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M Santosh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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province scale commonalities of some world class gold deposits implications for mineral exploration
Geoscience frontiers, 2015Co-Authors: David I Groves, M SantoshAbstract:Abstract Discovery rates for all metals, including gold, are declining, the cost per significant discovery is increasing sharply, and the Economic situation of the industry is one of low base rate. The current hierarchical structure of the exploration and mining industry makes this situation difficult to redress. Economic geologists can do little to influence the required changes to the overall structure and philosophy of an industry driven by business rather than geological principles. However, it should be possible to follow the lead of the oil industry and improve the success rate of greenfield exploration, necessary for the next group of lower-exploration-spend significant mineral deposit discoveries. Here we promote the concept that mineral explorers need to carefully consider the scale at which their exploration targets are viewed. It is necessary to carefully assess the potential of drill targets in terms of terrane to province to district scale, rather than deposit scale, where most current Economic Geology research and conceptual thinking is concentrated. If orogenic, IRGD, Carlin-style and IOCG gold-rich systems are viewed at the deposit scale, they appear quite different in terms of conventionally adopted research parameters. However, recent models for these deposit styles show increasingly similar source-region parameters when viewed at the lithosphere scale, suggesting common tectonic settings. It is only by assessing individual targets in their tectonic context that they can be more reliably ranked in terms of potential to provide a significant drill discovery. Targets adjacent to craton margins, other lithosphere boundaries, and suture zones are clearly favoured for all of these gold deposit styles, and such exploration could lead to incidental discovery of major deposits of other metals sited along the same tectonic boundaries.
Soto J. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Controls on the evolution of passive-margin salt basins: Structure and evolution of the Salina del Bravo region, northeastern Mexico
'Geological Society of America', 2020Co-Authors: Hudec, Michael R., Dooley, Tim P., Peel, Frank J., Soto J.Abstract:Passive-margin salt basins tend to be much more deformed than their nonsalt equivalents, but they are by no means all the same. We used seismic data to study the Salina del Bravo region, northeast Mexico, to investigate the ways in which margin configuration and postsalt uplift history can influence passive-margin salt tectonics. The Salina del Bravo area contains four main structural systems, all of which trend NNE across the entire region. These structures are the Bravo trough, Sigsbee salt canopy, Perdido fold-and-thrust belt, and BAHA high. Gravity-driven deformation did not begin until more than 130 m.y. after salt deposition, because of buttressing against the BAHA high. We suggest that deformation was ultimately triggered in the Cenozoic by Cordilleran uplift that tilted the margin seaward and created a major sediment source terrane. Sediments shed from the uplift expelled salt seaward to form the Sigsbee canopy. At the same time, tilted and loaded sediments were translated seaward on the Louann salt until they were buttressed against the BAHA high, forming the Perdido fold-and-thrust belt. A physical model was built to test this hypothesis. The model was able to reproduce most of the major structures in the region, suggesting that the hypothesis is reasonable. The Salina del Bravo region shows how a downdip buttress can inhibit gravity-driven salt deformation in passive-margin salt basins. Furthermore, the area also shows the importance of postsalt uplift, which can destabilize a margin through a combination of tilting and sedimentation.We would like to thank CGG and TGS for permission to use seismic data. Nancy Cottington drafted the diagrams. Cari Breton constructed the geographic information system database. Eva Silverfine Ott edited the text. The paper was greatly improved by reviews from Chris Jackson and an anonymous reviewer. The project was funded by the Applied Geodynamics Laboratory consortium, consisting of the following companies: Anadarko, BHP Billiton, BP, CGG, Chevron, Condor, Ecopetrol, EMGS, Eni, Equinor, ExxonMobil, Fieldwood, Hess, ION Geophysical, Midland Valley, Murphy, Nexen, Noble, Petrobras, Petronas, PGS, Repsol, Rockfield, Saudi Aramco, Shell, Spectrum Geo, Stone, Talos, TGS, Total, West-ernGeco, and Woodside. Additional funding came from the Jackson School of Geosciences. Juan I. Soto also acknowledges the financial support provided by the Ministry of Education in Spain with a “Salvador de Madariaga” fellowship. Publication was authorized by the director of the Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin
Tucker C Barrie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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volcanogenic massive sulfide occurrence model
Economic Geology, 2012Co-Authors: Tucker C BarrieAbstract:W.C. Pat Shanks III and Roland Thurston, Editors. PP. 363. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070–C. 2012. Downloadable from . This is one of a series of ore deposit models, written by scientists of the U.S. Geological Survey, which at present include contributions on Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits (Leach et al., 2010) and porphyry copper deposits (John et al., 2010). The stated purposes of this VMS model are as follows: (1) for national assessment of the mineral potential for these deposits in the United States, and (2) to assist exploration geologists, students, and teachers of Economic Geology, and researchers interested in understanding the origin of this important deposit type in the context of earth history and plate tectonics. Among the latter group is a large international group of scientists studying the distribution, characteristics, and origin of VMS deposits on the modern seafloor. Most of the stages of VMS exploration, mining, and remediation are covered well in this volume. Exploration begins with …
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volcanic associated massive sulfide deposits processes and examples in modern and ancient settings
GSW Books, 1997Co-Authors: Tucker C Barrie, Mark D HanningtonAbstract:Volcanic-associated massive sulfide deposits (VMS) are predominantly stratiform accumulations of sulfide minerals that precipitate from hydrothermal fluids at or below the sea floor, in a wide range of ancient and modern geological settings (Figs. 1, 2). They occur within volcanosedimentary stratigraphic successions, and are commonly coeval and coincident with volcanic rocks. As a class, they represent a significant source of the world's Cu, Zn, Pb, Au, and Ag ores, with Co, Sn, Ba, S, Se, Mn, Cd, In, Bi, Te, Ga, and Ge as co- or by-products. The understanding of ancient, land-based VMS deposits has been heavily influenced by the discovery and study of active, metal-precipitating hydrothermal vents on the sea floor. During the last three decades, excellent descriptions of sea-floor sulfides and related vent fluids and hydrothermal plumes have provided modern analogs for the landbased VMS deposits (Rona, 1988; Rona and Scott, 1993; Hannington et al., 1995). Conversely, the Geology and mineralogy of land-based deposits have provided insight into the plumbing systems and sulfide mineral paragenesis of sulfide deposits relevant to sea-floor hydrothermal systems. This volume capitalizes on the complementary nature of ancient, land-based VMS deposits and active, metal-precipitating hydrothermal systems on the sea floor, much as the Reviews in Economic Geology Volume 2 (Berger and Bethke, eds., 1985) did with epithermal deposits and active, subaerial geothermal systems, and draws equally from land-based and sea-floor VMS research. This volume attempts to provide a balanced view of VMS systems, with descriptions of the processes involved in VMS formation and of important examples representing a variety of VMS deposits and districts, in modern and ancient settings. It is not meant to be a comprehensive review; rather, it presents a spectrum of current ideas based on research since the benchmark paper of Franklin et al. (1981). The contributions are divided into two parts. In Part I, reviews of the most significant geological, physical, and chemical processes involved in the formation of landbased and sea-floor VMS deposits are presented. These include: the volcanology of subaqueous settings and the relationship between volcanology and VMS systems by Gibson et al. (1999); structural aspects of magmatism and hydrothermal circulation in ocean floor and ophiolitic settings by Harper (1999); the relationship between magma chemistry and hydrothermal venting, with emphasis on the thickened oceanic crust in the Galapagos area by Perfit et al.(1999), and more generally in bimodal volcanic settings by Barrett and MacLean (1999); hydrothermal alteration of the oceanic crust by Alt (1999); fluid-rock interactions in VMS systems as recorded by stable isotope systematics by Huston (1999); the metal transport capabilities of hydrothermal fluids by Seyfried et al. (1999); precious metal enrichment associations and processes in VMS systems by Hannington et al. (1999); and heat and fluid flow in VMS systems by Barrie et al. (1999a).
Monteiro L.v.s. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Nonsulfide And Sulfide-rich Zinc Mineralizations In The Vazante, Ambrósia And Fagundes Deposits, Minas Gerais, Brazil: Mass Balance And Stable Isotope Characteristics Of The Hydrothermal Alterations
2015Co-Authors: Monteiro L.v.s., Bettencourt J.s., Juliani C., De Oliveira T.f.Abstract:The Vazante Group hosts the Vazante nonsulfide zinc deposit, which comprises high-grade zinc silicate ore (ZnSiO4), and late-diagenetic to epigenetic carbonate-hosted sulfide-rich zinc deposits (e.g. Morro Agudo, Fagundes, and Ambrósia). In the sulfide-rich deposits, hydrothermal alteration involving silicification and dolomitization was related with ground preparation of favorable zones for fluid migration (e.g. Fagundes) or with direct interaction with the metalliferous fluid (e.g. Ambrósia). At Vazante, hydrothermal alteration resulted in silicification and dolomite, siderite, jasper, hematite, and chlorite formation. These processes were accompanied by strong relative gains of SiO2, Fe2O3(T), Rb, Sb, V, U, and La, which are typically associated with the nonsulfide zinc mineralization. All sulfide-rich zinc ores in the district display a similar geochemical signature suggesting a common metal source from the underlying sedimentary sequences. Oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of hydrothermally altered rocks reveal a remarkable alteration halo at the Vazante deposit, which is not a notable feature in the sulfide-rich deposits. This pattern could be attributed to fluid mixing processes involving the metalliferous fluid and channelized meteoric water, which may control the precipitation of the Vazante nonsulfide ore. Sulfide deposition resulted from fluid-rock interaction processes and mixing between the ascending metalliferous fluids and sulfur-rich tectonic brines derived from reduced shale units. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.113362381Almeida, F.F.M., Origem e evolução da plataforma brasileira (1967) Boletim do Departamento Nacional Produção Mineral, Brazil, 243, pp. 1-36Azmy, K., Veizer, J., Misi, A., Oliveira, T.F., Sanches, A.L., Dardenne, M.A., Dolomitization and isotope stratigraphy of the Vazante Formation, São Francisco Basin, Brazil (2001) Precambrian Research, 112, pp. 303-329Babinski, M., Kaufman, A.J., First direct dating of a Neoproterozoic post-glacial cap carbonate (2003) Short Papers, pp. 321-323. , 4th South Am. Symp. Isotope Geol., Salvador, BrazilBabinski, M., Monteiro, L.V.S., Fetter, A.H., Bettencourt, J.S., Oliveira, T.F., Isotope geochemistry of the mafic dikes from the Vazante nonsulfide zinc deposit Brazil (2005) Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 18, pp. 193-204Bez, L., Evolução mineralógica e geoquímica do depósito de zinco e chumbo de Morro Agudo, Paracatu, MG (1980) 31st Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Balneário de Camburiú, 3, pp. 1402-1416Brugger, J., McPhail, D.C., Wallace, M., Waters, J., Formation of willemite in hydrothermal environments (2003) Economic Geology, 98, pp. 819-836Burns, S.J., Baker, P.A., Showers, W.J., The factors controlling the formation and chemistry of dolomite in organic-rich sediments, Miocene Drakes Bay Formation, California (1988) Special Publication, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 43, pp. 41-52. , Sedimentology and Geochemistry of Dolostones. Shukla V., and Baker P.A. (Eds)Chetty, D., Frimmel, H.E., The role of evaporites in the genesis of base metal sulfide mineralization in the Northern Platform of the Pan-African Damara Belt, Namibia: geochemical and fluid inclusion evidence from carbonate wall rock alteration (2000) Mineralium Deposita, 35, pp. 364-376Cloud, P.E., Dardenne, M.A., Proterozoic age of the Bambuí Group in Brazil (1973) Geological Society of America Bulletin, 84, pp. 1673-1676Cunha, I.A., Coelho, C.E.S., Misi, A., Fluid inclusion study of the Morro Agudo Pb-Zn deposit, Minas Gerais, Brazil (2000) Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 30, pp. 318-321Cunha, I.A., Babinski, M., Misi, A., Pb isotopic constraints on the mineralization from the Vazante Group, Minas Gerais, Brazil (2003) Short Papers, pp. 727-730. , 4th South American Symposium on Isotope Geology, Salvador, BrazilDardenne, M.A., The Brasília fold belt (2000) Tectonic Evolution of South America, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, pp. 231-263. , Cordani U.G., Milani E.J., Thomaz Filho A., and Campos D.A. (Eds)Dardenne, M.A., Freitas-Silva, F.H., Pb-Zn ore deposits of Bambuí and Vazante Groups, in the São Francisco Craton and Brasília Fold Belt, Brazil (1999) Base Metal Deposits of Brazil, pp. 75-83. , Silva M.G., and Misi A. (Eds), MME/CPRM/DNPMFrimmel, H., Jonasson, I.R., Mubita, P., An Eburnean base metal source for sediment-hosted zinc-lead deposits in Neoproterozoic units of Namibia: lead isotope and geochemical evidence (2004) Mineralium Deposita, 39, pp. 328-343Garven, G., Freeze, R.A., Theoretical analysis of the role of groundwater flow in the genesis of stratabound ore deposits 2: quantitative results (1984) American Journal of Science, 28, pp. 1125-1174Golyshev, S.I., Padalko, N.L., Pechenkin, S.A., Fractionation of stable oxygen and carbon isotopes in carbonate systems (1981) Geokhimiya, 10, pp. 1427-1441Grant, J.A., The isocon diagram - a simple solution to Gresens' equation for metasomatic alteration (1986) Economic Geology, 81, pp. 1976-1982Gresens, R.L., Composition-volume relationships of metasomatism (1967) Chemical Geology, 2, pp. 47-55Groves, I.M., Carman, C.E., Dunlap, W.J., Geology of the Beltana willemite deposit, Flinders Ranges, South Australia (2003) Economic Geology, 98, pp. 797-818Hitzman, M.W., Sediment hosted Zn-Pb and Au deposits in the Proterozoic Paracatu-Vazante Fold Belt, Minas Gerais, Brazil (1997) Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Abstracts with Programs, 29, pp. A408Hitzman, M.W., Reynolds, N.A., Sangster, D.F., Allen, C.R., Carman, C.E., Classification, genesis, and exploration guides for nonsulfides zinc deposits (2003) Economic Geology, 98, pp. 685-714Hoefs, J., (2004) Stable Isotope Geochemistry. Fifth edition, , Springer, BerlinIyer, S.S., Babinski, M., Krouse, H.R., Chemale Jr., F., Highly 13C enriched carbonate and organic matter in the Neoproterozoic sediments of the Bambuí Group, Brazil (1995) Precambrian Research, 73, pp. 271-282Kamona, A.F., Leveque, J., Friedrich, G., Haack, U., Lead isotopes of the carbonate-hosted Kabwe, Tsumeb, and Kipushi Pb-Zn-Cu sulphide deposits in relation to Pan-African orogenesis in the Damaran-Lufilian fold belt of Central Africa (1999) Mineralium Deposita, 34, pp. 273-283Kampunzu, A.B., Wendorff, M., Kruge, F.J., Intiomale, M.M., Pb isotopic ages of sediment-hosted Pb-Zn mineralisation in the Neoproterozoic Copperbelt of Zambia and Democratic Republic of Congo (ex-Zaire), re-evaluation and implications (1998) Chronique de la Recherche Minière, 66, pp. 55-61Kawashita, K., (1998) Rochas carbonáticas neoproterozóicas da América do Sul: idades e inferências quimioestratigráficas, , Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São PauloKucha, H., Wieczorek, A., Sulfide-carbonate relationships in the Navan (Tara) Zn-Pb Deposit Ireland (1984) Mineralium Deposita, 19, pp. 208-216Le Huray, A.P., Caulfield, J.B.D., Rye, D.M., Dixon, P.R., Basements controls on sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits: a Pb isotope study of Carboniferous mineralization in Central Ireland (1987) Economic Geology, 82, pp. 1695-1709Madalosso, A., Valle, C.R.O., Considerações sobre a estratigrafia e sedimentologia do Grupo Bambuí na Região de Paracatu-Morro Agudo (MG) (1978) 30th Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Recife, Anais, Sociedade Brasileira de Geologia, 2, pp. 622-631McCrea, J.M., On the isotope chemistry of carbonates and palaeotemperature scale (1950) Journal of Chemical Physics, 18, pp. 849-857Misi, A., Estratigrafia isotópica das seqüências do Supergrupo São Francisco, coberturas neoproterozóicas do Cráton do São Francisco. Idades e correlações (2001) Bacia do São Francisco: Geologia e Recursos Minerais, pp. 67-92. , Pinto C.P., and Martins-Neto M.A. (Eds), Sociedade Brasileira de Geologia /Minas Gerais, Belo HorizonteMisi, A., Iyer, S.S., Kyle, J.R., Coelho, C.E.S., Franca-Rocha, W.J.S., Gomes, A.S.R., Cunha, I.A., Carvalho, I.G., Geological and isotopic constraints on the metallogenic evolution of the Proterozoic sediment-hosted Pb-Zn (Ag) deposits of Brazil (1999) Gondwana Research, 2, pp. 47-65Misi, A., Iyer, S.S.S., Coelho, C.E.S., Tassinari, C.C.G., Franca-Rocha, W.J.S., Cunha, I.A., Gomes, A.S.R., Filho, V.M.C., Sediment hosted lead-zinc deposits of the Neoproterozoic Bambuí Group and correlative sequences, São Francisco Craton, Brazil: a review and a possible metallogenetic evolution model (2005) Ore Geology Reviews, 26, pp. 263-304Moeri, E., On a columnar stromatolite in the Precambrian Bambuí Group of Central Brazil (1972) Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 65, pp. 185-195Monteiro, L.V.S., Bettencourt, J.S., Spiro, B., Graça, R., Oliveira, T.F., The Vazante zinc mine, MG, Brazil: constraints on fluid evolution and willemitic mineralization (1999) Exploration and Mining Geology, 8, pp. 21-42Monteiro, L.V.S., Bettencourt, J.S., Oliveira, T.F., The Vazante, Ambrósia, and Fagundes (MG, Brazil) Neoproterozoic epigenetic zinc deposits: similarities, contrasting features, and genetic implications (2000) 31st International Geological Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Abstract volume, , CD-ROMMonteiro, L.V.S., Bettencourt, J.S., Juliani, C., Oliveira, T.F., Geology, petrography, and mineral chemistry of the Vazante, Ambrósia, and Fagundes Neoproterozoic carbonate-hosted Zn-(Pb) deposits, Minas Gerais, Brazil (2006) Ore Geology Reviews, 28, pp. 201-234Oliveira, T.F., As Minas de Vazante e de Morro Agudo (1998) Workshop depósitos minerais brasileiros de metais base, Salvador, pp. 48-57. , CPGG-UFBA/ADIMBOliver, J., Fluids expelled tectonically from orogenic belts: their role in hydrocarbon migration and other geologic phenomena (1986) Geology, 14, pp. 99-102Pimentel, M.M., Dardenne, M.A., Fuck, R.A., Viana, M.G., Junges, S.L., Fischel, D.P., Seer, H.J., Dantas, E.L., Nd isotopes and the provenance of detrital sediments of the Neoproterozoic Brasília Belt, Central Brazil (2001) Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 14, pp. 571-585Pirajno, F., Joubert, B.D., An overview of carbonate-hosted mineral deposits in the Otavi Mountain Land, Namibia: implications for ore genesis (1993) Journal of African Earth Sciences, 16, pp. 265-272Potdevin, J.L., Gresens 92: a simple Macintosh program of the Gresesn's method (1993) Computers & Geosciences, 19, pp. 1229-1238Potdevin, J.L., Marquer, D., Méthodes de quantification des transferts de matière par les fluides dans les roches métamorphiques déformées (1987) Geodinamica Acta, 1, pp. 193-206Savard, M.M., Pre-ore burial dolomitization adjacent to the carbonate-hosted Gays River Zn-Pb deposit, Nova Scotia (1996) Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 33, pp. 303-315Veizer, J., Trace elements and isotopes in sedimentary carbonates (1983) Reviews in Mineralogy, 11, pp. 265-300. , Carbonates: Mineralogy and Chemistry Mineral. Reeder R.J. (Ed)Warren, J., Dolomite: occurrence, evolution and Economically important associations (2000) Earth-Science Reviews, 52, pp. 1-81Wilkinson, J.J., On diagenesis, dolomitisation and mineralization in the Irish Zn-Pb orefield (2003) Mineralium Deposita, 38, pp. 968-983Zheng, Y.-F., Hoefs, J., Theoretical modeling on mixing processes and application to Pb-Zn deposits in the Harz Mountains, Germany (1993) Mineralium Deposita, 28, pp. 79-8
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Mineral Chemistry Of Ore And Hydrothermal Alteration At The Sossego Iron Oxide-copper-gold Deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil
2015Co-Authors: Monteiro L.v.s., Juliani C., Xavier R.p., Hitzman M.w., De Souza Filho C.r., Carvalho E.d.r.Abstract:The Sossego iron oxide-copper-gold deposit in the Carajás Mineral Province comprises two major orebodies, Sequeirinho and Sossego. Sodic alteration (albite-hematite) and sodic-calcic alteration zones represented by albite, ferro-edenite/hastingsite (up to 3.8 wt.% Cl), actinolite/magnesiohornblende, magnetite, titanite, epidote, and calcite are predominant at Sequeirinho. Magnetite bodies with envelopes of apatite-rich actinolitite were formed with the sodic-calcic event at high temperatures (~ 500 °C at 1.4 kbar). In the Sossego orebody, potassic alteration with orthoclase and Cl-rich biotite (up to 3.1 wt.%) and chloritization are the main alteration types. Mineralized breccias in both orebodies have coarse-grained zoned actinolite/ferro-actinolite, Cl-apatite, and magnetite within the matrix. Sulfides occur in equilibrium with a paragenetically late calcite-quartz-chlorite-epidote-allanite assemblage. The AlIV contents of the chlorite indicate crystallization at temperatures below 300 °C. Chalcopyrite occurs associated with pyrite (up to 2.3 wt.% Co and 0.2 wt.% Ni), native gold (up to 14.9 wt.% Ag), siegenite, millerite, vaesite, Pd-melonite, and hessite. Dilution and cooling of the hot metalliferous fluid (> 500 °C) by mixing with meteoric fluids may have been the main mechanisms responsible for the deposition of metals transported as metal chloride complexes in both orebodies of the Sossego deposit. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.343317336Araújo, O.J.B., Maia, R.G.N., Jorge-João, X.S., Costa, J.B.S., A megaestruturação da folha Serra dos Carajás (1988) Proceedings, 7, pp. 324-333. , Congresso Latino Americano de GeologiaBailey, S.W., Summary of recommendations of AIPEA Nomenclature Committee (1980) Clays and Clay Minerals, 15, pp. 85-93Bajwah, Z.U., Secombe, P.K., Offler, R., Trace element distribution, Co:Ni ratios and genesis of the Big Cadia iron-copper deposit, New South Wales, Australia (1987) Mineralium Deposita, 22, pp. 292-300Baker, T., Alteration, mineralization, and fluid evolution at the Eloise Cu-Au deposit, Cloncurry district, northwest Queensland, Australia (1998) Economic Geology, 93, pp. 1213-1236Barros, C.E.M., Barbey, P., 1998. Auréolas tectônicas: um novo modelo de evolução tectono-metamórfica para a Província Mineral de Carajás. Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, vol. 40, Anais, Sociedade Brasileira de Geologia, p. 53Barros, C.E.M., Sardinha, A.S., Barbosa, J.P.O., Krimski, R., Macambira, M.J.B., Pb-Pb and U-Pb zircon ages of Archean syntectonic granites of the Carajás metallogenic province, northern Brazil (2001) Proceedings, 3, pp. 94-97. , South American Symposium on Isotopic GeologyBarton, M.D., Johnson, D.A., Evaporitic source model for igneous-related Fe oxide-(REE-Cu-Au-U) mineralization (1996) Geology, 24, pp. 259-262Barton, M.D., Johnson, D.A., Alternative brine sources for Fe-oxide(-Cu-Au) systems: implications for hydrothermal alteration and metals (2000) Australian Mineral Foundation, 1, pp. 43-60. , Hydrothermal Iron Oxide Cooper-Gold and Related Deposits: a Global Perspective. Porter T.M. (Ed), AdelaideBeaudoin, G., Gosselin, P., Dupois, C., Jébrak, M. 2006. La composition des oxydes de fer: un nouvel outil d'exploration. Québec Exploration 2006. http://www.quebecexploration.qc.ca/pdf/session1_10h50_beaudoingeorges.pdfBerman, R.G., Internally-consistent thermodynamic data for stoichiometric minerals in the system Na2O-K2O-CaO-MgO-FeO-Fe2O3-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2-H2O-CO2 (1988) Journal of Petrology, 29, pp. 445-522Berman, R.G., Thermobarometry using multiequilibrium calculations: a new technique with petrologic applications (1991) Canadian Mineralogist, 29, pp. 833-855Brill, B.A., Trace-element contents and partitioning of elements in ore minerals from the CSA Cu-Pb-Zn deposit, Australia (1989) Canadian Mineralogist, 27, pp. 263-274Bryndzia, L.T., Scott, S.D., The composition of chlorite as a function of sulfur and oxygen fugacity: an experimental study (1987) American Journal of Science, 287, pp. 50-76Candela, P.A., Felsic magmas, volatiles, and metallogenesis (1989) Reviews in Economic Geology, 4, pp. 223-233Candela, P.A., Holland, H.D., A mass transfer model for copper and molybdenum in magmatic hydrothermal systems: the origin of porphyry-type ore deposits (1986) Economic Geology, 81, pp. 1-19Carvalho, E.R., Xavier, R.P., Monteiro, L.V.S., Souza Filho, C.R., 2005. Geology and hydrothermal alteration of the Sossego iron oxide-copper-gold deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil. Simpósio Brasileiro de Metalogenia, 1, [CD-ROM]Cathelineau, M., Nieva, D., A chlorite solid solution geothermometer: the Los Azufres (Mexico) geothermal system (1985) Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 91, pp. 235-244Chiaradia, M., Banks, D., Cliff, R., Marschik, R., de Haller, A., Origin of fluids in iron oxide-copper-gold deposits: constraints from δ37Cl, 87Sr/86Sr and Cl/Br (2006) Mineralium Deposita, 41, pp. 565-573Cho, M., Liou, J.G., Phrenite-pumpellyte to greenschist facies transition in the Karmutsen metabasites, Vancouver Island, B.C. 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Stable Isotopic Constraints On Kuroko-type Paleohydrothermal Systems In The Mesoproterozoic Serra Do Itaberaba Group, São Paulo State, Brazil
'Elsevier BV', 2015Co-Authors: Perez-aguilar A., Monteiro L.v.s., Juliani C., Fallick A.e., Bettencourt J.s.Abstract:Mesoproterozoic oceanic paleohydrothermal systems developed in the volcanosedimentary Serra do Itaberaba Group, which comprises part of the Ribeira fold belt. Hydrothermal alteration associated with these systems was responsible for large premetamorphic chloritic alteration halos (CZ1 rocks), overprinted by restricted premetamorphic chloritic (CZ2 rocks), argillic, and advanced argillic alterations that correspond to intensely leached rocks within feeder zones. Well-defined trends of increasing δ18O values with the progressive intensity of the alteration process are observed for igneous metabasites, metabasic hydroclastic rocks, and intermediate metamorphosed igneous and volcaniclastic rocks from CZ1. Systematic stable isotope variations evince that, in the Serra do Itaberaba metamorphosed hydrothermalized rocks, the preexisting isotope signatures of the hydrothermal systems were at least partially preserved. Highly evolved hot seawater is suggested for the genesis of the CZ1 rocks, whereas for the CZ2 rocks and marundites, the 18O fluid enrichments are interpreted as due to the major contribution of evolved seawater-derived fluids with a subordinate magmatic water component. An early near-seafloor, low-temperature alteration in a mid-ocean ridge environment was responsible for heterogeneous 18O whole-rock enrichments and followed by steady hydrothermal circulation with discharge of hot fluids, which previously underwent isotopic exchange with the 18O enriched volcanic rocks in the deeper part of the system with high temperatures and low water: rock ratios in a backarc environment. The subordinate magmatic water component derived from andesitic and rhyodacitic intrusions. The extremely high δ18O anomalies from the CZ1 rocks suggest an associated base metal massive sulfide ore body. The lower δ18O values related to the CZ2 rocks represent alteration by a higher temperature fluid, which might indicate the proximity of possible ore zones. The identification of several premetamorphic hydrothermally altered zones, similar to those of Kuroko-type base metal mineralizations, expands the mineral potential of base metal deposits in the Serra do Itaberaba Group and the volcanosedimentary sequences from the Ribeira fold belt. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.183-4 SPEC. ISS.305321Aggarwal, P.K., Longstaffe, F.J., Oxygen-isotope geochemistry of metamorphosed massive sulfide deposits in the Flin Flon-Snow Lake Belt, Manitoba (1987) Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 96, pp. 314-325Almeida, F.F.M., de Amaral, G., Cordani, U.G., Kawashita, K., (1973) The Ocean Basin and Margins, 1, pp. 411-446. , Nairn F.G. Stehli (Eds.) 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Geology, Petrography, And Mineral Chemistry Of The Vazante Non-sulfide And Ambrósia And Fagundes Sulfide-rich Carbonate-hosted Zn-(pb) Deposits, Minas Gerais, Brazil
2015Co-Authors: Monteiro L.v.s., Bettencourt J.s., Juliani C., De Oliveira T.f.Abstract:The Vazante-Paracatu region represents the most important Zn district known in Brazil and includes the Vazante hypogene non-sulfide Zn deposit composed mainly of willemite (Zn2SiO4) and sphalerite-rich carbonate-hosted Zn-(Pb) deposits. Fagundes is a stratabound deposit, characterized by strong silicification, dolomitization and a Fe-rich carbonate alteration halo. The main ore is represented by rhythmically banded, colloform, and zoned pyrite, sphalerite and galena, related to wall rock dissolution and sulfide infilling, which probably occurs late during the burial diagenesis. Later veins and breccia ore types reflect epigenetic mobilization, related to brittle-ductile structures. The Ambrósia mineralization is mainly fault-controlled and related to brecciated dolomite, which is tectonically imbricated with black shales and slates. Typical features include host rock recrystallization, minor silicification, baroque dolomite and ankerite formation. Pyrite, marcasite, sphalerite and minor galena occur in brecciated comb-veins and veinlets, which overprint stylolites and tectonic fractures, suggesting an epigenetic origin for the ore. The Vazante deposit differs from all other deposits of the district due to the presence of willemitic ore, which is composed of willemite, dolomite, siderite, quartz, hematite, Zn-rich chlorite, barite, franklinite and zincite. The willemitic ore occurs tectonically imbricate to small sulfide ore bodies, which comprises sphalerite and galena, metabasites and hydrothermalized dolomites within the Vazante Shear Zone. The relationships between willemite formation and the development of mylonitic structures suggest that willemitic mineralization and deformation are synchronous episodes closely related to the Vazante Shear Zone. Low Zn/Cd ratios in sphalerite from Vazante (64 to 98) and Fagundes colloform (96 to 244) and zoned sphalerite (89 to 305) could reflect the regional role of mineralizing fluids with similar low Zn/Cd ratios and low contents of reduced sulfur (∑Sred). High Ge (up to 2200 ppm) and the low Fe, Cu, Mn and Ag contents in late-diagenetic Fagundes sphalerite might suggest that this metal-bearing fluid could be derived from the underlying basin fill, which comprise clastic sediments and organic matter-rich pelitic sequences. Systematic relationships among sphalerite composition and paragenetic evolution of the Fagundes and Ambrósia deposits suggest that progressive fluid mixing processes were important for the genesis of the sulfide-rich deposits in the district. These mixing processes possibly involved the hot metal-bearing fluid with low contents of reduced sulfur and moderate-temperature, highly saline fluids, which could represent an important sulfur supply. The predominance of the highly saline brines in later epigenetic mineralization episodes might be related to episodic migration of hydrothermal fluids mainly derived from reduced shale sequences during the Brasiliano compressive events. The small variation in chemical and sulfur isotopic composition of the Vazante sphalerite could imply that the high-temperature metal-bearing fluid with low Zn/Cd ratios could represent a minor reservoir of reduced sulfur, which permitted only subordinate sphalerite precipitation in the Vazante deposit. The lack of reduced shale sequences above the Vazante deposit could represent a limiting factor for H2S supply. Additionally, overall mixture between this hot sulfur-deficient metal-bearing fluid and meteoric fluids channeled to the Vazante Shear Zone favor the high fO2/ S2 conditions responsible for the stability of the Vazante willemitic assemblage. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. 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Yongyong Tang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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concentrations and isotopic variability of mercury in sulfide minerals from the jinding zn pb deposit southwest china
Ore Geology Reviews, 2017Co-Authors: Xianwu Bi, Xinbin Feng, Yongyong Tang, Ruizhong HuAbstract:Abstract Mercury (Hg) isotopes have been proven as a useful tracer in understanding sources and biogeochemical processes of Hg in the environment. However, the use of this tracer has not yet been explored in Economic Geology. This paper investigates the concentrations and isotopic compositions of Hg in sulfide minerals from the Jinding deposit, the largest Zn-Pb deposit in China. Total mercury concentration (HgT) is highly variable: with the highest in sphalerite (472–1010 ng·g−1), intermediate concentrations in pyrite (195–342 ng·g−1) and the lowest in galena (65–310 ng·g−1). The variation was likely due to the fact that Hg2+ can more readily substitute for Zn2+ than for Fe2+ and Pb2+, but an influence of different parental fluids on the isotopic composition of the sulfide minerals cannot be excluded. An overall range of δ202Hg from −3.17 to −0.57‰ is observed in the sulfides. Samples from the early stage feature the enrichments of light Hg isotopes, with δ202Hg ranging from −3.17 to –1.59‰, suggesting significant mass-dependent fractionation during the transport and/or deposition of Hg. However, the volatilization of aqueous Hg(0) during boiling of hydrothermal fluids was likely the most important process causing the observed fractionation. Relatively higher δ202Hg values (−1.84 to −0.57‰) of the late stage samples indicate that the Hg was rarely fractionated from its sources. Additionally, small but significant mass-independent fractionations are measured for the deposit with Δ199Hg ranging from −0.06 to 0.10‰, indicating that the Hg may have been derived from the sedimentary rocks of the Lanping Basin. Finally, we conclude that Hg isotopes have the potential to be a new tracer of sources of ore-forming materials, as well as pathways of fluid evolution in hydrothermal deposits.
