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Weronika Rupik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ultrastructural studies of developing Egg Tooth in grass snake Natrix natrix (Squamata, Serpentes) embryos, supported by X-ray microtomography analysis
Zoology (Jena Germany), 2021Co-Authors: Mateusz Hermyt, Brian D. Metscher, Weronika RupikAbstract:Abstract The Egg Tooth development is similar to the development of all the other vertebrate teeth except earliest developmental stages because the Egg Tooth develops directly from the oral epithelium instead of the dental lamina similarly to null generation teeth. The developing Egg Tooth of Natrix natrix changes its curvature differently than the Egg Tooth of the other investigated unidentates due to the presence of the rostral groove. The developing grass snake Egg Tooth comprises dental pulp and the enamel organ. The fully differentiated enamel organ consists of outer enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum, and ameloblasts in its inner layer. The enamel organ directly in contact with the oral cavity is covered with periderm instead of outer enamel epithelium. Stellate reticulum cells in the grass snake Egg Tooth share intercellular spaces with the basal part of ameloblasts and are responsible for their nutrition. Ameloblasts during Egg Tooth differentiation pass through the following stages: presecretory, secretory, and mature. The ameloblasts from the grass snake Egg Tooth show the same cellular changes as reported during mammalian amelogenesis but are devoid of Tomes’ processes. Odontoblasts of the developing grass snake Egg Tooth pass through the following classes: pre-odontoblasts, secretory odontoblasts, and ageing odontoblasts. They have highly differentiated secretory apparatus and in the course of their activity accumulate lipofuscin. Grass snake odontoblasts possess processes which are poor in organelles. In developing Egg Tooth cilia have been identified in odontoblasts, ameloblasts and cells of the stellate reticulum. Dental pulp cells remodel collagen matrix during growth of the grass snake Egg Tooth. They degenerate in a way previously not described in other teeth.
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Do all geckos hatch in the same way? Histological and 3D studies of Egg Tooth morphogenesis in the geckos Eublepharis macularius Blyth 1854 and Lepidodactylus lugubris Duméril & Bibron 1836.
Journal of Morphology, 2020Co-Authors: Mateusz Hermyt, Brian D. Metscher, Weronika RupikAbstract:The Egg Tooth of squamates evolved to facilitate hatching from mineralized Eggshells. Squamate reptiles can assist their hatching with a single unpaired Egg Tooth (unidentates) or double Egg teeth (geckos and dibamids). Egg Tooth ontogeny in two gekkotan species, the leopard gecko Eublepharis macularius and the mourning gecko Lepidodactylus lugubris, was compared using microtomography, scanning electron microscopy, and light microscopy. Investigated species are characterized by different hardnesses of their Eggshells. Leopard geckos Eggs have a relatively soft and flexible parchment (leathery) shell, while Eggshells of mourning geckos are hard and rigid. Embryos of both species, like other Gekkota, have double Egg teeth, but the morphology of these structures differs between the investigated species. These differences in shape, localization, and spatial orientation were present from the earliest stages of embryonic development. In mourning gecko, anlagen of differentiating Egg teeth change their position on the palate during embryonic development. Initially they are separated by condensed mesenchyme, but later in development, their enamel organs are connected. In leopard geckos, the localization of Egg Tooth germs does not change, but their spatial orientation does. Egg teeth of this species shift from inward to outward orientation. This is likely related to differences in structure and mechanical properties of Eggshells in the studied species. In investigated species, two hatching mechanisms are possible during emergence of young individuals. We speculate that mourning geckos break the Eggshell through puncturing action with Egg teeth, similar to the pipping phase of chick and turtles embryos. Egg teeth of leopard geckos cut Egg membranes similarly to most squamates. Our results also revealed differences in Egg Tooth implantation between Gekkota and Unidentata: gekkotan Egg teeth are subthecodont (in shallow sockets), while those in unidentates are acrodont (attached to the top of the alveolar ridge). © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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squamate Egg Tooth development revisited using three dimensional reconstructions of brown anole anolis sagrei squamata dactyloidae dentition
Journal of Anatomy, 2020Co-Authors: Mateusz Hermyt, Katarzyna Janiszewska, Weronika RupikAbstract:The Egg Tooth is a hatching adaptation, characteristic of all squamates. In brown anole embryos, the first Tooth that starts differentiating is the Egg Tooth. It develops from a single Tooth germ and, similar to the regular dentition of all the other vertebrates, the differentiating Egg Tooth of the brown anole passes through classic morphological and developmental stages named according to the shape of the dental epithelium: epithelial thickening, dental lamina, Tooth bud, cap and bell stages. The differentiating Egg Tooth consists of three parts: the enamel organ, hard tissues and dental pulp. Shortly before hatching, the Egg Tooth connects with the premaxilla. Attachment tissue of the Egg Tooth does not undergo mineralization, which makes it different from the other teeth of most squamates. After hatching, odontoclasts are involved in resorption of the Egg Tooth's remains. This study shows that the brown anole Egg Tooth does not completely conform to previous reports describing iguanomorph Egg teeth and reveals a need to investigate its development in the context of squamate phylogeny.
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development of the Egg Tooth the tool facilitating hatching of squamates lessons from the grass snake natrix natrix
Zoologischer Anzeiger, 2017Co-Authors: Mateusz Hermyt, Magdalena Kowalska, Pawel Kaczmarek, Weronika RupikAbstract:Abstract Most embryos of squamates use their Egg Tooth to facilitate hatching when their development is completed. After they are out of the shell, this Tooth is shed and, in the case, of the grass snake ( Natrix natrix ), not replaced by a successor teeth. The structure of this transient Tooth resembles the development and histology of the regular teeth of vertebrates. Morphological, histological and scanning electron microscopic observations indicated that the Egg Tooth of the grass snake has four developmental phases. Like the teeth of other vertebrate species, it undergoes oral epithelium thickening as well as the bud, cap and bell phases. However, due to the specialised function it performs, the Egg Tooth differs significantly from the other teeth both in its morphology and development. The Egg Tooth of Natrix natrix embryos is an unpaired true Tooth, as in most squamates. Our study indicated that the Egg Tooth started its development in the rostral part of the snout by the thickening of the oral epithelium and there was a condensation of mesenchyme underneath it. It formed very early, around developmental stage III, at approximately the same time as the null-generation teeth. After the thickening of the oral epithelium, only one Tooth germ is formed, in contrast to lizards in which two germs can be observed during their embryonic life; however, in the course of development, one regressed and the other shifted into the midline position and developed into the functional Egg Tooth. The next step in the Egg Tooth development was the differentiation of the enamel organ and the dental papilla. Three layers of the enamel organ developed – the inner enamel epithelium, the stellate reticulum and the outer enamel epithelium, while a superficial layer of the dental papilla differentiated into the odontoblasts. The Egg Tooth was ready to erupt when its development ended at developmental stage XII, after the hard tissues developed.
Mateusz Hermyt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ultrastructural studies of developing Egg Tooth in grass snake Natrix natrix (Squamata, Serpentes) embryos, supported by X-ray microtomography analysis
Zoology (Jena Germany), 2021Co-Authors: Mateusz Hermyt, Brian D. Metscher, Weronika RupikAbstract:Abstract The Egg Tooth development is similar to the development of all the other vertebrate teeth except earliest developmental stages because the Egg Tooth develops directly from the oral epithelium instead of the dental lamina similarly to null generation teeth. The developing Egg Tooth of Natrix natrix changes its curvature differently than the Egg Tooth of the other investigated unidentates due to the presence of the rostral groove. The developing grass snake Egg Tooth comprises dental pulp and the enamel organ. The fully differentiated enamel organ consists of outer enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum, and ameloblasts in its inner layer. The enamel organ directly in contact with the oral cavity is covered with periderm instead of outer enamel epithelium. Stellate reticulum cells in the grass snake Egg Tooth share intercellular spaces with the basal part of ameloblasts and are responsible for their nutrition. Ameloblasts during Egg Tooth differentiation pass through the following stages: presecretory, secretory, and mature. The ameloblasts from the grass snake Egg Tooth show the same cellular changes as reported during mammalian amelogenesis but are devoid of Tomes’ processes. Odontoblasts of the developing grass snake Egg Tooth pass through the following classes: pre-odontoblasts, secretory odontoblasts, and ageing odontoblasts. They have highly differentiated secretory apparatus and in the course of their activity accumulate lipofuscin. Grass snake odontoblasts possess processes which are poor in organelles. In developing Egg Tooth cilia have been identified in odontoblasts, ameloblasts and cells of the stellate reticulum. Dental pulp cells remodel collagen matrix during growth of the grass snake Egg Tooth. They degenerate in a way previously not described in other teeth.
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Do all geckos hatch in the same way? Histological and 3D studies of Egg Tooth morphogenesis in the geckos Eublepharis macularius Blyth 1854 and Lepidodactylus lugubris Duméril & Bibron 1836.
Journal of Morphology, 2020Co-Authors: Mateusz Hermyt, Brian D. Metscher, Weronika RupikAbstract:The Egg Tooth of squamates evolved to facilitate hatching from mineralized Eggshells. Squamate reptiles can assist their hatching with a single unpaired Egg Tooth (unidentates) or double Egg teeth (geckos and dibamids). Egg Tooth ontogeny in two gekkotan species, the leopard gecko Eublepharis macularius and the mourning gecko Lepidodactylus lugubris, was compared using microtomography, scanning electron microscopy, and light microscopy. Investigated species are characterized by different hardnesses of their Eggshells. Leopard geckos Eggs have a relatively soft and flexible parchment (leathery) shell, while Eggshells of mourning geckos are hard and rigid. Embryos of both species, like other Gekkota, have double Egg teeth, but the morphology of these structures differs between the investigated species. These differences in shape, localization, and spatial orientation were present from the earliest stages of embryonic development. In mourning gecko, anlagen of differentiating Egg teeth change their position on the palate during embryonic development. Initially they are separated by condensed mesenchyme, but later in development, their enamel organs are connected. In leopard geckos, the localization of Egg Tooth germs does not change, but their spatial orientation does. Egg teeth of this species shift from inward to outward orientation. This is likely related to differences in structure and mechanical properties of Eggshells in the studied species. In investigated species, two hatching mechanisms are possible during emergence of young individuals. We speculate that mourning geckos break the Eggshell through puncturing action with Egg teeth, similar to the pipping phase of chick and turtles embryos. Egg teeth of leopard geckos cut Egg membranes similarly to most squamates. Our results also revealed differences in Egg Tooth implantation between Gekkota and Unidentata: gekkotan Egg teeth are subthecodont (in shallow sockets), while those in unidentates are acrodont (attached to the top of the alveolar ridge). © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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squamate Egg Tooth development revisited using three dimensional reconstructions of brown anole anolis sagrei squamata dactyloidae dentition
Journal of Anatomy, 2020Co-Authors: Mateusz Hermyt, Katarzyna Janiszewska, Weronika RupikAbstract:The Egg Tooth is a hatching adaptation, characteristic of all squamates. In brown anole embryos, the first Tooth that starts differentiating is the Egg Tooth. It develops from a single Tooth germ and, similar to the regular dentition of all the other vertebrates, the differentiating Egg Tooth of the brown anole passes through classic morphological and developmental stages named according to the shape of the dental epithelium: epithelial thickening, dental lamina, Tooth bud, cap and bell stages. The differentiating Egg Tooth consists of three parts: the enamel organ, hard tissues and dental pulp. Shortly before hatching, the Egg Tooth connects with the premaxilla. Attachment tissue of the Egg Tooth does not undergo mineralization, which makes it different from the other teeth of most squamates. After hatching, odontoclasts are involved in resorption of the Egg Tooth's remains. This study shows that the brown anole Egg Tooth does not completely conform to previous reports describing iguanomorph Egg teeth and reveals a need to investigate its development in the context of squamate phylogeny.
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development of the Egg Tooth the tool facilitating hatching of squamates lessons from the grass snake natrix natrix
Zoologischer Anzeiger, 2017Co-Authors: Mateusz Hermyt, Magdalena Kowalska, Pawel Kaczmarek, Weronika RupikAbstract:Abstract Most embryos of squamates use their Egg Tooth to facilitate hatching when their development is completed. After they are out of the shell, this Tooth is shed and, in the case, of the grass snake ( Natrix natrix ), not replaced by a successor teeth. The structure of this transient Tooth resembles the development and histology of the regular teeth of vertebrates. Morphological, histological and scanning electron microscopic observations indicated that the Egg Tooth of the grass snake has four developmental phases. Like the teeth of other vertebrate species, it undergoes oral epithelium thickening as well as the bud, cap and bell phases. However, due to the specialised function it performs, the Egg Tooth differs significantly from the other teeth both in its morphology and development. The Egg Tooth of Natrix natrix embryos is an unpaired true Tooth, as in most squamates. Our study indicated that the Egg Tooth started its development in the rostral part of the snout by the thickening of the oral epithelium and there was a condensation of mesenchyme underneath it. It formed very early, around developmental stage III, at approximately the same time as the null-generation teeth. After the thickening of the oral epithelium, only one Tooth germ is formed, in contrast to lizards in which two germs can be observed during their embryonic life; however, in the course of development, one regressed and the other shifted into the midline position and developed into the functional Egg Tooth. The next step in the Egg Tooth development was the differentiation of the enamel organ and the dental papilla. Three layers of the enamel organ developed – the inner enamel epithelium, the stellate reticulum and the outer enamel epithelium, while a superficial layer of the dental papilla differentiated into the odontoblasts. The Egg Tooth was ready to erupt when its development ended at developmental stage XII, after the hard tissues developed.
Joy M. Richman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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getting out of an Egg merging of Tooth germs to create an Egg Tooth in the snake
Developmental Dynamics, 2020Co-Authors: Juan Manuel Fons, Joy M. Richman, Eraqi R Khannoon, Marcia Gaete, Oldrich Zahradnicek, Marie Landova, Hussein Bandali, Marcela BuchtovaAbstract:Background The Egg Tooth is a vital structure allowing hatchlings to escape from the Egg. In squamates (snakes and lizards), the Egg Tooth is a real Tooth that develops within the oral cavity at the top of the upper jaw. Most squamates have a single large midline Egg Tooth at hatching, but a few families, such as Gekkonidae, have two Egg teeth. In snakes the Egg Tooth is significantly larger than the rest of the dentition and is one of the first teeth to develop. Results We follow the development of the Egg Tooth in four snake species and show that the single Egg Tooth is formed by two Tooth germs. These two Tooth germs are united at the midline and grow together to produce a single Tooth. In culture, this merging can be perturbed to give rise to separate smaller teeth, confirming the potential of the developing Egg Tooth to form two teeth. Conclusions Our data agrees with previous hypotheses that during evolution one potential mechanism to generate a large Tooth is through congrescence of multiple Tooth germs and suggests that the ancestors of snakes could have had two Egg teeth.
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Egg Tooth morphogenesis in the leopard gecko a model for dental size variation
The FASEB Journal, 2017Co-Authors: Kirstin S Brink, Theresa M Grieco, Joy M. RichmanAbstract:Tooth size can vary along a Tooth row in an individual organism, and can also change through time as new teeth replace erupted ones. Although much is known about morphoregulation of the dentition i...
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Identification and functional analysis of novel facial patterning genes in the duplicated beak chicken embryo.
Developmental Biology, 2015Co-Authors: Suresh Nimmagadda, Marcela Buchtova, Poongodi Geetha-loganathan, Sara Hosseini-farahabadi, Alexander J. Trachtenberg, Winston Patrick Kuo, Iva Vesela, Joy M. RichmanAbstract:Cranial neural crest cells form the majority of the facial skeleton. However exactly when the pattering information and hence jaw identity is established is not clear. We know that premigratory neural crest cells contain a limited amount of information about the lower jaw but the upper jaw and facial midline are specified later by local tissue interactions. The environmental signals leading to frontonasal identity have been explored by our group in the past. Altering the levels of two signaling pathways (Bone Morphogenetic Protein) and retinoic acid (RA) in the chicken embryo creates a duplicated midline on the side of the upper beak complete with Egg Tooth in place of maxillary derivatives (Lee et al., 2001). Here we analyze the transcriptome 16 h after bead placement in order to identify potential mediators of the identity change in the maxillary prominence. The gene list included RA, BMP and WNT signaling pathway genes as well as transcription factors expressed in craniofacial development. There was also cross talk between Noggin and RA such that Noggin activated the RA pathway. We also observed expression changes in several poorly characterized genes including the upregulation of Peptidase Inhibitor-15 (PI15). We tested the functional effects of PI15 overexpression with a retroviral misexpression strategy. PI15 virus induced a cleft beak analogous to human cleft lip. We next asked whether PI15 effects were mediated by changes in expression of major clefting genes and genes in the retinoid signaling pathway. Expression of TP63, TBX22, BMP4 and FOXE1, all human clefting genes, were upregulated. In addition, ALDH1A2, ALDH1A3 and RA target, RARβ were increased while the degradation enzyme CYP26A1 was decreased. Together these changes were consistent with activation of the RA pathway. Furthermore, PI15 retrovirus injected into the face was able to replace RA and synergize with Noggin to induce beak transformations. We conclude that the microarrays have generated a rich dataset containing genes with important roles in facial morphogenesis. Moreover, one of these facial genes, PI15 is a putative clefting gene and is in a positive feedback loop with RA.
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EFFECT OF FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS ON OUTGROWTH OF FACIAL MESENCHYME
Developmental Biology, 1997Co-Authors: Joy M. Richman, Maxine Herbert, Elizabeth Matovinovic, Joanne WalinAbstract:The ectoderm is required for outgrowth of facial prominences and facial ectoderm from all facial prominences is interchangeable. Signals provided by the ectoderm may include members of the fibroblast growth factor family (FGF). In order to test whether FGFs could replace facial ectoderm and promote outgrowth, stage 24 frontonasal mass or mandibular mesenchyme was grafted to a host chick limb and a bead soaked in FGF-2 or FGF-4 was placed on top of the mesenchyme. Following 7 days of incubation, the amount of outgrowth was quantified by measuring the rods of cartilage that formed from the grafts. FGF-2 and FGF-4 stimulated an increase in length of cartilage rods in mandibular grafts compared to mandibular mesenchyme grafted without ectoderm (P < 0.05). FGF-4 stimulated a small increase in length of frontonasal mass mesenchyme (P < 0.05) and both FGFs increased the frequency of Egg Tooth formation in frontonasal mass mesenchyme compared to frontonasal mass mesenchyme grafted without ectoderm. FGFs can partially but not completely replace facial ectoderm since homotypic recombinations of frontonasal mass and mandibular tissues were significantly longer than mesenchyme grafts treated with FGF-soaked beads (P < 0.05). The addition of a second FGF-soaked bead did not significantly increase the length of the frontonasal mass or the mandibular mesenchyme. We have determined that FGF-2 protein is expressed in facial ectoderm and could be an endogenous signal for outgrowth. In contrast, FGF-8 transcripts are not expressed in the ectoderm covering the areas of the face that were grafted; thus, it is less likely that FGF-8 is required for outgrowth. Our results indicate that FGFs are part of an endogenous signaling pathway involved in distal outgrowth and chondrogenesis of the facial prominences.
Lerche, Cristiano Frederico - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Embryonic Development of Ampheres leucopheus and lporangaia pustulosa (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae)
WILEY-LISS, 2010Co-Authors: Gnaspini Pedro, Lerche, Cristiano FredericoAbstract:The first studies concerning the embryonic development of harvestmen started in the late 19th century, and focused mostly on holarctic species, and only three species of the suborder Laniatores (the largest, among the four suborders considered presently) were studied. Moreover, the last studies on embryology of harvestmen were made during the late 1970s. This study focused on the embryonic development of Ampheres leucopheus (Gonyleptidae, Caelopyginae) and Iporangaia pustulosa (Gonyleptidae, Progonyleptoidellinae). The embryonic development was followed in the field, by taking daily photographs of different Eggs during about 2 months. When laid, Eggs of A. leucopheus and I pustulosa have approximately 1.13 and 1.30 mm in diameter, respectively, and the second is embedded in a large amount of mucus. The Eggs grow, mainly due to water absorption at the beginning of the process, and they reach a diameter of about 1.35 and 1.59 mm, respectively, close to hatching. It took, respectively, 29-56 days and 35-66 days from Egg laying to hatching. For the description of the embryonic development, we use photographs from the field, SEM micrographs, and histological analysis. This allowed us, for instance, to document the progression of structures and pigmentation directly from live embryos in the field, and to record microstructures, such as the presence of perforations in the cuticle of the embryo in the place where eyes are developing. Yet, contrary to what was expected in the literature, we record an Egg Tooth in one of the studied laniatoreans. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol) 314B:489-502, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc
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Embryonic Development of Ampheres leucopheus and lporangaia pustulosa (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae)
WILEY-LISS, 2010Co-Authors: Gnaspini Pedro, Lerche, Cristiano FredericoAbstract:The first studies concerning the embryonic development of harvestmen started in the late 19th century, and focused mostly on holarctic species, and only three species of the suborder Laniatores (the largest, among the four suborders considered presently) were studied. Moreover, the last studies on embryology of harvestmen were made during the late 1970s. This study focused on the embryonic development of Ampheres leucopheus (Gonyleptidae, Caelopyginae) and Iporangaia pustulosa (Gonyleptidae, Progonyleptoidellinae). The embryonic development was followed in the field, by taking daily photographs of different Eggs during about 2 months. When laid, Eggs of A. leucopheus and I pustulosa have approximately 1.13 and 1.30 mm in diameter, respectively, and the second is embedded in a large amount of mucus. The Eggs grow, mainly due to water absorption at the beginning of the process, and they reach a diameter of about 1.35 and 1.59 mm, respectively, close to hatching. It took, respectively, 29-56 days and 35-66 days from Egg laying to hatching. For the description of the embryonic development, we use photographs from the field, SEM micrographs, and histological analysis. This allowed us, for instance, to document the progression of structures and pigmentation directly from live embryos in the field, and to record microstructures, such as the presence of perforations in the cuticle of the embryo in the place where eyes are developing. Yet, contrary to what was expected in the literature, we record an Egg Tooth in one of the studied laniatoreans. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol) 314B:489-502, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico, Brazil (CNPq)[142253/2005-7300326/94-7301839/04-2]Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo, Brazil (FAPESP)[00/04686-4
Faivovich Julian - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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New Morphological Synapomorphies for the New World Direct-Developing Frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Terrarana)
2013Co-Authors: Taboada Carlos, Grant Taran, Lynch, John D., Faivovich JulianAbstract:The New World direct-developing frogs (Terrarana) comprise more than 970 species distributed from the southern United States to northern Argentina. Although the composition of this clade has been remarkably stable for many decades, evidence for its monophyly is derived mostly from DNA sequences with putative phenotypic synapomorphies limited to the occurrence of direct development, an embryonic Egg Tooth (known in few species), and T-shaped terminal phalanges. Based on a survey of the urogenital and vascular systems and the submandibular musculature of hyloid frogs, we report 16 characters that provide putative synapomorphies at a variety of hierarchic levels. Most significantly, they include seven putative synapomorphies for Terrarana that can be observed through simple dissections, including (1) fusion of the Wolffian ducts, resulting in a single, common cloacal opening; (2) Wolffian duct fusion located anteriorly with a single, common duct along the posterior, > 1/3 of the distance between caudal edge of kidneys and cloacal wall; (3) presence of the posterior dorsolumbar vein; (4) absence of the medial dorsolumbar vein; (5) origin of the posterior caval vein in the anterior 1/3 of the kidneys; (6) posterior origin of dorsolumbar arteries; and (7) presence of the pelvic lymphatic septum
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New Morphological Synapomorphies for the New World Direct-Developing Frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Terrarana)
Lawrence, 2013Co-Authors: Taboada Carlos, Grant Taran, Lynch, John D., Faivovich JulianAbstract:The New World direct-developing frogs (Terrarana) comprise more than 970 species distributed from the southern United States to northern Argentina. Although the composition of this clade has been remarkably stable for many decades, evidence for its monophyly is derived mostly from DNA sequences with putative phenotypic synapomorphies limited to the occurrence of direct development, an embryonic Egg Tooth (known in few species), and T-shaped terminal phalanges. Based on a survey of the urogenital and vascular systems and the submandibular musculature of hyloid frogs, we report 16 characters that provide putative synapomorphies at a variety of hierarchic levels. Most significantly, they include seven putative synapomorphies for Terrarana that can be observed through simple dissections, including (1) fusion of the Wolffian ducts, resulting in a single, common cloacal opening; (2) Wolffian duct fusion located anteriorly with a single, common duct along the posterior, > 1/3 of the distance between caudal edge of kidneys and cloacal wall; (3) presence of the posterior dorsolumbar vein; (4) absence of the medial dorsolumbar vein; (5) origin of the posterior caval vein in the anterior 1/3 of the kidneys; (6) posterior origin of dorsolumbar arteries; and (7) presence of the pelvic lymphatic septum.We acknowledge Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET) and ANPCyT for ´ their financial support: PIP 1112008010-2422, PICT 2007–2202, and PICT 2011-1895
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New morphological synapomorphies for the new world direct-developing frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Terrarana).
'Herpetologists League', 2013Co-Authors: Taboada, Carlos Alberto, Grant Taran, Lynch, John D., Faivovich JulianAbstract:The New World direct-developing frogs (Terrarana) comprise more than 970 species distributed from the southern United States to northern Argentina. Although the composition of this clade has been remarkably stable for many decades, evidence for its monophyly is derived mostly from DNA sequences with putative phenotypic synapomorphies limited to the occurrence of direct development, an embryonic Egg Tooth (known in few species), and T-shaped terminal phalanges. Based on a survey of the burogenital and vascular systems and the submandibular musculature of hyloid frogs, we report 16 characters that provide putative synapomorphies at a variety of hierarchic levels. Most significantly, they include seven putative synapomorphies for Terrarana that can be observed through simple dissections, including (1) fusion of the Wolffian ducts, resulting in a single, common cloacal opening; (2) Wolffian duct fusion located anteriorly with a single, common duct along the posterior, . 1/3 of the distance between caudal edge of kidneys and cloacal wall; (3) presence of the posterior dorsolumbar vein; (4) absence of the medial dorsolumbar vein; (5) origin of the posterior caval vein in the anterior 1/3 of the kidneys; (6) posterior origin of dorsolumbar arteries; and (7) presence of the pelvic lymphatic septum.Fil: Taboada, Carlos Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Grant, Taran. Universidade de Sao Paulo. Instituto de Biôciencias; BrasilFil: Lynch, John D.. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales; ColombiaFil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales; Argentin
