The Experts below are selected from a list of 264 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Peter E. Hartmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Milk ejection patterns remain consistent during the first and second lactations
    American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council, 2017
    Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Danielle K. Prime, Ching Tat Lai, Peter E. Hartmann, Jacqueline C. Kent, Donna T. Geddes
    Abstract:

    Objective Milk ejection is a critical physiological process for successful lactation in humans and without it little milk can be removed. Individual milk ejection patterns have been shown to remain consistent between Breasts at different lactation stages and using different vacuum patterns with an Electric Breast Pump. Little is known about the milk ejection characteristics during the second lactation period in the same mother. The objective of this study was to examine milk ejection characteristics in the same woman over two lactations. Methods One mother took part in two Pumping studies during consecutive lactations. One Pumping study examined milk ejection characteristics during simultaneous Breast expression during the first lactation. The second Pumping study (second lactation) used two different Pumping patterns. Three distinct milk ejections were measured during each Pumping session. Results Measurements of milk flow were used to compare the duration and time taken to reach the peak of each milk ejection for two Pumping sessions from each of the lactations. There were no significant differences in milk ejection characteristics between Breasts, using different Pumping patterns, or between lactations in this mother (P > .05). Conclusion Milk ejection appears to be a physiological response that is consistent across consecutive lactations within the same mother. This suggests that milk ejection characteristics are established during or prior to the first lactation. The infant appears to have little influence on the milk ejection characteristics of the mother.

  • Mitoulas et alJ Hum Lact 18(4), 2002 J Hum Lact 18(4), 2002Breast Milk Expression Effect of Vacuum Profile on Breast Milk Expression Using an Electric Breast Pump
    2016
    Co-Authors: Leon R. Mitoulas, Ching Tat Lai, Michael Larsson, Lyle C. Gurrin, Peter E. Hartmann
    Abstract:

    The authors compared milk expression using 5 experimental vacuum patterns and a commer-cially available vacuumpattern ranging in cycle times (20 to 78 cycles/min) and vacuumcurve dynamics in 30mothers using an experimental, software-controlled Electric Breast Pump. The volume of milk removed over 5minutes differed (P =.0072) between patterns (range = 62.8 ± 6.6mL to 47.2 ± 5.1mL).However, therewas no difference in the percentage of availablemilk removed (range = 99.4 % ± 15.1 % to 70.6 % ± 8.6%). The rate of milk removal differed be-tween patterns at both the beginning (1minute) and end (1.5minutes) of the expression period (P <.05). Peak vacuum chosen differed between patterns (P =.0085) but was not related to ei-ther the volume or percentage of available milk expressed. Breastfeeding characteristics did not differ between poor and successful expressers. These results show that Breast milk expres-sion by an Electric Breast Pump can be influenced by the vacuum pattern. J Hum Lact. 18(4): 353-360

  • 10.1177/0890334403252473 ARTICLE Kent et al Electric Breast Pump Response of Breasts to Different Stimulation Patterns of an Electric Breast Pump
    2016
    Co-Authors: Michael Larsson, Peter E. Hartmann
    Abstract:

    To test the effect on milk ejection, an Electric Breast Pump was programmed to provide Pump-ing patterns with frequencies of 45 to 125 cycles/min and vacuums of –45 to –273 mm Hg. The time taken for milk ejection to occur (measured using ultrasound to detect a dilation of a lactiferous duct in the opposite Breast) in response to the current Medela Electric Breast Pump pattern (45 cycles/min) was 147 ± 13 s. For patterns that more closely resemble the sucking frequency of an infant when it first attaches to the Breast, milk ejection occurred between 136 ± 12 and 104 ± 10 s, although this difference was not statistically significant. Milk ejection in re-sponse to Breastfeeding occurred after 56 ± 4 s. The applied vacuum affected the amount of milk that was removed up to 50 to 70 s after milk ejection but not the time for milk ejection.

  • RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Milk ejection patterns: an intra- individual comparison of Breastfeeding and Pumping
    2016
    Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Ching Tat Lai, Peter E. Hartmann, Jacqueline C. Kent, Leon R. Mitoulas, Mark D. Cregan, Donna T. Geddes
    Abstract:

    Background: Milk ejection is a transient episode critical to milk removal and women typically have multiple milk ejections during Breastfeeding and Pumping. Recently it was found that milk ejection characteristics such as number of milk ejections and periodicity were consistent throughout 12 months of lactation in women who expressed their milk with an Electric Breast Pump. It is not known whether the stimulation of an infant at the Breast influences milk ejection patterns or whether this is a programmed event. The aim of this study was to compare milk ejection patterns during Breastfeeding and expressing milk with an Electric Pump within mothers. Methods: Twelve lactating mothers with normal milk production (502–1356 mL) had milk ejection recorded by measuring the diameter of a major milk duct with ultrasound imaging throughout an entire Breastfeed and a 15-min Pumping session. Scans were analysed for timing, duration of duct dilation and maximum duct diameter. Results: The initial milk ejection defined as the first increase in duct diameter was observed earlier during Breastfeeding than during two phase Pumping sessions but was not statistically significant (p =.057). There were no significant differences between the duration of the first or second milk ejection for mothers when Breastfeeding or Pumping at their maximum comfortable vacuum (p =.18; p =.99). The times taken to reach the peak duct diameter, or the first half of the milk ejection were also not found to be significantly different between Breastfeeding and Pumping. Conclusion: This study suggests that milk ejection patterns remain consistent within individual mothers regardless of whether the mother is Breastfeeding or expressing milk indicating a likelihood of the process either being programmed or innate to the individual

  • Milk ejection patterns: an intra- individual comparison of Breastfeeding and Pumping
    BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2015
    Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Ching Tat Lai, Peter E. Hartmann, Jacqueline C. Kent, Leon R. Mitoulas, Mark D. Cregan, Donna T. Geddes
    Abstract:

    Milk ejection is a transient episode critical to milk removal and women typically have multiple milk ejections during Breastfeeding and Pumping. Recently it was found that milk ejection characteristics such as number of milk ejections and periodicity were consistent throughout 12 months of lactation in women who expressed their milk with an Electric Breast Pump. It is not known whether the stimulation of an infant at the Breast influences milk ejection patterns or whether this is a programmed event. The aim of this study was to compare milk ejection patterns during Breastfeeding and expressing milk with an Electric Pump within mothers. Twelve lactating mothers with normal milk production (502–1356 mL) had milk ejection recorded by measuring the diameter of a major milk duct with ultrasound imaging throughout an entire Breastfeed and a 15-min Pumping session. Scans were analysed for timing, duration of duct dilation and maximum duct diameter. The initial milk ejection defined as the first increase in duct diameter was observed earlier during Breastfeeding than during two phase Pumping sessions but was not statistically significant (p = .057). There were no significant differences between the duration of the first or second milk ejection for mothers when Breastfeeding or Pumping at their maximum comfortable vacuum (p = .18; p = .99). The times taken to reach the peak duct diameter, or the first half of the milk ejection were also not found to be significantly different between Breastfeeding and Pumping. This study suggests that milk ejection patterns remain consistent within individual mothers regardless of whether the mother is Breastfeeding or expressing milk indicating a likelihood of the process either being programmed or innate to the individual.

Donna T. Geddes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • impact of expression mode and timing of sample collection relative to milk ejection on human milk bacterial dna profiles
    Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2021
    Co-Authors: Ali S Cheema, Ching Tat Lai, Donna T. Geddes, Michael Dymock, A Rae, Matthew S Payne, Lisa F Stinson
    Abstract:

    Aim To investigate the impact of expression mode: Electric Breast Pump or hand expression, and timing of sample collection: pre‐ and post‐milk ejection on human milk (HM) bacterial DNA profiles. Methods and results Three HM samples from the same Breast were collected from 30 Breastfeeding mothers: a pre‐milk ejection Pump‐expressed sample (pre‐Pump), a post‐milk ejection Pump‐expressed sample (post‐Pump) and a post‐milk ejection hand‐expressed sample (post‐hand). Full‐length 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to assess milk bacterial DNA profiles. Bacterial profiles did not differ significantly based on mode of expression nor timing of sample collection. No significant differences were detected in the relative abundance of any OTUs based on expression condition (pre‐Pump/ post‐Pump and post‐Pump/post‐hand) with univariate linear mixed‐effects regression analyses (all P‐values > 0·01; α = 0·01). Similarly, no difference in richness was observed between sample types (number of observed OTUs: post‐Pump/post‐hand P = 0·13; pre‐Pump/post‐Pump P = 0. 45). Conclusion Bacterial DNA profiles of HM did not differ according to either expression method or timing of sample collection. Significance and Impact of the Study Hand or Pump expression can be utilized to collect samples for microbiome studies. This has implications for the design of future HM microbiome studies.

  • Comparison of maternal milk ejection characteristics during Pumping using infant-derived and 2-phase vacuum patterns.
    International breastfeeding journal, 2019
    Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Ching Tat Lai, Jacqueline C. Kent, Donna T. Geddes
    Abstract:

    Milk ejection characteristics remain consistent throughout 12 months of lactation in women who expressed Breastmilk with an Electric Breast Pump. In addition these characteristics appear to remain constant when women are Breastfeeding or Pumping suggesting that milk ejection is a robust physiological response. It is not known whether the stimulation of an infant at the Breast in the early post partum period influences milk ejection patterns or whether this is a programmed event. However, as more data become available on the mechanisms involved in infant feeding, Pumping patterns mimicking the infant more closely may provide enhanced results. The objective of this study was to compare milk ejection characteristics obtained when using a novel infant-derived Pumping pattern with an established 2-phase pattern. A convenience sample of ten lactating mothers, 1 to 40 weeks of lactation with normal milk production were recruited in 2015. Each participated in two Pumping sessions in which either a 2-phase pattern or infant-derived pattern were randomly assigned. Milk volume and milk ejection characteristics were recorded and the percentage of available milk removed (PAMR) was calculated. Statistical analysis used linear mixed effects modeling to determine any differences between Breasts and Pump patterns with the consideration of individual variability as a random effect. The number of milk ejections and milk ejection characteristics did not differ between patterns. Milk volumes removed were 53.6 ± 28.5 ml (PAMR 58.2 ± 28.4) for the 2-phase pattern and and 54.2 ± 26.3 ml (PAMR 52.2 ± 22.3) for the infant derived pattern. Peak milk flow rates were positively associated with the available milk (p = 0.0003) and PAMR (p = 0.0001), as was the volume of milk removed during each milk ejection (p = 0.001 and p = 0.0001). An experimental Pumping pattern designed to resemble infant sucking characteristics did not alter milk ejection characteristics or milk removal parameters compared with an established 2-phase pattern. Theses findings provide further evidence that milk ejection is a robust physiological response.

  • Comparison of maternal milk ejection characteristics during Pumping using infant-derived and 2-phase vacuum patterns
    International Breastfeeding Journal, 2019
    Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Ching Tat Lai, Jacqueline C. Kent, Donna T. Geddes
    Abstract:

    Background Milk ejection characteristics remain consistent throughout 12 months of lactation in women who expressed Breastmilk with an Electric Breast Pump. In addition these characteristics appear to remain constant when women are Breastfeeding or Pumping suggesting that milk ejection is a robust physiological response. It is not known whether the stimulation of an infant at the Breast in the early post partum period influences milk ejection patterns or whether this is a programmed event. However, as more data become available on the mechanisms involved in infant feeding, Pumping patterns mimicking the infant more closely may provide enhanced results. The objective of this study was to compare milk ejection characteristics obtained when using a novel infant-derived Pumping pattern with an established 2-phase pattern. Methods A convenience sample of ten lactating mothers, 1 to 40 weeks of lactation with normal milk production were recruited in 2015. Each participated in two Pumping sessions in which either a 2-phase pattern or infant-derived pattern were randomly assigned. Milk volume and milk ejection characteristics were recorded and the percentage of available milk removed (PAMR) was calculated. Statistical analysis used linear mixed effects modeling to determine any differences between Breasts and Pump patterns with the consideration of individual variability as a random effect. Results The number of milk ejections and milk ejection characteristics did not differ between patterns. Milk volumes removed were 53.6 ± 28.5 ml (PAMR 58.2 ± 28.4) for the 2-phase pattern and and 54.2 ± 26.3 ml (PAMR 52.2 ± 22.3) for the infant derived pattern. Peak milk flow rates were positively associated with the available milk ( p  = 0.0003) and PAMR ( p  = 0.0001), as was the volume of milk removed during each milk ejection ( p  = 0.001 and p  = 0.0001). Conclusion An experimental Pumping pattern designed to resemble infant sucking characteristics did not alter milk ejection characteristics or milk removal parameters compared with an established 2-phase pattern. Theses findings provide further evidence that milk ejection is a robust physiological response.

  • Thermal physiology of the lactating nipple influences the removal of human milk
    Scientific Reports, 2019
    Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Leigh C. Ward, Donna T. Geddes
    Abstract:

    The nipple has a critical role in successful Breastfeeding. Nipple trauma or pain may negatively impact Breastfeeding duration which has significant public health implications. The aim of this study was to examine changes in nipple temperature during Breastfeeding and Pumping within participants. Thirty lactating women participated in two Pumping (Electric Breast Pump) and one Breastfeeding session. Nipple temperature of both Breasts was monitored for two minutes before and after each session with the non-Pumped/non-suckled nipple temperature recorded throughout each session. The mean increase in nipple temperature after milk removal by the infant was 1.0 ± 1.6 °C (range −3.2–3.2) and after expression was 1.8 ± 1.4 °C (range −0.9–6.1). Nipple temperature pre expression was significantly lower than post expression (Pre 32.6 ± 1.6, Post 34.3 ± 1.3, p 

  • Detection of Milk Ejection Using Bioimpedance Spectroscopy in Lactating Women during Milk Expression Using an Electric Breast Pump
    Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia, 2019
    Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Ching Tat Lai, Leigh C. Ward, Donna T. Geddes
    Abstract:

    Milk ejection is essential for effective milk removal during Breastfeeding and Pumping, and for continued milk synthesis. Many women are unable to accurately sense milk ejection to determine whether their infant is receiving milk or, when Pumping, to switch the Pump to a more effective expression pattern. To determine if changes in bioimpedance parameters are associated with milk ejection in the lactating Breast during Pumping. 30 lactating women participated in 2 Pumping sessions within 2 weeks of each other. During Pumping the Breasts were monitored with bioimpedance spectroscopy (on either the Pumped or the non- Pumped Breast), and milk flow rate and volume were measured simultaneously. All mothers completed 24-h milk productions. Linear mixed effects models were used to determine associations between milk flow rate and bioimpedance changes. Changes in bioimpedance parameters were greater at the first milk ejection when measured on the Pumped Breast (median (IQR): R zero: −7 (−17, −4,) % (n = 30); R infinity: −8 (−20, −2) % (n = 29); membrane capacitance: −24 (−59, −7) % (n = 27). Changes in bioimpedance detected in the non-Pumped Breast were lower at the first milk ejection, R zero: −3 (−8, −2) % (n = 25); R infinity: −5 (−8, −2) % (n = 23); membrane capacitance: −9 (−17, 15) % (n = 24). Smaller less consistent decreases in the bioimpedance characteristics were detected at the second milk ejection in both Breasts. Bioimpedance parameters showed a consistent decrease associated with the first milk ejection when electrodes were placed on the Pumped Breast. Smaller decreases were observed when the non-Pumped Breast was monitored for the first and second milk ejection. There was wide variation in the magnitude of changes observed, and hence further development of the methodology is needed to ensure reliability.

Ching Tat Lai - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • impact of expression mode and timing of sample collection relative to milk ejection on human milk bacterial dna profiles
    Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2021
    Co-Authors: Ali S Cheema, Ching Tat Lai, Donna T. Geddes, Michael Dymock, A Rae, Matthew S Payne, Lisa F Stinson
    Abstract:

    Aim To investigate the impact of expression mode: Electric Breast Pump or hand expression, and timing of sample collection: pre‐ and post‐milk ejection on human milk (HM) bacterial DNA profiles. Methods and results Three HM samples from the same Breast were collected from 30 Breastfeeding mothers: a pre‐milk ejection Pump‐expressed sample (pre‐Pump), a post‐milk ejection Pump‐expressed sample (post‐Pump) and a post‐milk ejection hand‐expressed sample (post‐hand). Full‐length 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to assess milk bacterial DNA profiles. Bacterial profiles did not differ significantly based on mode of expression nor timing of sample collection. No significant differences were detected in the relative abundance of any OTUs based on expression condition (pre‐Pump/ post‐Pump and post‐Pump/post‐hand) with univariate linear mixed‐effects regression analyses (all P‐values > 0·01; α = 0·01). Similarly, no difference in richness was observed between sample types (number of observed OTUs: post‐Pump/post‐hand P = 0·13; pre‐Pump/post‐Pump P = 0. 45). Conclusion Bacterial DNA profiles of HM did not differ according to either expression method or timing of sample collection. Significance and Impact of the Study Hand or Pump expression can be utilized to collect samples for microbiome studies. This has implications for the design of future HM microbiome studies.

  • Comparison of maternal milk ejection characteristics during Pumping using infant-derived and 2-phase vacuum patterns.
    International breastfeeding journal, 2019
    Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Ching Tat Lai, Jacqueline C. Kent, Donna T. Geddes
    Abstract:

    Milk ejection characteristics remain consistent throughout 12 months of lactation in women who expressed Breastmilk with an Electric Breast Pump. In addition these characteristics appear to remain constant when women are Breastfeeding or Pumping suggesting that milk ejection is a robust physiological response. It is not known whether the stimulation of an infant at the Breast in the early post partum period influences milk ejection patterns or whether this is a programmed event. However, as more data become available on the mechanisms involved in infant feeding, Pumping patterns mimicking the infant more closely may provide enhanced results. The objective of this study was to compare milk ejection characteristics obtained when using a novel infant-derived Pumping pattern with an established 2-phase pattern. A convenience sample of ten lactating mothers, 1 to 40 weeks of lactation with normal milk production were recruited in 2015. Each participated in two Pumping sessions in which either a 2-phase pattern or infant-derived pattern were randomly assigned. Milk volume and milk ejection characteristics were recorded and the percentage of available milk removed (PAMR) was calculated. Statistical analysis used linear mixed effects modeling to determine any differences between Breasts and Pump patterns with the consideration of individual variability as a random effect. The number of milk ejections and milk ejection characteristics did not differ between patterns. Milk volumes removed were 53.6 ± 28.5 ml (PAMR 58.2 ± 28.4) for the 2-phase pattern and and 54.2 ± 26.3 ml (PAMR 52.2 ± 22.3) for the infant derived pattern. Peak milk flow rates were positively associated with the available milk (p = 0.0003) and PAMR (p = 0.0001), as was the volume of milk removed during each milk ejection (p = 0.001 and p = 0.0001). An experimental Pumping pattern designed to resemble infant sucking characteristics did not alter milk ejection characteristics or milk removal parameters compared with an established 2-phase pattern. Theses findings provide further evidence that milk ejection is a robust physiological response.

  • Comparison of maternal milk ejection characteristics during Pumping using infant-derived and 2-phase vacuum patterns
    International Breastfeeding Journal, 2019
    Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Ching Tat Lai, Jacqueline C. Kent, Donna T. Geddes
    Abstract:

    Background Milk ejection characteristics remain consistent throughout 12 months of lactation in women who expressed Breastmilk with an Electric Breast Pump. In addition these characteristics appear to remain constant when women are Breastfeeding or Pumping suggesting that milk ejection is a robust physiological response. It is not known whether the stimulation of an infant at the Breast in the early post partum period influences milk ejection patterns or whether this is a programmed event. However, as more data become available on the mechanisms involved in infant feeding, Pumping patterns mimicking the infant more closely may provide enhanced results. The objective of this study was to compare milk ejection characteristics obtained when using a novel infant-derived Pumping pattern with an established 2-phase pattern. Methods A convenience sample of ten lactating mothers, 1 to 40 weeks of lactation with normal milk production were recruited in 2015. Each participated in two Pumping sessions in which either a 2-phase pattern or infant-derived pattern were randomly assigned. Milk volume and milk ejection characteristics were recorded and the percentage of available milk removed (PAMR) was calculated. Statistical analysis used linear mixed effects modeling to determine any differences between Breasts and Pump patterns with the consideration of individual variability as a random effect. Results The number of milk ejections and milk ejection characteristics did not differ between patterns. Milk volumes removed were 53.6 ± 28.5 ml (PAMR 58.2 ± 28.4) for the 2-phase pattern and and 54.2 ± 26.3 ml (PAMR 52.2 ± 22.3) for the infant derived pattern. Peak milk flow rates were positively associated with the available milk ( p  = 0.0003) and PAMR ( p  = 0.0001), as was the volume of milk removed during each milk ejection ( p  = 0.001 and p  = 0.0001). Conclusion An experimental Pumping pattern designed to resemble infant sucking characteristics did not alter milk ejection characteristics or milk removal parameters compared with an established 2-phase pattern. Theses findings provide further evidence that milk ejection is a robust physiological response.

  • Detection of Milk Ejection Using Bioimpedance Spectroscopy in Lactating Women during Milk Expression Using an Electric Breast Pump
    Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia, 2019
    Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Ching Tat Lai, Leigh C. Ward, Donna T. Geddes
    Abstract:

    Milk ejection is essential for effective milk removal during Breastfeeding and Pumping, and for continued milk synthesis. Many women are unable to accurately sense milk ejection to determine whether their infant is receiving milk or, when Pumping, to switch the Pump to a more effective expression pattern. To determine if changes in bioimpedance parameters are associated with milk ejection in the lactating Breast during Pumping. 30 lactating women participated in 2 Pumping sessions within 2 weeks of each other. During Pumping the Breasts were monitored with bioimpedance spectroscopy (on either the Pumped or the non- Pumped Breast), and milk flow rate and volume were measured simultaneously. All mothers completed 24-h milk productions. Linear mixed effects models were used to determine associations between milk flow rate and bioimpedance changes. Changes in bioimpedance parameters were greater at the first milk ejection when measured on the Pumped Breast (median (IQR): R zero: −7 (−17, −4,) % (n = 30); R infinity: −8 (−20, −2) % (n = 29); membrane capacitance: −24 (−59, −7) % (n = 27). Changes in bioimpedance detected in the non-Pumped Breast were lower at the first milk ejection, R zero: −3 (−8, −2) % (n = 25); R infinity: −5 (−8, −2) % (n = 23); membrane capacitance: −9 (−17, 15) % (n = 24). Smaller less consistent decreases in the bioimpedance characteristics were detected at the second milk ejection in both Breasts. Bioimpedance parameters showed a consistent decrease associated with the first milk ejection when electrodes were placed on the Pumped Breast. Smaller decreases were observed when the non-Pumped Breast was monitored for the first and second milk ejection. There was wide variation in the magnitude of changes observed, and hence further development of the methodology is needed to ensure reliability.

  • Changes in R0/R∞ ratio and membrane capacitance are associated with milk removal from the Breast.
    PloS one, 2018
    Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Ching Tat Lai, Leigh C. Ward, Donna T. Geddes
    Abstract:

    Perceived low milk supply is a common reason for introducing supplementary feeds, which in turn serves to further diminish the milk supply. Current methods of measuring milk production and milk transfer from the Breast to the infant are inaccessible to the mothers. There is a need for an inexpensive, portable device to enable mothers to measure milk transfer to either confirm their milk production is adequate or identify Breastfeeding issues early. The aim of this study was to examine changes in bioimpedance spectroscopy associated with milk removal from the human lactating Breast using an Electric Breast Pump. Thirty lactating women participated in 2 research sessions performed in random order over 2 weeks. Milk flow rate and volume were measured during Pumping. All mothers completed 24-hour milk profiles. Breasts were monitored using bioimpedance spectroscopy. Analysis was performed using linear mixed effects models to investigate the relationship between both proportional change in membrane capacitance (Cm) and R0/R∞ with milk removal. There was an inverse relationship between R0/R∞ and milk removed (p

Jacqueline C. Kent - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Comparison of maternal milk ejection characteristics during Pumping using infant-derived and 2-phase vacuum patterns
    International Breastfeeding Journal, 2019
    Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Ching Tat Lai, Jacqueline C. Kent, Donna T. Geddes
    Abstract:

    Background Milk ejection characteristics remain consistent throughout 12 months of lactation in women who expressed Breastmilk with an Electric Breast Pump. In addition these characteristics appear to remain constant when women are Breastfeeding or Pumping suggesting that milk ejection is a robust physiological response. It is not known whether the stimulation of an infant at the Breast in the early post partum period influences milk ejection patterns or whether this is a programmed event. However, as more data become available on the mechanisms involved in infant feeding, Pumping patterns mimicking the infant more closely may provide enhanced results. The objective of this study was to compare milk ejection characteristics obtained when using a novel infant-derived Pumping pattern with an established 2-phase pattern. Methods A convenience sample of ten lactating mothers, 1 to 40 weeks of lactation with normal milk production were recruited in 2015. Each participated in two Pumping sessions in which either a 2-phase pattern or infant-derived pattern were randomly assigned. Milk volume and milk ejection characteristics were recorded and the percentage of available milk removed (PAMR) was calculated. Statistical analysis used linear mixed effects modeling to determine any differences between Breasts and Pump patterns with the consideration of individual variability as a random effect. Results The number of milk ejections and milk ejection characteristics did not differ between patterns. Milk volumes removed were 53.6 ± 28.5 ml (PAMR 58.2 ± 28.4) for the 2-phase pattern and and 54.2 ± 26.3 ml (PAMR 52.2 ± 22.3) for the infant derived pattern. Peak milk flow rates were positively associated with the available milk ( p  = 0.0003) and PAMR ( p  = 0.0001), as was the volume of milk removed during each milk ejection ( p  = 0.001 and p  = 0.0001). Conclusion An experimental Pumping pattern designed to resemble infant sucking characteristics did not alter milk ejection characteristics or milk removal parameters compared with an established 2-phase pattern. Theses findings provide further evidence that milk ejection is a robust physiological response.

  • Comparison of maternal milk ejection characteristics during Pumping using infant-derived and 2-phase vacuum patterns.
    International breastfeeding journal, 2019
    Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Ching Tat Lai, Jacqueline C. Kent, Donna T. Geddes
    Abstract:

    Milk ejection characteristics remain consistent throughout 12 months of lactation in women who expressed Breastmilk with an Electric Breast Pump. In addition these characteristics appear to remain constant when women are Breastfeeding or Pumping suggesting that milk ejection is a robust physiological response. It is not known whether the stimulation of an infant at the Breast in the early post partum period influences milk ejection patterns or whether this is a programmed event. However, as more data become available on the mechanisms involved in infant feeding, Pumping patterns mimicking the infant more closely may provide enhanced results. The objective of this study was to compare milk ejection characteristics obtained when using a novel infant-derived Pumping pattern with an established 2-phase pattern. A convenience sample of ten lactating mothers, 1 to 40 weeks of lactation with normal milk production were recruited in 2015. Each participated in two Pumping sessions in which either a 2-phase pattern or infant-derived pattern were randomly assigned. Milk volume and milk ejection characteristics were recorded and the percentage of available milk removed (PAMR) was calculated. Statistical analysis used linear mixed effects modeling to determine any differences between Breasts and Pump patterns with the consideration of individual variability as a random effect. The number of milk ejections and milk ejection characteristics did not differ between patterns. Milk volumes removed were 53.6 ± 28.5 ml (PAMR 58.2 ± 28.4) for the 2-phase pattern and and 54.2 ± 26.3 ml (PAMR 52.2 ± 22.3) for the infant derived pattern. Peak milk flow rates were positively associated with the available milk (p = 0.0003) and PAMR (p = 0.0001), as was the volume of milk removed during each milk ejection (p = 0.001 and p = 0.0001). An experimental Pumping pattern designed to resemble infant sucking characteristics did not alter milk ejection characteristics or milk removal parameters compared with an established 2-phase pattern. Theses findings provide further evidence that milk ejection is a robust physiological response.

  • Milk ejection patterns remain consistent during the first and second lactations
    American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council, 2017
    Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Danielle K. Prime, Ching Tat Lai, Peter E. Hartmann, Jacqueline C. Kent, Donna T. Geddes
    Abstract:

    Objective Milk ejection is a critical physiological process for successful lactation in humans and without it little milk can be removed. Individual milk ejection patterns have been shown to remain consistent between Breasts at different lactation stages and using different vacuum patterns with an Electric Breast Pump. Little is known about the milk ejection characteristics during the second lactation period in the same mother. The objective of this study was to examine milk ejection characteristics in the same woman over two lactations. Methods One mother took part in two Pumping studies during consecutive lactations. One Pumping study examined milk ejection characteristics during simultaneous Breast expression during the first lactation. The second Pumping study (second lactation) used two different Pumping patterns. Three distinct milk ejections were measured during each Pumping session. Results Measurements of milk flow were used to compare the duration and time taken to reach the peak of each milk ejection for two Pumping sessions from each of the lactations. There were no significant differences in milk ejection characteristics between Breasts, using different Pumping patterns, or between lactations in this mother (P > .05). Conclusion Milk ejection appears to be a physiological response that is consistent across consecutive lactations within the same mother. This suggests that milk ejection characteristics are established during or prior to the first lactation. The infant appears to have little influence on the milk ejection characteristics of the mother.

  • RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Milk ejection patterns: an intra- individual comparison of Breastfeeding and Pumping
    2016
    Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Ching Tat Lai, Peter E. Hartmann, Jacqueline C. Kent, Leon R. Mitoulas, Mark D. Cregan, Donna T. Geddes
    Abstract:

    Background: Milk ejection is a transient episode critical to milk removal and women typically have multiple milk ejections during Breastfeeding and Pumping. Recently it was found that milk ejection characteristics such as number of milk ejections and periodicity were consistent throughout 12 months of lactation in women who expressed their milk with an Electric Breast Pump. It is not known whether the stimulation of an infant at the Breast influences milk ejection patterns or whether this is a programmed event. The aim of this study was to compare milk ejection patterns during Breastfeeding and expressing milk with an Electric Pump within mothers. Methods: Twelve lactating mothers with normal milk production (502–1356 mL) had milk ejection recorded by measuring the diameter of a major milk duct with ultrasound imaging throughout an entire Breastfeed and a 15-min Pumping session. Scans were analysed for timing, duration of duct dilation and maximum duct diameter. Results: The initial milk ejection defined as the first increase in duct diameter was observed earlier during Breastfeeding than during two phase Pumping sessions but was not statistically significant (p =.057). There were no significant differences between the duration of the first or second milk ejection for mothers when Breastfeeding or Pumping at their maximum comfortable vacuum (p =.18; p =.99). The times taken to reach the peak duct diameter, or the first half of the milk ejection were also not found to be significantly different between Breastfeeding and Pumping. Conclusion: This study suggests that milk ejection patterns remain consistent within individual mothers regardless of whether the mother is Breastfeeding or expressing milk indicating a likelihood of the process either being programmed or innate to the individual

  • Milk ejection patterns: an intra- individual comparison of Breastfeeding and Pumping
    BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2015
    Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Ching Tat Lai, Peter E. Hartmann, Jacqueline C. Kent, Leon R. Mitoulas, Mark D. Cregan, Donna T. Geddes
    Abstract:

    Milk ejection is a transient episode critical to milk removal and women typically have multiple milk ejections during Breastfeeding and Pumping. Recently it was found that milk ejection characteristics such as number of milk ejections and periodicity were consistent throughout 12 months of lactation in women who expressed their milk with an Electric Breast Pump. It is not known whether the stimulation of an infant at the Breast influences milk ejection patterns or whether this is a programmed event. The aim of this study was to compare milk ejection patterns during Breastfeeding and expressing milk with an Electric Pump within mothers. Twelve lactating mothers with normal milk production (502–1356 mL) had milk ejection recorded by measuring the diameter of a major milk duct with ultrasound imaging throughout an entire Breastfeed and a 15-min Pumping session. Scans were analysed for timing, duration of duct dilation and maximum duct diameter. The initial milk ejection defined as the first increase in duct diameter was observed earlier during Breastfeeding than during two phase Pumping sessions but was not statistically significant (p = .057). There were no significant differences between the duration of the first or second milk ejection for mothers when Breastfeeding or Pumping at their maximum comfortable vacuum (p = .18; p = .99). The times taken to reach the peak duct diameter, or the first half of the milk ejection were also not found to be significantly different between Breastfeeding and Pumping. This study suggests that milk ejection patterns remain consistent within individual mothers regardless of whether the mother is Breastfeeding or expressing milk indicating a likelihood of the process either being programmed or innate to the individual.

Leon R. Mitoulas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Mitoulas et alJ Hum Lact 18(4), 2002 J Hum Lact 18(4), 2002Breast Milk Expression Effect of Vacuum Profile on Breast Milk Expression Using an Electric Breast Pump
    2016
    Co-Authors: Leon R. Mitoulas, Ching Tat Lai, Michael Larsson, Lyle C. Gurrin, Peter E. Hartmann
    Abstract:

    The authors compared milk expression using 5 experimental vacuum patterns and a commer-cially available vacuumpattern ranging in cycle times (20 to 78 cycles/min) and vacuumcurve dynamics in 30mothers using an experimental, software-controlled Electric Breast Pump. The volume of milk removed over 5minutes differed (P =.0072) between patterns (range = 62.8 ± 6.6mL to 47.2 ± 5.1mL).However, therewas no difference in the percentage of availablemilk removed (range = 99.4 % ± 15.1 % to 70.6 % ± 8.6%). The rate of milk removal differed be-tween patterns at both the beginning (1minute) and end (1.5minutes) of the expression period (P <.05). Peak vacuum chosen differed between patterns (P =.0085) but was not related to ei-ther the volume or percentage of available milk expressed. Breastfeeding characteristics did not differ between poor and successful expressers. These results show that Breast milk expres-sion by an Electric Breast Pump can be influenced by the vacuum pattern. J Hum Lact. 18(4): 353-360

  • RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Milk ejection patterns: an intra- individual comparison of Breastfeeding and Pumping
    2016
    Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Ching Tat Lai, Peter E. Hartmann, Jacqueline C. Kent, Leon R. Mitoulas, Mark D. Cregan, Donna T. Geddes
    Abstract:

    Background: Milk ejection is a transient episode critical to milk removal and women typically have multiple milk ejections during Breastfeeding and Pumping. Recently it was found that milk ejection characteristics such as number of milk ejections and periodicity were consistent throughout 12 months of lactation in women who expressed their milk with an Electric Breast Pump. It is not known whether the stimulation of an infant at the Breast influences milk ejection patterns or whether this is a programmed event. The aim of this study was to compare milk ejection patterns during Breastfeeding and expressing milk with an Electric Pump within mothers. Methods: Twelve lactating mothers with normal milk production (502–1356 mL) had milk ejection recorded by measuring the diameter of a major milk duct with ultrasound imaging throughout an entire Breastfeed and a 15-min Pumping session. Scans were analysed for timing, duration of duct dilation and maximum duct diameter. Results: The initial milk ejection defined as the first increase in duct diameter was observed earlier during Breastfeeding than during two phase Pumping sessions but was not statistically significant (p =.057). There were no significant differences between the duration of the first or second milk ejection for mothers when Breastfeeding or Pumping at their maximum comfortable vacuum (p =.18; p =.99). The times taken to reach the peak duct diameter, or the first half of the milk ejection were also not found to be significantly different between Breastfeeding and Pumping. Conclusion: This study suggests that milk ejection patterns remain consistent within individual mothers regardless of whether the mother is Breastfeeding or expressing milk indicating a likelihood of the process either being programmed or innate to the individual

  • Milk ejection patterns: an intra- individual comparison of Breastfeeding and Pumping
    BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2015
    Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Ching Tat Lai, Peter E. Hartmann, Jacqueline C. Kent, Leon R. Mitoulas, Mark D. Cregan, Donna T. Geddes
    Abstract:

    Milk ejection is a transient episode critical to milk removal and women typically have multiple milk ejections during Breastfeeding and Pumping. Recently it was found that milk ejection characteristics such as number of milk ejections and periodicity were consistent throughout 12 months of lactation in women who expressed their milk with an Electric Breast Pump. It is not known whether the stimulation of an infant at the Breast influences milk ejection patterns or whether this is a programmed event. The aim of this study was to compare milk ejection patterns during Breastfeeding and expressing milk with an Electric Pump within mothers. Twelve lactating mothers with normal milk production (502–1356 mL) had milk ejection recorded by measuring the diameter of a major milk duct with ultrasound imaging throughout an entire Breastfeed and a 15-min Pumping session. Scans were analysed for timing, duration of duct dilation and maximum duct diameter. The initial milk ejection defined as the first increase in duct diameter was observed earlier during Breastfeeding than during two phase Pumping sessions but was not statistically significant (p = .057). There were no significant differences between the duration of the first or second milk ejection for mothers when Breastfeeding or Pumping at their maximum comfortable vacuum (p = .18; p = .99). The times taken to reach the peak duct diameter, or the first half of the milk ejection were also not found to be significantly different between Breastfeeding and Pumping. This study suggests that milk ejection patterns remain consistent within individual mothers regardless of whether the mother is Breastfeeding or expressing milk indicating a likelihood of the process either being programmed or innate to the individual.

  • Milk ejection patterns: an intra- individual comparison of Breastfeeding and Pumping
    BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2015
    Co-Authors: Hazel Gardner, Ching Tat Lai, Peter E. Hartmann, Jacqueline C. Kent, Leon R. Mitoulas, Mark D. Cregan, Donna T. Geddes
    Abstract:

    Background Milk ejection is a transient episode critical to milk removal and women typically have multiple milk ejections during Breastfeeding and Pumping. Recently it was found that milk ejection characteristics such as number of milk ejections and periodicity were consistent throughout 12 months of lactation in women who expressed their milk with an Electric Breast Pump. It is not known whether the stimulation of an infant at the Breast influences milk ejection patterns or whether this is a programmed event. The aim of this study was to compare milk ejection patterns during Breastfeeding and expressing milk with an Electric Pump within mothers. Methods Twelve lactating mothers with normal milk production (502–1356 mL) had milk ejection recorded by measuring the diameter of a major milk duct with ultrasound imaging throughout an entire Breastfeed and a 15-min Pumping session. Scans were analysed for timing, duration of duct dilation and maximum duct diameter. Results The initial milk ejection defined as the first increase in duct diameter was observed earlier during Breastfeeding than during two phase Pumping sessions but was not statistically significant ( p  = .057). There were no significant differences between the duration of the first or second milk ejection for mothers when Breastfeeding or Pumping at their maximum comfortable vacuum ( p  = .18; p  = .99). The times taken to reach the peak duct diameter, or the first half of the milk ejection were also not found to be significantly different between Breastfeeding and Pumping. Conclusion This study suggests that milk ejection patterns remain consistent within individual mothers regardless of whether the mother is Breastfeeding or expressing milk indicating a likelihood of the process either being programmed or innate to the individual.

  • Importance of vacuum for Breastmilk expression.
    Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine, 2008
    Co-Authors: Jacqueline C. Kent, Donna T. Geddes, Leon R. Mitoulas, Mark D. Cregan, Michael Larsson, Dorota A Doherty, Peter E. Hartmann
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the effect of the strength of applied vacuum on the flow rate and yield of Breastmilk using an Electric Breast Pump. Study Design: Twenty-one Breastfeeding mothers and two expressing mothers expressed their Breastmilk for 15 minutes using an Electric Breast Pump set at their own maximum comfortable vacuum, and at one to three softer vacuums. Milk yield and flow rate were measured. Results: At the maximum comfortable vacuum (−190.7 ± 8.8 mm Hg) 4.3 ± 0.4 milk ejections occurred during 15 minutes of expression and yielded 118.5 ± 11.4 mL of milk (65.5 ± 4.1% of the available milk). Softer vacuums yielded less milk volume (p < 0.05) and less of the available milk (p < 0.01). Milk flow rate was greater during the first milk ejection than the third or subsequent milk ejections (p < 0.001). Cream content of the milk was highest after expressing for 15 minutes using the mother's maximum comfortable vacuum. Conclusions: Use of the mother's maximum comfortable vacuum enhances milk ...