The Experts below are selected from a list of 16140 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Xiawei Liao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Optimizing future Electric Power Sector considering water-carbon policies in the water-scarce North China Grid.
    The Science of the total environment, 2020
    Co-Authors: Xiawei Liao, Lei Huang, Siqin Xiong
    Abstract:

    Abstract The North China Grid has the highest proportion of fossil fuel-based Electricity generation in China and also suffers from severe water scarcity issues. This study uses a multi-objective optimization model to explore future configurations of generating and cooling technologies of the Electric Power Sector in the North China Grid subject to constraints imposed by existing policies on water conservation and carbon reduction in 2030. Our findings highlight that the current carbon reduction commitments of China do not have significant impacts on the North China Grid's Electric Power Sector development while policies in the water Sector generate much larger impacts. Imposing water constraint according to the ‘Three Red Line’ Policy requires increasing utilization of wind Power and air cooling systems, which simultaneously increases economic cost and carbon emissions compared to the business as usual scenario. Imposing enhanced carbon emission and water consumption constraints reap the co-benefits of carbon reduction and water conservation by increasing the proportion of solar PV generation to 8.21%, which increases the unit Electricity cost from RMB 0.82 per kWh to RMB 1.37 per kWh. In 2030, Electricity generation in the North China Grid generates 1599.88 to 1690.89 million tons (Mt) of carbon emissions under different scenarios whereas imposing water constraint reduces water consumption from 3.34 billion m3 to 1.94 billion m3.

  • categorising virtual water transfers through china s Electric Power Sector
    Applied Energy, 2018
    Co-Authors: Xiawei Liao, Jim W. Hall, Xu Zhao, Dabo Guan
    Abstract:

    Water consumption in thermoElectric and hydroPower plants in China increased from 1.6 and 6.1 billion m3, respectively, to 3.8 and 14.6 billion m3 from 2002 to 2010. Using the concept of virtual water, we attribute to different Electricity users the total water consumption by the Electric Power Sector. From 2002 to 2010, virtual water embodied in the final consumption of Electricity (hereinafter referred to as VWEF) increased from 1.90 to 7.35 billion m3, whilst virtual water in Electricity used by industries (hereinafter referred to as VWEI) increased from 5.82 to 11.13 billion m3. The inter-provincial virtual water trades as a result of spatial mismatch of Electricity production and consumption are quantified. Nearly half (47.5% in 2010) of the physical water inputs into the Power Sector were virtually transferred across provincial boundaries in the form of virtual water embodied in the Electricity produced, mainly from provinces in northeast, central and south China to those in east and north China. Until 2030, VWEF and VWEI are likely to increase from 5.27 and 14.89 billion m3 to 7.19 and 20.33 billion m3, respectively. Climate change mitigation and water conservation measures in the Power Sector may help to relieve the regional pressures on water resources imposed by the Power Sector.

  • Drivers of water use in China’s Electric Power Sector from 2000 to 2015
    Environmental Research Letters, 2018
    Co-Authors: Xiawei Liao, Jim W. Hall
    Abstract:

    This study, for the first time, investigates the historical changes of the water use in China's Electric Power Sector on a regional level and quantifies the impacts of four factors that have influenced the remarkable changes: population, Power production per capita, Power plants' type and their cooling technology choice. From 2000 to 2015, water withdrawal and consumption in China's Electric Power Sector, excluding hydroPower, have increased from 40.75 and 1.25 billion m3, respectively, to 124.06 and 4.86 billion m3. As population growth in China has stabilized, population no longer provides an upward pressure on Power production and the corresponding water use. On the contrary, Power production per capita has played the most significant role contributing to 103.40 and 3.84 billion m3 of water withdrawal and consumption increases respectively, though the effect is now leveling off. The Electric Power Sector's water use would have been much greater had it not been for changes in plant type and cooling water technology. Energy transformation to low-carbon sources has mitigated water withdrawals and consumption by 14.46 and 0.43 billion m3 respectively during the study period. This beneficial reduction in water use is a co-benefit of a series of policies primarily aimed to reduce carbon emissions and other air pollutants. Changing cooling technologies has offset 14.07 and 0.10 billion m3 of water withdrawal and consumption increases nationally, but the effects varied by region.

  • drivers of water use in china s Electric Power Sector from 2000 to 2015
    Environmental Research Letters, 2018
    Co-Authors: Xiawei Liao, Jim W. Hall
    Abstract:

    This study, for the first time, investigates the historical changes of the water use in China's Electric Power Sector on a regional level and quantifies the impacts of four factors that have influenced the remarkable changes: population, Power production per capita, Power plants' type and their cooling technology choice. From 2000 to 2015, water withdrawal and consumption in China's Electric Power Sector, excluding hydroPower, have increased from 40.75 and 1.25 billion m3, respectively, to 124.06 and 4.86 billion m3. As population growth in China has stabilized, population no longer provides an upward pressure on Power production and the corresponding water use. On the contrary, Power production per capita has played the most significant role contributing to 103.40 and 3.84 billion m3 of water withdrawal and consumption increases respectively, though the effect is now leveling off. The Electric Power Sector's water use would have been much greater had it not been for changes in plant type and cooling water technology. Energy transformation to low-carbon sources has mitigated water withdrawals and consumption by 14.46 and 0.43 billion m3 respectively during the study period. This beneficial reduction in water use is a co-benefit of a series of policies primarily aimed to reduce carbon emissions and other air pollutants. Changing cooling technologies has offset 14.07 and 0.10 billion m3 of water withdrawal and consumption increases nationally, but the effects varied by region.

  • Categorising virtual water transfers through China’s Electric Power Sector
    Applied Energy, 2018
    Co-Authors: Xiawei Liao, Jim W. Hall, Xu Zhao, Dabo Guan
    Abstract:

    Water consumption in thermoElectric and hydroPower plants in China increased from 1.6 and 6.1 billion m3, respectively, to 3.8 and 14.6 billion m3 from 2002 to 2010. Using the concept of virtual water, we attribute to different Electricity users the total water consumption by the Electric Power Sector. From 2002 to 2010, virtual water embodied in the final consumption of Electricity (hereinafter referred to as VWEF) increased from 1.90 to 7.35 billion m3, whilst virtual water in Electricity used by industries (hereinafter referred to as VWEI) increased from 5.82 to 11.13 billion m3. The inter-provincial virtual water trades as a result of spatial mismatch of Electricity production and consumption are quantified. Nearly half (47.5% in 2010) of the physical water inputs into the Power Sector were virtually transferred across provincial boundaries in the form of virtual water embodied in the Electricity produced, mainly from provinces in northeast, central and south China to those in east and north China. Until 2030, VWEF and VWEI are likely to increase from 5.27 and 14.89 billion m3 to 7.19 and 20.33 billion m3, respectively. Climate change mitigation and water conservation measures in the Power Sector may help to relieve the regional pressures on water resources imposed by the Power Sector.

Jim W. Hall - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • categorising virtual water transfers through china s Electric Power Sector
    Applied Energy, 2018
    Co-Authors: Xiawei Liao, Jim W. Hall, Xu Zhao, Dabo Guan
    Abstract:

    Water consumption in thermoElectric and hydroPower plants in China increased from 1.6 and 6.1 billion m3, respectively, to 3.8 and 14.6 billion m3 from 2002 to 2010. Using the concept of virtual water, we attribute to different Electricity users the total water consumption by the Electric Power Sector. From 2002 to 2010, virtual water embodied in the final consumption of Electricity (hereinafter referred to as VWEF) increased from 1.90 to 7.35 billion m3, whilst virtual water in Electricity used by industries (hereinafter referred to as VWEI) increased from 5.82 to 11.13 billion m3. The inter-provincial virtual water trades as a result of spatial mismatch of Electricity production and consumption are quantified. Nearly half (47.5% in 2010) of the physical water inputs into the Power Sector were virtually transferred across provincial boundaries in the form of virtual water embodied in the Electricity produced, mainly from provinces in northeast, central and south China to those in east and north China. Until 2030, VWEF and VWEI are likely to increase from 5.27 and 14.89 billion m3 to 7.19 and 20.33 billion m3, respectively. Climate change mitigation and water conservation measures in the Power Sector may help to relieve the regional pressures on water resources imposed by the Power Sector.

  • Drivers of water use in China’s Electric Power Sector from 2000 to 2015
    Environmental Research Letters, 2018
    Co-Authors: Xiawei Liao, Jim W. Hall
    Abstract:

    This study, for the first time, investigates the historical changes of the water use in China's Electric Power Sector on a regional level and quantifies the impacts of four factors that have influenced the remarkable changes: population, Power production per capita, Power plants' type and their cooling technology choice. From 2000 to 2015, water withdrawal and consumption in China's Electric Power Sector, excluding hydroPower, have increased from 40.75 and 1.25 billion m3, respectively, to 124.06 and 4.86 billion m3. As population growth in China has stabilized, population no longer provides an upward pressure on Power production and the corresponding water use. On the contrary, Power production per capita has played the most significant role contributing to 103.40 and 3.84 billion m3 of water withdrawal and consumption increases respectively, though the effect is now leveling off. The Electric Power Sector's water use would have been much greater had it not been for changes in plant type and cooling water technology. Energy transformation to low-carbon sources has mitigated water withdrawals and consumption by 14.46 and 0.43 billion m3 respectively during the study period. This beneficial reduction in water use is a co-benefit of a series of policies primarily aimed to reduce carbon emissions and other air pollutants. Changing cooling technologies has offset 14.07 and 0.10 billion m3 of water withdrawal and consumption increases nationally, but the effects varied by region.

  • drivers of water use in china s Electric Power Sector from 2000 to 2015
    Environmental Research Letters, 2018
    Co-Authors: Xiawei Liao, Jim W. Hall
    Abstract:

    This study, for the first time, investigates the historical changes of the water use in China's Electric Power Sector on a regional level and quantifies the impacts of four factors that have influenced the remarkable changes: population, Power production per capita, Power plants' type and their cooling technology choice. From 2000 to 2015, water withdrawal and consumption in China's Electric Power Sector, excluding hydroPower, have increased from 40.75 and 1.25 billion m3, respectively, to 124.06 and 4.86 billion m3. As population growth in China has stabilized, population no longer provides an upward pressure on Power production and the corresponding water use. On the contrary, Power production per capita has played the most significant role contributing to 103.40 and 3.84 billion m3 of water withdrawal and consumption increases respectively, though the effect is now leveling off. The Electric Power Sector's water use would have been much greater had it not been for changes in plant type and cooling water technology. Energy transformation to low-carbon sources has mitigated water withdrawals and consumption by 14.46 and 0.43 billion m3 respectively during the study period. This beneficial reduction in water use is a co-benefit of a series of policies primarily aimed to reduce carbon emissions and other air pollutants. Changing cooling technologies has offset 14.07 and 0.10 billion m3 of water withdrawal and consumption increases nationally, but the effects varied by region.

  • Categorising virtual water transfers through China’s Electric Power Sector
    Applied Energy, 2018
    Co-Authors: Xiawei Liao, Jim W. Hall, Xu Zhao, Dabo Guan
    Abstract:

    Water consumption in thermoElectric and hydroPower plants in China increased from 1.6 and 6.1 billion m3, respectively, to 3.8 and 14.6 billion m3 from 2002 to 2010. Using the concept of virtual water, we attribute to different Electricity users the total water consumption by the Electric Power Sector. From 2002 to 2010, virtual water embodied in the final consumption of Electricity (hereinafter referred to as VWEF) increased from 1.90 to 7.35 billion m3, whilst virtual water in Electricity used by industries (hereinafter referred to as VWEI) increased from 5.82 to 11.13 billion m3. The inter-provincial virtual water trades as a result of spatial mismatch of Electricity production and consumption are quantified. Nearly half (47.5% in 2010) of the physical water inputs into the Power Sector were virtually transferred across provincial boundaries in the form of virtual water embodied in the Electricity produced, mainly from provinces in northeast, central and south China to those in east and north China. Until 2030, VWEF and VWEI are likely to increase from 5.27 and 14.89 billion m3 to 7.19 and 20.33 billion m3, respectively. Climate change mitigation and water conservation measures in the Power Sector may help to relieve the regional pressures on water resources imposed by the Power Sector.

Dabo Guan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • categorising virtual water transfers through china s Electric Power Sector
    Applied Energy, 2018
    Co-Authors: Xiawei Liao, Jim W. Hall, Xu Zhao, Dabo Guan
    Abstract:

    Water consumption in thermoElectric and hydroPower plants in China increased from 1.6 and 6.1 billion m3, respectively, to 3.8 and 14.6 billion m3 from 2002 to 2010. Using the concept of virtual water, we attribute to different Electricity users the total water consumption by the Electric Power Sector. From 2002 to 2010, virtual water embodied in the final consumption of Electricity (hereinafter referred to as VWEF) increased from 1.90 to 7.35 billion m3, whilst virtual water in Electricity used by industries (hereinafter referred to as VWEI) increased from 5.82 to 11.13 billion m3. The inter-provincial virtual water trades as a result of spatial mismatch of Electricity production and consumption are quantified. Nearly half (47.5% in 2010) of the physical water inputs into the Power Sector were virtually transferred across provincial boundaries in the form of virtual water embodied in the Electricity produced, mainly from provinces in northeast, central and south China to those in east and north China. Until 2030, VWEF and VWEI are likely to increase from 5.27 and 14.89 billion m3 to 7.19 and 20.33 billion m3, respectively. Climate change mitigation and water conservation measures in the Power Sector may help to relieve the regional pressures on water resources imposed by the Power Sector.

  • Categorising virtual water transfers through China’s Electric Power Sector
    Applied Energy, 2018
    Co-Authors: Xiawei Liao, Jim W. Hall, Xu Zhao, Dabo Guan
    Abstract:

    Water consumption in thermoElectric and hydroPower plants in China increased from 1.6 and 6.1 billion m3, respectively, to 3.8 and 14.6 billion m3 from 2002 to 2010. Using the concept of virtual water, we attribute to different Electricity users the total water consumption by the Electric Power Sector. From 2002 to 2010, virtual water embodied in the final consumption of Electricity (hereinafter referred to as VWEF) increased from 1.90 to 7.35 billion m3, whilst virtual water in Electricity used by industries (hereinafter referred to as VWEI) increased from 5.82 to 11.13 billion m3. The inter-provincial virtual water trades as a result of spatial mismatch of Electricity production and consumption are quantified. Nearly half (47.5% in 2010) of the physical water inputs into the Power Sector were virtually transferred across provincial boundaries in the form of virtual water embodied in the Electricity produced, mainly from provinces in northeast, central and south China to those in east and north China. Until 2030, VWEF and VWEI are likely to increase from 5.27 and 14.89 billion m3 to 7.19 and 20.33 billion m3, respectively. Climate change mitigation and water conservation measures in the Power Sector may help to relieve the regional pressures on water resources imposed by the Power Sector.

A.m. Wolsky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Introduction to progress and promise of superconductivity for energy storage in the Electric Power Sector
    1998
    Co-Authors: A.m. Wolsky
    Abstract:

    Around the world, many groups conduct research, development and demonstration (RD and D) to make storage an economic option for the Electric Power Sector. The progress and prospects for the application of superconductivity, with emphasis on high-temperature superconductivity, to the Electric Power Sector has been the topic of an IEA Implementing Agreement, begun in 1990. The present Task members are Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the US. As a result of the Implementing Agreement, work has been done by the Operating Agent with the full participation of all the member countries. This work has facilitated the exchange of informtion among experts in all countries and has documented relevant assessments. Further, this work has reviewed the status of SMES and is now updating same, as well as investigating the progress on and prospects for flywheels with superconducting bearings. The Operating Agent and Task members find a substantially different set of opportunities for and alternatives to storage than was the case before the 1987 discovery of high-temperature superconductivity. Beside the need to level generation, there is also the need to level the load on transmission lines, increase transmission stability,more » and increase Power quality. These needs could be addressed by high Power storage that could be brought in and out of the grid in fractions of a second. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage and flywheels with superconducting bearings are devices that deserve continued RD and D because they promise to be the needed storage devices.« less

  • Introduction to progress and promise of superconductivity for energy storage in the Electric Power Sector
    1998
    Co-Authors: A.m. Wolsky
    Abstract:

    Around the world, many groups conduct research, development and demonstration (RD and D) to make storage an economic option for the Electric Power Sector. The progress and prospects for the application of superconductivity, with emphasis on high-temperature superconductivity, to the Electric Power Sector has been the topic of an IEA Implementing Agreement, begun in 1990. The present Task members are Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the US. As a result of the Implementing Agreement, work has been done by the Operating Agent with the full participation of all the member countries. This work has facilitated the exchange of informtion among experts in all countries and has documented relevant assessments. Further, this work has reviewed the status of SMES and is now updating same, as well as investigating the progress on and prospects for flywheels with superconducting bearings. The Operating Agent and Task members find a substantially different set of opportunities for and alternatives to storage than was the case before the 1987 discovery of high-temperature superconductivity. Beside the need to level generation, there is also the need to level the load on transmission lines, increase transmission stability,more » and increase Power quality. These needs could be addressed by high Power storage that could be brought in and out of the grid in fractions of a second. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage and flywheels with superconducting bearings are devices that deserve continued RD and D because they promise to be the needed storage devices.« less

  • The impact of high temperature superconductivity on the Electric Power Sector
    1996
    Co-Authors: A.m. Wolsky
    Abstract:

    The progress and prospects for the application of high temperature superconductivity to the Electric Power Sector has been the topic of an IEA Implementing Agreement, begun in 1990. The present Task Members are Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom and the United States. As a result of the Implementing Agreement, work has been done by the Operating Agent with the full participation of all the member countries. This work has facilitated the exchange of information among experts in all countries and has documented relevant assessments. Further, this work has examined the status of high amperage conductor, fault-current limiters, superconducting magnetic energy storage, cables, rotating machines, refrigeration, and studies of the Power system. The Task Members find more progress toward applications than many expected five years ago and the grounds for further international collaboration to hasten the use of superconductors in the Power Sector, early in the 21st century.

  • Published assessments bearing on the future use of ceramic superconductors by the Electric Power Sector
    1992
    Co-Authors: R.f. Giese, A.m. Wolsky
    Abstract:

    Much has been written about ceramic superconductors since their discovery in 1986. Most of this writing reports and describes scientific research. However, some authors have sought to put this research in context: to assess where the field stands, what might be technically feasible, what might be economically feasible, and what potential impacts ceramic superconductors will bring to the Electric Power Sector. This report`s purpose is to make the results of already published assessments readily available. To that end, this report lists and provides abstracts for various technical and economic assessments related to applications of High-Temperature Superconductors (HTS) to the Electric Power Sector. Those studies deemed most important are identified and summarized. These assessments were identified by two means. First, members of the Executive Committee identified some reports as worthy of consideration and forwarded them to Argonne National Laboratory. Twelve assessments were selected. Each of these is listed and summarized in the following section. Second, a bibliographic search was performed on five databases: INSPEC, NTIS, COMPENDEX, Energy Science & Technology, and Electric Power Database. The search consisted of first selecting all papers related to High Temperature Superconductors. Then papers related to SMES, cables, generators, motors, fault current limiters, or Electric utilitiesmore » were selected. When suitable variants of the above terms were included, this resulted in a selection of 493 citations. These citations were subjected to review by the authors. A number of citations were determined to be inappropriate (e.g. a number referred to digital transmission lines for electronics and communications applications). The reduced list consisted of 200 entries. Each of these citations, with an abstract, is presented in the following sections.« less

  • Directory of ceramic superconductor research and related research bearing upon the Electric Power Sector
    1991
    Co-Authors: T.p. Sheahen, A.m. Wolsky
    Abstract:

    This document presents brief descriptions of research projects that are now investigating ceramic superconductors and related matters. Many such projects are under way throughout the world. The projects, described herein, were selected because of their likely bearing, direct or indirect, upon potential future applications of ceramic superconductors to the Electric Power Sector.

Shaoqing Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • optimization of china s Electric Power Sector targeting water stress and carbon emissions
    Applied Energy, 2020
    Co-Authors: Yiyi Zhang, Jiaqi Wang, Linmei Zhang, Jiefeng Liu, Hanbo Zheng, Jiake Fang, Shengren Hou, Shaoqing Chen
    Abstract:

    Abstract Electric Power Sector is a significant water consumer and a major source of carbon emissions in China. Optimizing Electricity mix is critical for maintaining a stable energy supply while addressing water stress and carbon emissions associated with Power generation. In this study, we developed an optimization model with the dual objectives of mitigating the risk of water scarcity and cutting carbon emissions, by adjusting the Electricity mix and Power generation tasks of provincial grids. Using the weighted sum method, the optimization of grids is simulated based on a scenario analysis within specified equality and boundary constraints. We quantified the impact of the spatial distribution of thermal Power and Power generated from clean energies (hydroPower, wind Power, nuclear Power, and solar Power) on virtual water consumption and carbon emissions at a provincial level in China. The results suggested that transferring part of Power generation tasks from water-deficient areas (e.g., Shandong and Jiangsu) to water-sufficient areas (e.g., Yunnan and Guangdong) could significantly mitigate water scarcity. Water consumption of Power generation could be reduced by 34.7% in highly water-deficient areas if a water-prioritized scenario is implemented. Carbon emissions related to Power generation could be reduced nationwide under a carbon-prioritized scenario and a water-carbon-balanced scenario. This model could provide a synergistic perspective for improving regional water and carbon performances based on changes in Electricity mix.

  • Optimization of China’s Electric Power Sector targeting water stress and carbon emissions
    Applied Energy, 2020
    Co-Authors: Yiyi Zhang, Jiaqi Wang, Linmei Zhang, Jiefeng Liu, Hanbo Zheng, Jiake Fang, Shengren Hou, Shaoqing Chen
    Abstract:

    Abstract Electric Power Sector is a significant water consumer and a major source of carbon emissions in China. Optimizing Electricity mix is critical for maintaining a stable energy supply while addressing water stress and carbon emissions associated with Power generation. In this study, we developed an optimization model with the dual objectives of mitigating the risk of water scarcity and cutting carbon emissions, by adjusting the Electricity mix and Power generation tasks of provincial grids. Using the weighted sum method, the optimization of grids is simulated based on a scenario analysis within specified equality and boundary constraints. We quantified the impact of the spatial distribution of thermal Power and Power generated from clean energies (hydroPower, wind Power, nuclear Power, and solar Power) on virtual water consumption and carbon emissions at a provincial level in China. The results suggested that transferring part of Power generation tasks from water-deficient areas (e.g., Shandong and Jiangsu) to water-sufficient areas (e.g., Yunnan and Guangdong) could significantly mitigate water scarcity. Water consumption of Power generation could be reduced by 34.7% in highly water-deficient areas if a water-prioritized scenario is implemented. Carbon emissions related to Power generation could be reduced nationwide under a carbon-prioritized scenario and a water-carbon-balanced scenario. This model could provide a synergistic perspective for improving regional water and carbon performances based on changes in Electricity mix.