic compounds and their sources in Beijing, before, during, and after Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation China 2014
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 2015Co-Authors: Li J., Xie S. D., Zeng L. M., Li L. Y., Li Y. Q., Wu R. R.Abstract:Ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured using an online system, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detector (GC-MS/FID), in Beijing, China, before, during, and after Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) China 2014, when stringent air quality control measures were implemented. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to identify the major VOC contributing sources and their temporal variations. The secondary organic aerosols potential (SOAP) approach was used to estimate variations of precursor source contributions to SOA formation. The average VOC mixing ratios during the three periods were 86.17, 48.28, and 72.97 ppbv, respectively. The mixing ratios of total VOC during the control period were reduced by 44 %, and the mixing ratios of acetonitrile, halocarbons, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), aromatics, acetylene, alkanes, and alkenes decreased by approximately 65, 62, 54, 53, 37, 36, and 23 %, respectively. The mixing ratios of all measured VOC species decreased during control, and the most affected species were chlorinated VOCs (chloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, chlorobenzene). PMF analysis indicated eight major sources of ambient VOCs, and emissions from target control sources were clearly reduced during the control period. Compared with the values before control, contributions of vehicular exhaust were most reduced, followed by industrial manufacturing and solvent utilization. Reductions of these three sources were responsible for 50, 26, and 16% of the reductions in ambient VOCs. Contributions of evaporated or liquid gasoline and industrial chemical feedstock were slightly reduced, and contributions of secondary and long-lived species were relatively stable. Due to central heating, emissions from fuel combustion kept on increasing during the whole campaign; because of weak control of liquid petroleum gas (LPG), the highest emissions of LPG occurred in the control period. Vehicle-related sources were the most important precursor sources likely responsible for the reduction in SOA formation during this campaign.Environmental Protection Ministry of China for Research of Characteristics and Controlling Measures of VOC Emissions [2011467003, 20130973]SCI(E)ARTICLEsdxie@pku.edu.cn147945-79591
Fujun Hou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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dynamic linkages between globalization financial development and carbon emissions evidence from asia pacific Economic Cooperation countries
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019Co-Authors: Syed Anees Haider Zaidi, Muhammad Wasif Zafar, Muhammad Shahbaz, Fujun HouAbstract:Abstract This study determines the dynamic linkages between globalization, financial development and carbon emissions in Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries in the presence of energy intensity and Economic growth under the framework of Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC). This study employs the panel data from 1990 to 2016, Westerlund cointegration technique to find long-run cointegration, and Continuously Updated Bias-Corrected (CUP-BC) and Continuously Updated Fully Modified (CUP-FM) methods to check the long-run elasticities between the variables. Empirical results indicate that globalization and financial development significantly reduce carbon emissions, but Economic growth and energy intensity increase them. These results support the EKC hypothesis for APEC countries. The Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality analysis shows that globalization Granger causes CO2 emissions. Globalization also causes financial development and energy intensity. A feedback effect exists between financial development and CO2 emissions. Furthermore, financial development causes Economic growth but similar is not true from opposite-side in Granger sense. Finally, this study presents important policy implications with respect to APEC countries.
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from nonrenewable to renewable energy and its impact on Economic growth the role of research development expenditures in asia pacific Economic Cooperation countries
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019Co-Authors: Muhammad Wasif Zafar, Muhammad Shahbaz, Fujun Hou, Avik SinhaAbstract:Abstract This study disaggregates energy, i.e. non-renewable and renewable energy consumption, and investigates its effect on Economic growth. The period of 1990–2015 is used to examine Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries. This paper determines the cross-sectional dependence and employs a second-generation panel unit root test for precise estimation. Westerlund cointegration test is used to examine the long-run equilibrium relationship between the variables and confirm the presence of cointegration in the long run. The Continuously Updated Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (CUP-FM) approaches are applied to investigate long-term output elasticities between the variables. The results show the stimulating role of energy (renewable and nonrenewable) consumption in Economic growth. Research and development expenditures and trade openness have a positive effect on Economic growth. Moreover, the time series individual country analysis also confirms that renewable energy has a positive impact on Economic growth. The heterogenous causality analysis reveals the feedback effect, i.e., bidirectional causal associations among Economic growth, renewable energy consumption, and nonrenewable energy consumption. This empirical evidence suggests that countries should increase investment in renewable energy sectors and plan for development in renewable energy for sustainable energy growth.
Syed Anees Haider Zaidi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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dynamic linkages between globalization financial development and carbon emissions evidence from asia pacific Economic Cooperation countries
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019Co-Authors: Syed Anees Haider Zaidi, Muhammad Wasif Zafar, Muhammad Shahbaz, Fujun HouAbstract:Abstract This study determines the dynamic linkages between globalization, financial development and carbon emissions in Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries in the presence of energy intensity and Economic growth under the framework of Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC). This study employs the panel data from 1990 to 2016, Westerlund cointegration technique to find long-run cointegration, and Continuously Updated Bias-Corrected (CUP-BC) and Continuously Updated Fully Modified (CUP-FM) methods to check the long-run elasticities between the variables. Empirical results indicate that globalization and financial development significantly reduce carbon emissions, but Economic growth and energy intensity increase them. These results support the EKC hypothesis for APEC countries. The Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality analysis shows that globalization Granger causes CO2 emissions. Globalization also causes financial development and energy intensity. A feedback effect exists between financial development and CO2 emissions. Furthermore, financial development causes Economic growth but similar is not true from opposite-side in Granger sense. Finally, this study presents important policy implications with respect to APEC countries.
