The Experts below are selected from a list of 10059 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Adrian Bejan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Tree-shaped structures for cold storage
International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid, 2005Co-Authors: Calin Zamfirescu, Adrian BejanAbstract:This paper explores the application of constructal design to tree-shaped networks for cold storage. The objective is the maximization of ice production per unit Volume, for specified operating conditions (temperature difference, pressure drop, storage time, construction material). Constructal design starts from the smallest scale (Elemental Volume) and proceeds toward larger and more complex assemblies of elements. Two geometries were optimized at the smallest scale: ice production on parallel plates and on parallel cylinders. The cylindrical geometry offers a greater ice production density. At the next larger scale, the ice production was maximized on arrays of tubes assembled as ‘Z-shaped registers’. The optimization of geometry yielded the spacing between tubes, and the tube diameter and length. The road toward larger and more complex assemblies, and the emergence of dendritic flow architecture are discussed.
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Constructal tree-shaped two-phase flow for cooling a surface
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2003Co-Authors: Calin Zamfirescu, Adrian BejanAbstract:This paper documents the strong relation that exists between the changing architecture of a complex flow system and the maximization of global performance under constraints. The system is a surface with uniform heating per unit area, which is cooled by a network with evaporating two-phase flow. Illustrations are based on the design of the cooling network for a skating rink. The flow structure is optimized as a sequence of building blocks, which starts with the smallest (Elemental Volume of fixed size), and continues with assemblies of stepwise larger sizes (first construct, second construct, etc.). The optimized flow network is tree shaped. Three features of the Elemental Volume are optimized: the cross-sectional shape, the Elemental tube diameter, and the shape of the Elemental area viewed from above. The tree that emerges at larger scales is optimized for minimal amount of header material and fixed pressure drop. The optimal number of constituents in each new (larger) construct decreases as the size and complexity of the construct increase. Constructs of various levels of complexity compete: the paper shows how to select the optimal flow structure subject to fixed size (cooled surface), pressure drop and amount of header material.
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Constructal tree-shaped paths for conduction and convection
International Journal of Energy Research, 2003Co-Authors: Adrian BejanAbstract:This lecture reviews a series of recent results based on the geometric minimization of the resistance to flow between one point (source, sink) and a Volume or an area (an infinity of points). Optimization is achieved by varying the geometric features of the flow path subject to Volume constraints. The method is outlined by using the problem of steady Volume-point conduction. Optimized first is the smallest Elemental Volume, which is characterized by Volumetric heat generation in a low-conductivity medium, and one-dimensional conduction through a high-conductivity ‘channel’. Progressively larger Volumes are covered by assemblies of previously optimized constructs. Tree-shaped flow structures spring out of this objective and constraints principle. Analogous problems of fluid flow, and combined heat and fluid flow (convection, trees of fins) are also discussed. The occurrence of similar tree structures in nature may be reasoned based on the same principle (constructal theory) (Bejan, 2000). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Constructal design for cooling a disc-shaped area by conduction
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2002Co-Authors: L.a.o. Rocha, Sylvie Lorente, Adrian BejanAbstract:Abstract This paper describes a hierarchical strategy to developing the optimal internal structure of a round heat-generating body cooled at its center with the help of optimally distributed inserts of high-conductivity material. The sequence begins with optimizing the geometry of the smallest heat generating entity – a sector-shaped Elemental Volume with the smallest dimension, and a single high-conductivity insert. Many such elements are assembled into disc-shaped constructs, or into sector-shaped constructs in which the Elemental Volumes are grouped into a formation shaped as a fan. When several sector-shaped constructs are assembled into a disc, they constitute a quasi-radial heat-flow structure in which each high-conductivity insert exhibits one branching. Every geometric detail of the optimized two-material conductive structures is determined based on principle – the minimization of global resistance subject to global constraints (total Volume, total Volume of high-conductivity material). The inserts of high-conductivity material form structures shape as trees. The global thermal resistance of each tree-shaped construct is reported. The minimization of global thermal resistance is the criterion for choosing between a design with radial inserts and one with branched inserts.
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Constructal optimization of nonuniformly distributed tree-shaped flow structures for conduction
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2001Co-Authors: Majed Almogbel, Adrian BejanAbstract:Abstract Constructal tree designs are hierarchical high-conductivity paths that minimize the global resistance between an entire Volume and one point. In past work, the structure was optimized as a sequence of building blocks (Volume sizes), which started with the smallest size (Elemental Volume) and continued toward larger and more complex assemblies (first construct, second construct, etc.). The resulting structure had a `uniform' distribution of interstitial spaces, because the size of the Elemental Volume was fixed. In this paper we relax the Elemental size constraint, and show that the added design freedom leads to significant improvements in global performance, i.e., to decreases in the global resistance to Volume–point flow. Each tree structure, or the distribution of high-conductivity material through low-conductivity background, is optimized by simulating numerically and comparing large numbers of designs where the geometry changes smoothly from one design to the next. The results show that each optimized structure has not one but several Elemental Volume sizes, and that the Volume elements situated far from the root of the tree are notably smaller. The resulting tree is nonuniform, i.e., denser near the periphery of its canopy. In sum, better global performance is achieved when the complexity and number of degrees of freedom of the structure are increased. In the same direction, the optimized nonuniform tree structure looks more and more natural.
Josua P. Meyer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Geometric Optimisation of Conjugate Pentagonal Cooling Channels With Internal Heat Generation
ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels Microchannels and Minichannels, 2014Co-Authors: O.t. Olakoyejo, L.s. Martins, S.o. Obayopo, Josua P. MeyerAbstract:This paper presents a three-dimensional geometric optimisation of conjugate cooling channels in forced convection with internal heat generation within the solid. Pentagonal cooling channels configuration are considered. The main objective is to optimise the configuration in such a way that the peak temperature is minimised subject to the constraint of fixed global Volume of solid material. The cooling fluid is driven through the channels by the pressure difference across the channel.The Elemental Volume of the structure and hydraulic diameter of the cooling channel were considered as design variables. The shape of the channel is allowed to morph to determine the best configuration that gives the lowest thermal resistance. A gradient-based mathematic optimisation algorithm (Dynamic-Q) is applied in order to search for the best optimal geometric configuration that improves thermal performance by minimising thermal resistance for a wide range of dimensionless pressure difference. Results obtained show that there are unique optimal geometry for a given pressure difference. Also, the results show that the effects of dimensionless pressure drop on minimum thermal resistance and hydraulic diameter of the channel are consistent with those obtained in the open literature.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
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Numerical optimisation of forced convection in a vascularised solid with triagular channels
2014Co-Authors: A.b. Ajayi, O.t. Olakoyejo, L.s. Martins, S.o. Obayopo, Josua P. MeyerAbstract:In this paper we employ the constructal design and theory to seek the optimal cooling channels in forced convection of vascularised material with the localised selfcooling property subject to heat flux. The isosceles right triangular channel configuration was studied for family of porosities. The isosceles right triangle is special case of triangle which can easily and uniformly be packed and arranged to form a larger constructs. The objective was to optimise the configurations in such a way that the peak temperature was minimised at every point in the solid body. The optimisation was subject to the constraint of fixed global Volume of solid material, but the Elemental Volume was allowed to morph. The solid material was subject to heat flux on one side and the cooling fluid was forced through the channels in opposite direction of the heated side of the solid body by the specified pressure difference
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OPTIMISATION OF CONJUGATE ELLIPTICAL COOLING CHANNELS WITH INTERNAL HEAT GENERATION
Volume 8A: Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering, 2013Co-Authors: O.t. Olakoyejo, Tunde Bello-ochende, Josua P. MeyerAbstract:This paper presents the development of the three-dimensional flow architecture of conjugate cooling channels in forced convection with internal heat generation within the solid for an elliptical cooling channel configuration. The main objective was to optimise the configuration in such a way that the peak temperature was minimised subject to the constraint of the fixed global Volume of solid material. The cooling fluid was driven through the channels by the pressure difference across the channel.The structure had three degrees of freedom as design variables: Elemental Volume, channel hydraulic diameter and channel-to-channel spacing. The shape of the channel is allowed to morph to determine the best configuration that gave the lowest thermal resistance. A gradient-based optimisation algorithm was applied in order to search for the best optimal geometric configuration that improved thermal performance by minimising thermal resistance for a wide range of dimensionless pressure difference. The effect of porosities, applied pressure differences and heat generation rate on the optimal geometry was reported. There are unique optimal design variables for a given pressure difference. Results obtained show that the effects of dimensionless pressure drop on minimum thermal resistance were consistent with those obtained in the open literature.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
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Constructal conjugate cooling channels with internal heat generation
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2012Co-Authors: O.t. Olakoyejo, Tunde Bello-ochende, Josua P. MeyerAbstract:Abstract This paper presents a geometric optimisation of conjugate cooling channels in forced convection with internal heat generation. Two configurations were studied; circular channels and square channels. The configurations were optimised in such a way that the peak temperatures were minimised subject to the constraint of fixed total global Volume. The fluid was forced through the cooling channels by the pressure difference across the channels. The structure has one degree of freedom as design variable: channel hydraulic diameter and once the optimal channel hydraulic diameter is found, optimal Elemental Volume and channel-to-channel spacing result. A gradient-based optimisation algorithm is applied in order to search for the best and optimal geometric configurations that improve thermal performance by minimising thermal resistance for a wide range of dimensionless pressure difference. This optimiser adequately handles the numerical objective function obtained from CFD simulations. The results obtained show the behaviour of the applied pressure difference on the optimised geometry. There are unique optimal design variables for a given pressure difference. The numerical results obtained are in agreement with the theoretical formulation using scale analysis and method of intersection of asymptotes.
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Mathematical optimisation of laminar forced convection heat transfer through a vascularised solid with square channels
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2012Co-Authors: O.t. Olakoyejo, Tunde Bello-ochende, Josua P. MeyerAbstract:Abstract This paper presents a three-dimensional geometric optimisation of cooling channels in forced convection of a vascularised material with the localised self-cooling property subjected to a heat flux. A square configuration was studied with different porosities. Analytical and numerical solutions were provided. The geometrical configuration was optimised in such a way that the peak temperature was minimised at every point in the solid body. The optimisation was subject to the constraint of a fixed global Volume of solid material, but the Elemental Volume was allowed to morph. The solid material was subject to a heat flux on one side and the cooling fluid was forced through the channels from the opposite direction with a specified pressure difference. The structure had three degrees of freedom as design variables: the Elemental Volume, channel hydraulic diameter and channel-to-channel spacing. A gradient-based optimisation algorithm was used to determine the optimal geometry that gave the lowest thermal resistance. This optimiser adequately handled the numerical objective function obtained from numerical simulations of the fluid flow and heat transfer. The numerical results obtained were in agreement with a theoretical formulation using scale analysis and the method of intersection of asymptotes. The results obtained show that as the pressure difference increases, the minimised thermal resistance decreases. The results also show the behaviour of the applied pressure difference on the optimised geometry. The use of the optimiser made the numerical results to be more robust with respect to the optimum internal configurations of the flow systems and the dimensionless pressure difference.
O.t. Olakoyejo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Geometric Optimisation of Conjugate Pentagonal Cooling Channels With Internal Heat Generation
ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels Microchannels and Minichannels, 2014Co-Authors: O.t. Olakoyejo, L.s. Martins, S.o. Obayopo, Josua P. MeyerAbstract:This paper presents a three-dimensional geometric optimisation of conjugate cooling channels in forced convection with internal heat generation within the solid. Pentagonal cooling channels configuration are considered. The main objective is to optimise the configuration in such a way that the peak temperature is minimised subject to the constraint of fixed global Volume of solid material. The cooling fluid is driven through the channels by the pressure difference across the channel.The Elemental Volume of the structure and hydraulic diameter of the cooling channel were considered as design variables. The shape of the channel is allowed to morph to determine the best configuration that gives the lowest thermal resistance. A gradient-based mathematic optimisation algorithm (Dynamic-Q) is applied in order to search for the best optimal geometric configuration that improves thermal performance by minimising thermal resistance for a wide range of dimensionless pressure difference. Results obtained show that there are unique optimal geometry for a given pressure difference. Also, the results show that the effects of dimensionless pressure drop on minimum thermal resistance and hydraulic diameter of the channel are consistent with those obtained in the open literature.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
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Numerical optimisation of forced convection in a vascularised solid with triagular channels
2014Co-Authors: A.b. Ajayi, O.t. Olakoyejo, L.s. Martins, S.o. Obayopo, Josua P. MeyerAbstract:In this paper we employ the constructal design and theory to seek the optimal cooling channels in forced convection of vascularised material with the localised selfcooling property subject to heat flux. The isosceles right triangular channel configuration was studied for family of porosities. The isosceles right triangle is special case of triangle which can easily and uniformly be packed and arranged to form a larger constructs. The objective was to optimise the configurations in such a way that the peak temperature was minimised at every point in the solid body. The optimisation was subject to the constraint of fixed global Volume of solid material, but the Elemental Volume was allowed to morph. The solid material was subject to heat flux on one side and the cooling fluid was forced through the channels in opposite direction of the heated side of the solid body by the specified pressure difference
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OPTIMISATION OF CONJUGATE ELLIPTICAL COOLING CHANNELS WITH INTERNAL HEAT GENERATION
Volume 8A: Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering, 2013Co-Authors: O.t. Olakoyejo, Tunde Bello-ochende, Josua P. MeyerAbstract:This paper presents the development of the three-dimensional flow architecture of conjugate cooling channels in forced convection with internal heat generation within the solid for an elliptical cooling channel configuration. The main objective was to optimise the configuration in such a way that the peak temperature was minimised subject to the constraint of the fixed global Volume of solid material. The cooling fluid was driven through the channels by the pressure difference across the channel.The structure had three degrees of freedom as design variables: Elemental Volume, channel hydraulic diameter and channel-to-channel spacing. The shape of the channel is allowed to morph to determine the best configuration that gave the lowest thermal resistance. A gradient-based optimisation algorithm was applied in order to search for the best optimal geometric configuration that improved thermal performance by minimising thermal resistance for a wide range of dimensionless pressure difference. The effect of porosities, applied pressure differences and heat generation rate on the optimal geometry was reported. There are unique optimal design variables for a given pressure difference. Results obtained show that the effects of dimensionless pressure drop on minimum thermal resistance were consistent with those obtained in the open literature.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
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Constructal conjugate cooling channels with internal heat generation
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2012Co-Authors: O.t. Olakoyejo, Tunde Bello-ochende, Josua P. MeyerAbstract:Abstract This paper presents a geometric optimisation of conjugate cooling channels in forced convection with internal heat generation. Two configurations were studied; circular channels and square channels. The configurations were optimised in such a way that the peak temperatures were minimised subject to the constraint of fixed total global Volume. The fluid was forced through the cooling channels by the pressure difference across the channels. The structure has one degree of freedom as design variable: channel hydraulic diameter and once the optimal channel hydraulic diameter is found, optimal Elemental Volume and channel-to-channel spacing result. A gradient-based optimisation algorithm is applied in order to search for the best and optimal geometric configurations that improve thermal performance by minimising thermal resistance for a wide range of dimensionless pressure difference. This optimiser adequately handles the numerical objective function obtained from CFD simulations. The results obtained show the behaviour of the applied pressure difference on the optimised geometry. There are unique optimal design variables for a given pressure difference. The numerical results obtained are in agreement with the theoretical formulation using scale analysis and method of intersection of asymptotes.
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Mathematical optimisation of laminar forced convection heat transfer through a vascularised solid with square channels
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2012Co-Authors: O.t. Olakoyejo, Tunde Bello-ochende, Josua P. MeyerAbstract:Abstract This paper presents a three-dimensional geometric optimisation of cooling channels in forced convection of a vascularised material with the localised self-cooling property subjected to a heat flux. A square configuration was studied with different porosities. Analytical and numerical solutions were provided. The geometrical configuration was optimised in such a way that the peak temperature was minimised at every point in the solid body. The optimisation was subject to the constraint of a fixed global Volume of solid material, but the Elemental Volume was allowed to morph. The solid material was subject to a heat flux on one side and the cooling fluid was forced through the channels from the opposite direction with a specified pressure difference. The structure had three degrees of freedom as design variables: the Elemental Volume, channel hydraulic diameter and channel-to-channel spacing. A gradient-based optimisation algorithm was used to determine the optimal geometry that gave the lowest thermal resistance. This optimiser adequately handled the numerical objective function obtained from numerical simulations of the fluid flow and heat transfer. The numerical results obtained were in agreement with a theoretical formulation using scale analysis and the method of intersection of asymptotes. The results obtained show that as the pressure difference increases, the minimised thermal resistance decreases. The results also show the behaviour of the applied pressure difference on the optimised geometry. The use of the optimiser made the numerical results to be more robust with respect to the optimum internal configurations of the flow systems and the dimensionless pressure difference.
Pierre Neveu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Geometry optimization of a heat storage system for concentrated solar power plants (CSP)
Renewable Energy, 2018Co-Authors: Aran Solé, Quentin Falcoz, Luisa F. Cabeza, Pierre NeveuAbstract:Abstract In the present study, geometry optimization of a phase change material (PCM) heat storage system is presented. The existing PCM-fins heat exchanger system works at the back side of a solar receiver in order to minimize the effect of the solar radiation fluctuations inside the cavity. As initially designed, the system does not accomplish the expected design purposes and thus optimization is needed. Optimization is usually time-consuming and some algorithms need a starting point, therefore one suitable method is geometrical optimization which aims to find the optimal shape of a system for a given criteria and providing a rough optimal geometry. Here, constructal theory, ‘point to Volume’, is applied to find the optimum shape factor of the Elemental Volume of the presented PCM-heat exchanger. With this methodology, an optimum ratio of the PCM and fin width and length is found and beyond that the method is extended to ‘surface to Volume’ problem. Results have been numerically validated using a CFD software and demonstrate that it gives a very good approximation of the real optimum which can be used as initial configuration for further optimization through CFD simulation or other optimization methods that require a starting point.
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constructal theory through thermodynamics of irreversible processes framework
Energy Conversion and Management, 2011Co-Authors: Simone Tescari, Nathalie Mazet, Pierre NeveuAbstract:Point to Volume flow problem is revisited on a thermodynamics of irreversible processes (TIP) basis. The first step consists in evaluating the local entropy production of the system, and deducing from this expression the phenomenological laws. Then, the total entropy production can be simply evaluated. It is demonstrated that total entropy production can be written in a remarkable form: the product of the so-called entropy impedance with the square of the heat flux. As the heat flux is given, optimisation consists in minimising the entropy impedance. It is also shown that minimising entropy impedance minimises the maximum temperature difference. Applied to the Elemental Volume, this optimisation process leads to a shape factor close to the one already published. For the first construction, the equivalent system is defined as stated by Prigogine: when subjected to the same constraints, two systems are thermodynamically equivalent if their entropy production is equal. Two optimisation routes are then investigated: a global optimisation where all scales are taken into account and the constructal optimisation where the system is optimised scale by scale. In this second case, results are close to Ghodossi’s work. When global optimisation is performed, it is demonstrated that conductive paths have to be spread uniformly in the active material (i.e. the number of Elemental Volumes must go to infinite). Comparing the two routes, global optimisation leads to better performance than constructal optimisation. Moreover, global optimisation enlarges the domain of construction benefits. All these results are finally proven by 2D simulations.
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Thermochemical Solar Reactor: Simplified Method for the Geometrical Optimization at a Given Incident Flux
International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 2010Co-Authors: Simone Tescari, Pierre Neveu, Nathalie MazetAbstract:This paper aims to describe a simplified method to optimize the geometry of a solar thermochemical reactor. As a first step, this paper focuses on a purely thermal analysis. The chemical reaction is represented by a uniform heat sink inside the material. The heat transfer modes are radiation in the empty part (cavity) and conduction inside the reactive material. The aim is to find the optimal geometry of the reactor, by maximizing its efficiency, for a fixed value of the incident solar flux and of the total Volume of the reactor. An analytical solution can be found thanks to some simplifying hypothesis. The influence of different operational parameters on the maximal efficiency and on the optimal shape is studied. A comparison between different reactor designs (cylindrical and cavity reactors) is shown. A 2D study, based on CFD software using a finite element method, allows for quantifying the effects of the simplifying assumptions. The constructal theory aims to optimize the internal structure of a system in order to provide easier access to its internal currents and increase the system efficiency. Thus, this study can be seen as the optimization of the Elemental Volume of the constructal approach. In a next step this optimization method will be used to optimize more complex reactor design, as for example, a honeycomb reactor obtained by the assembling of several cavities, in order to optimize a thermochemical reactor for hydrogen production or high temperature heat storage.
Kazem Ghabraie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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SEMDOT: Smooth-edged material distribution for optimizing topology algorithm
Advances in Engineering Software, 2020Co-Authors: Bernard Rolfe, Louis N.s. Chiu, Yanan Wang, Xiaodong Huang, Kazem GhabraieAbstract:Abstract Element-based topology optimization algorithms capable of generating smooth boundaries have drawn serious attention given the significance of accurate boundary information in engineering applications. The basic framework of a new element-based continuum algorithm is proposed in this paper. This algorithm is based on a smooth-edged material distribution strategy that uses solid/void grid points assigned to each element. Named Smooth-Edged Material Distribution for Optimizing Topology (SEMDOT), the algorithm uses Elemental Volume fractions which depend on the densities of grid points in the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model rather than Elemental densities. Several numerical examples are studied to demonstrate the application and effectiveness of SEMDOT. In these examples, SEMDOT proved to be capable of obtaining optimized topologies with smooth and clear boundaries showing better or comparable performance compared to other topology optimization methods. Through these examples, first, the advantages of using the Heaviside smooth function are discussed in comparison to the Heaviside step function. Then, the benefits of introducing multiple filtering steps in this algorithm are shown. Finally, comparisons are conducted to exhibit the differences between SEMDOT and some well-established element-based algorithms. The validation of the sensitivity analysis method adopted in SEMDOT is conducted using a typical compliant mechanism design case. In addition, this paper provides the Matlab code of SEMDOT for educational and academic purposes.
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SEMDOT: Smooth-Edged Material Distribution for Optimizing Topology Algorithm
arXiv: Computational Engineering Finance and Science, 2020Co-Authors: Bernard Rolfe, Yanan Wang, Xiaodong Huang, Ngai Sum Louis Chiu, Kazem GhabraieAbstract:Element-based topology optimization algorithms capable of generating smooth boundaries have drawn serious attention given the significance of accurate boundary information in engineering applications. The basic framework of a new element-based continuum algorithm has been proposed in this paper. This algorithm is based on a smooth-edged material distribution strategy that uses solid/void grid points assigned to each element. The named Smooth-Edged Material Distribution for Optimizing Topology (SEMDOT) algorithm uses Elemental Volume fractions which depend on the densities of grid points as design variables rather than Elemental densities. SEMDOT is not only capable of obtaining optimized topologies with smooth and clear boundaries but also generally shows a better performance compared to other topology optimization methods. Several numerical examples are studied to demonstrate the application and effectiveness of SEMDOT. First, the advantages of using the Heaviside smooth function are discussed in comparison to the Heaviside step function. Then, the benefits of introducing two filters in this algorithm are shown. Finally, comparisons are conducted to exhibit the differences of SEMDOT with some well-established element-based algorithms.
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Smooth topological design of 3D continuum structures using Elemental Volume fractions
Computers & Structures, 2020Co-Authors: Bernard Rolfe, Louis N.s. Chiu, Yanan Wang, Xiaodong Huang, Kazem GhabraieAbstract:Abstract Topology optimization has emerged as a powerful tool for generating innovative designs. However, several topology optimization algorithms are finite element (FE) based where mesh-dependent zigzag or blurry boundaries are rarely avoidable. This paper presents a continuum topological design algorithm capable of obtaining smooth 3D topologies based on Elemental Volume fractions. Parametric studies are thoroughly conducted to determine the proper ranges of the parameters in the proposed algorithm. The numerical results confirm the robustness of the proposed algorithm. Furthermore, it is shown that very small penalty coefficients can be used to obtain clear and convergent topologies. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is further proven via numerical comparison with a well-established topology optimization framework. Because of the smooth boundary representation, optimized topologies are suitable for additive manufacturing (AM) without redesign or post-processing.