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Mark R Wilson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the role of effort in influencing the effect of anxiety on performance testing the conflicting predictions of processing Efficiency Theory and the conscious processing hypothesis
British Journal of Psychology, 2007Co-Authors: Nickolas C. Smith, Mark R Wilson, Paul S HolmesAbstract:The aim of this study was to test the conflicting predictions of processing Efficiency Theory (PET) and the conscious processing hypothesis (CPH) regarding effort's role in influencing the effects of anxiety on a golf putting task. Mid-handicap golfers made a series of putts to target holes under two counterbalanced conditions designed to manipulate the level of anxiety experienced. The effort exerted on each putting task was assessed though self-report, psychophysiological (heart rate variability) and behavioural (pre-putt time and glances at the target) measures. Performance was assessed by putting error. Results were generally more supportive of the predictions of PET rather than the CPH as performance was maintained for some performers despite increased state anxiety and a reduction in processing Efficiency. The findings of this study support previous research suggesting that both theories offer useful theoretical frameworks for examining the relationship between anxiety and performance in sport.
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A test of the predictions of processing Efficiency Theory during elite team competition using the Thought Occurrence Questionnaire for Sport.
International Journal of Sport Psychology, 2007Co-Authors: Mark R Wilson, Nickolas C. SmithAbstract:The current study aimed to test the predictions of processing Efficiency Theory (PET) (Eysenck & Calvo, 1992) in an ecologically valid, team sport competition. Eighteen, elite female hockey players taking part in an international competition were categorised as either high or low trait anxious (HTA, LTA). Games were categorised as being either of high or low criticality, and players’ individual performance was assessed independently by two senior international coaches. Cognitive state anxiety, as indexed by the frequency of ‘performance worry’ cognitive intrusions, and subsequent mental effort expenditure were assessed using the Thought Occurrence Questionnaire for Sport (Hatzigeorgiadis & Biddle, 2000). While anxiety (p .05). As predicted by PET, performance was maintained at the expense of processing Efficiency, and this effect was more marked in HTA individuals.
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the role of effort in moderating the anxiety performance relationship testing the prediction of processing Efficiency Theory in simulated rally driving
Journal of Sports Sciences, 2006Co-Authors: Mark R Wilson, Nickolas C. Smith, Mark Chattington, Mike Ford, D E MarplehorvatAbstract:We tested some of the key predictions of processing Efficiency Theory using a simulated rally driving task. Two groups of participants were classified as either dispositionally high or low anxious based on trait anxiety scores and trained on a simulated driving task. Participants then raced individually on two similar courses under counterbalanced experimental conditions designed to manipulate the level of anxiety experienced. The effort exerted on the driving tasks was assessed though self-report (RSME), psychophysiological measures (pupil dilation) and visual gaze data. Efficiency was measured in terms of Efficiency of visual processing (search rate) and driving control (variability of wheel and accelerator pedal) indices. Driving performance was measured as the time taken to complete the course. As predicted, increased anxiety had a negative effect on processing Efficiency as indexed by the self-report, pupillary response and variability of gaze data. Predicted differences due to dispositional levels of anxiety were also found in the driving control and effort data. Although both groups of drivers performed worse under the threatening condition, the performance of the high trait anxious individuals was affected to a greater extent by the anxiety manipulation than the performance of the low trait anxious drivers. The findings suggest that processing Efficiency Theory holds promise as a theoretical framework for examining the relationship between anxiety and performance in sport.
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The role of effort in moderating the anxiety – performance relationship: Testing the prediction of processing Efficiency Theory in simulated rally driving
Journal of Sports Sciences, 2006Co-Authors: Mark R Wilson, Nickolas C. Smith, Mark Chattington, Mike Ford, D. E. Marple-horvatAbstract:We tested some of the key predictions of processing Efficiency Theory using a simulated rally driving task. Two groups of participants were classified as either dispositionally high or low anxious based on trait anxiety scores and trained on a simulated driving task. Participants then raced individually on two similar courses under counterbalanced experimental conditions designed to manipulate the level of anxiety experienced. The effort exerted on the driving tasks was assessed though self-report (RSME), psychophysiological measures (pupil dilation) and visual gaze data. Efficiency was measured in terms of Efficiency of visual processing (search rate) and driving control (variability of wheel and accelerator pedal) indices. Driving performance was measured as the time taken to complete the course. As predicted, increased anxiety had a negative effect on processing Efficiency as indexed by the self-report, pupillary response and variability of gaze data. Predicted differences due to dispositional levels of anxiety were also found in the driving control and effort data. Although both groups of drivers performed worse under the threatening condition, the performance of the high trait anxious individuals was affected to a greater extent by the anxiety manipulation than the performance of the low trait anxious drivers. The findings suggest that processing Efficiency Theory holds promise as a theoretical framework for examining the relationship between anxiety and performance in sport.
D E Marplehorvat - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the role of effort in moderating the anxiety performance relationship testing the prediction of processing Efficiency Theory in simulated rally driving
Journal of Sports Sciences, 2006Co-Authors: Mark R Wilson, Nickolas C. Smith, Mark Chattington, Mike Ford, D E MarplehorvatAbstract:We tested some of the key predictions of processing Efficiency Theory using a simulated rally driving task. Two groups of participants were classified as either dispositionally high or low anxious based on trait anxiety scores and trained on a simulated driving task. Participants then raced individually on two similar courses under counterbalanced experimental conditions designed to manipulate the level of anxiety experienced. The effort exerted on the driving tasks was assessed though self-report (RSME), psychophysiological measures (pupil dilation) and visual gaze data. Efficiency was measured in terms of Efficiency of visual processing (search rate) and driving control (variability of wheel and accelerator pedal) indices. Driving performance was measured as the time taken to complete the course. As predicted, increased anxiety had a negative effect on processing Efficiency as indexed by the self-report, pupillary response and variability of gaze data. Predicted differences due to dispositional levels of anxiety were also found in the driving control and effort data. Although both groups of drivers performed worse under the threatening condition, the performance of the high trait anxious individuals was affected to a greater extent by the anxiety manipulation than the performance of the low trait anxious drivers. The findings suggest that processing Efficiency Theory holds promise as a theoretical framework for examining the relationship between anxiety and performance in sport.
Sérgio Tosi Rodrigues - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Effects of Anxiety on Visual Search, Movement Kinematics, and Performance in Table Tennis: A Test of Eysenck and Calvo’s Processing Efficiency Theory
Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 2001Co-Authors: A. Mark Williams, Joan N. Vickers, Sérgio Tosi RodriguesAbstract:Processing Efficiency Theory predicts that anxiety reduces the processing capacity of working memory and has detrimental effects on performance. When tasks place little demand on working memory, the negative effects of anxiety can be avoided by increasing effort. Although performance Efficiency decreases, there is no change in performance effectiveness. When tasks impose a heavy demand on working memory, however, anxiety leads to decrements in Efficiency and effectiveness. These presumptions were tested using a modified table tennis task that placed low (LWM) and high (HWM) demands on working memory. Cognitive anxiety was manipulated through a competitive ranking structure and prize money. Participants’ accuracy in hitting concentric circle targets in predetermined sequences was taken as a measure of performance effectiveness, while probe reaction time (PRT), perceived mental effort (RSME), visual search data, and arm kinematics were recorded as measures of Efficiency. Anxiety had a negative effect on per...
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the effects of anxiety on visual search movement kinematics and performance in table tennis a test of eysenck and calvo s processing Efficiency Theory
Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 2001Co-Authors: Mark A Williams, Joan N. Vickers, Sérgio Tosi RodriguesAbstract:Processing Efficiency Theory predicts that anxiety reduces the processing capacity of working memory and has detrimental effects on performance. When tasks place little demand on working memory, the negative effects of anxiety can be avoided by increasing effort. Although performance Efficiency decreases, there is no change in performance effectiveness. When tasks impose a heavy demand on working memory, however, anxiety leads to decrements in Efficiency and effectiveness. These presumptions were tested using a modified table tennis task that placed low (LWM) and high (HWM) demands on working memory. Cognitive anxiety was manipulated through a competitive ranking structure and prize money. Participants’ accuracy in hitting concentric circle targets in predetermined sequences was taken as a measure of performance effectiveness, while probe reaction time (PRT), perceived mental effort (RSME), visual search data, and arm kinematics were recorded as measures of Efficiency. Anxiety had a negative effect on per...
Christopher M Janelle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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event related potential evidence for the processing Efficiency Theory
Journal of Sports Sciences, 2007Co-Authors: Nicholas P Murray, Christopher M JanelleAbstract:Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the central tenets of the processing Efficiency Theory using psychophysiological measures of attention and effort. Twenty-eight participants were divided equally into either a high or low trait anxiety group. They were then required to perform a simulated driving task while responding to one of four target light-emitting diodes. Cortical activity and dual task performance were recorded under two conditions – baseline and competition – with cognitive anxiety being elevated in the competitive session by an instructional set. Although driving speed was similar across sessions, a reduction in P3 amplitude to cue onset in the light detection task occurred for both groups during the competitive session, suggesting a reduction in processing Efficiency as participants became more state anxious. Our findings provide more comprehensive and mechanistic evidence for processing Efficiency Theory, and confirm that increases in cognitive anxiety can result in a reduction...
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anxiety and performance a visual search examination of the processing Efficiency Theory
Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 2003Co-Authors: Nicholas P Murray, Christopher M JanelleAbstract:The purpose of this study was to examine the central tenets of the Processing Efficiency Theory (PET) in the context of a dual-task auto racing simulation. Participants were placed into either high or low trait-anxiety groups and required to concurrently undertake a driving task while responding to one of four target LEDs upon presentation of either a valid or an invalid cue located in the central or peripheral visual field. Eye movements and dual-task performance were recorded under baseline and competition conditions. Anxiety was induced by an instructional set delivered prior to the competition condition. Findings indicated that while there was little change in driving performance from baseline to competition, response time was reduced for the low-anxious group but increased for the high-anxious group during the competitive session. Additionally there was an increase in search rate for both groups during the competitive session, indicating a reduction in processing Efficiency. Implications of this stud...
Nickolas C. Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A test of processing Efficiency Theory in a team sport context
Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020Co-Authors: Nickolas C. Smith, Mark Bellamy, David Collins, Danny NewellAbstract:In this study, we tested some key postulates of Eysenck and Calvo’s processing Efficiency Theory in a team sport. The participants were 12 elite male volleyball players who were followed throughout the course of a competitive season. Self-report measures of pre-match and in-game cognitive anxiety and mental effort were collected in groups of players high and low in dispositional anxiety. Player performance was determined from the statistical analysis of match-play. Sets were classified according to the point spread separating the two teams into one of three levels of criticality. Game momentum was also analysed to determine its influence on in-game state anxiety. Significant differences in in-game cognitive anxiety were apparent between high and low trait anxiety groups. An interaction between anxiety grouping and momentum condition was also evident in cognitive anxiety. Differences in set criticality were reflected in significant elevations in mental effort, an effect more pronounced in dispositionally h...
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the role of effort in influencing the effect of anxiety on performance testing the conflicting predictions of processing Efficiency Theory and the conscious processing hypothesis
British Journal of Psychology, 2007Co-Authors: Nickolas C. Smith, Mark R Wilson, Paul S HolmesAbstract:The aim of this study was to test the conflicting predictions of processing Efficiency Theory (PET) and the conscious processing hypothesis (CPH) regarding effort's role in influencing the effects of anxiety on a golf putting task. Mid-handicap golfers made a series of putts to target holes under two counterbalanced conditions designed to manipulate the level of anxiety experienced. The effort exerted on each putting task was assessed though self-report, psychophysiological (heart rate variability) and behavioural (pre-putt time and glances at the target) measures. Performance was assessed by putting error. Results were generally more supportive of the predictions of PET rather than the CPH as performance was maintained for some performers despite increased state anxiety and a reduction in processing Efficiency. The findings of this study support previous research suggesting that both theories offer useful theoretical frameworks for examining the relationship between anxiety and performance in sport.
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A test of the predictions of processing Efficiency Theory during elite team competition using the Thought Occurrence Questionnaire for Sport.
International Journal of Sport Psychology, 2007Co-Authors: Mark R Wilson, Nickolas C. SmithAbstract:The current study aimed to test the predictions of processing Efficiency Theory (PET) (Eysenck & Calvo, 1992) in an ecologically valid, team sport competition. Eighteen, elite female hockey players taking part in an international competition were categorised as either high or low trait anxious (HTA, LTA). Games were categorised as being either of high or low criticality, and players’ individual performance was assessed independently by two senior international coaches. Cognitive state anxiety, as indexed by the frequency of ‘performance worry’ cognitive intrusions, and subsequent mental effort expenditure were assessed using the Thought Occurrence Questionnaire for Sport (Hatzigeorgiadis & Biddle, 2000). While anxiety (p .05). As predicted by PET, performance was maintained at the expense of processing Efficiency, and this effect was more marked in HTA individuals.
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the role of effort in moderating the anxiety performance relationship testing the prediction of processing Efficiency Theory in simulated rally driving
Journal of Sports Sciences, 2006Co-Authors: Mark R Wilson, Nickolas C. Smith, Mark Chattington, Mike Ford, D E MarplehorvatAbstract:We tested some of the key predictions of processing Efficiency Theory using a simulated rally driving task. Two groups of participants were classified as either dispositionally high or low anxious based on trait anxiety scores and trained on a simulated driving task. Participants then raced individually on two similar courses under counterbalanced experimental conditions designed to manipulate the level of anxiety experienced. The effort exerted on the driving tasks was assessed though self-report (RSME), psychophysiological measures (pupil dilation) and visual gaze data. Efficiency was measured in terms of Efficiency of visual processing (search rate) and driving control (variability of wheel and accelerator pedal) indices. Driving performance was measured as the time taken to complete the course. As predicted, increased anxiety had a negative effect on processing Efficiency as indexed by the self-report, pupillary response and variability of gaze data. Predicted differences due to dispositional levels of anxiety were also found in the driving control and effort data. Although both groups of drivers performed worse under the threatening condition, the performance of the high trait anxious individuals was affected to a greater extent by the anxiety manipulation than the performance of the low trait anxious drivers. The findings suggest that processing Efficiency Theory holds promise as a theoretical framework for examining the relationship between anxiety and performance in sport.
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The role of effort in moderating the anxiety – performance relationship: Testing the prediction of processing Efficiency Theory in simulated rally driving
Journal of Sports Sciences, 2006Co-Authors: Mark R Wilson, Nickolas C. Smith, Mark Chattington, Mike Ford, D. E. Marple-horvatAbstract:We tested some of the key predictions of processing Efficiency Theory using a simulated rally driving task. Two groups of participants were classified as either dispositionally high or low anxious based on trait anxiety scores and trained on a simulated driving task. Participants then raced individually on two similar courses under counterbalanced experimental conditions designed to manipulate the level of anxiety experienced. The effort exerted on the driving tasks was assessed though self-report (RSME), psychophysiological measures (pupil dilation) and visual gaze data. Efficiency was measured in terms of Efficiency of visual processing (search rate) and driving control (variability of wheel and accelerator pedal) indices. Driving performance was measured as the time taken to complete the course. As predicted, increased anxiety had a negative effect on processing Efficiency as indexed by the self-report, pupillary response and variability of gaze data. Predicted differences due to dispositional levels of anxiety were also found in the driving control and effort data. Although both groups of drivers performed worse under the threatening condition, the performance of the high trait anxious individuals was affected to a greater extent by the anxiety manipulation than the performance of the low trait anxious drivers. The findings suggest that processing Efficiency Theory holds promise as a theoretical framework for examining the relationship between anxiety and performance in sport.
