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Hillard Kaplan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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skill ontogeny among tsimane forager horticulturalists
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2015Co-Authors: Eric Schniter, Hillard Kaplan, Michael Gurven, Nathaniel T Wilcox, Paul L HooperAbstract:KEY WORDSacquisition; proficiency; expertise; development; life history theory ABSTRACT Objectives:We investigate whether age profiles of Tsimane forager-horticulturalists' reported skill development are consistent with predictions derived from life history theory about the timing of productivity and reproduction. Previous studies of forager skill devel- opment have often focused on a few abilities (e.g. hunt- ing), and neglected the broad range of skills and services typical of forager economies (e.g. childcare, craft produc- tion, music performance, story-telling). Materials and Methods:By systematically examining age patterns in reported acquisition, proficiency, and expertise across a broad range of activities including food production, childcare, and other services, we provide the most complete skill development study of a traditional subsistence society to date. Results:Our results show that: (1) most essential skills are acquired prior to first reproduction, then devel- oped further so that their productive returns meet the increasing demands of dependent offspring during adult- hood; (2) as postreproductive adults age beyond earlier years of peak performance, they report developing addi- tional conceptual and procedural proficiency, and despite greater physical frailty than younger adults, are consen- sually regarded as the most expert (especially in music and storytelling), consistent with their roles as providers and educators. We find that adults have accurate under- standings of their skillsets and skill levels -an impor- tant awareness for social exchange, comparison, learning, and pedagogy. Discussion:These findings extend our understanding of the evolved human life history by illustrating how changes in Embodied Capital and the needs of dependent offspring predict the development of complementary skills and services in a forager-horticulturalist economy. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:3-18, 2015. V C 2015 Wiley Period-
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skill ontogeny among tsimane forager horticulturalists
Social Science Research Network, 2015Co-Authors: Eric Schniter, Hillard Kaplan, Michael Gurven, Nathaniel T Wilcox, Paul L HooperAbstract:ObjectivesWe investigate whether age profiles of Tsimane forager-horticulturalists' reported skill development are consistent with predictions derived from life history theory about the timing of productivity and reproduction. Previous studies of forager skill development have often focused on a few abilities (e.g. hunting), and neglected the broad range of skills and services typical of forager economies (e.g. childcare, craft production, music performance, story-telling).Materials and MethodsBy systematically examining age patterns in reported acquisition, proficiency, and expertise across a broad range of activities including food production, childcare, and other services, we provide the most complete skill development study of a traditional subsistence society to date.ResultsOur results show that: (1) most essential skills are acquired prior to first reproduction, then developed further so that their productive returns meet the increasing demands of dependent offspring during adulthood; (2) as postreproductive adults age beyond earlier years of peak performance, they report developing additional conceptual and procedural proficiency, and despite greater physical frailty than younger adults, are consensually regarded as the most expert (especially in music and storytelling), consistent with their roles as providers and educators. We find that adults have accurate understandings of their skillsets and skill levels – an important awareness for social exchange, comparison, learning, and pedagogy.DiscussionThese findings extend our understanding of the evolved human life history by illustrating how changes in Embodied Capital and the needs of dependent offspring predict the development of complementary skills and services in a forager-horticulturalist economy.
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a synthetic biosocial model of fertility transition testing the relative contribution of Embodied Capital theory changing cultural norms and women s labor force participation
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2014Co-Authors: Kristin Snopkowski, Hillard KaplanAbstract:This article presents a biosocial model of fertility decline which integrates ecological-economic and informational-cultural hypotheses of fertility transition in a unified theoretical framework. The model is then applied to empirical data collected among 500 women from San Borja Bolivia a population undergoing fertility transition. Using a combination of event history analysis multiple regression and structural equation modeling we examine the pathways by which education responds to birth cohort parental education and network ties and how age at first birth and total fertility in turn respond to birth cohort social network ties education expectations about parental investment work and contraceptive use. We find that in addition to secular trends in education respondents education is associated with the education of parents the investment she received from them and the education of older siblings. Total fertility has dropped over time partly in response to increased education; moreover the behavior of other women in a womans social network predicts both initiation of reproduction and total fertility while expected parental investment in offspring negatively predicts total fertility. Involvement in paid work that is incompatible with childcare is associated with a later age of first reproduction but not subsequent fertility. Contraceptive use partially mediates the effect of education and birth cohort on total fertility but is not a mediator of the effect of social network or expected parental investment on total fertility. Overall the empirical results provide support for a biosocial model of fertility decline particularly the Embodied Capital and cultural pathways.
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skill ontogeny among tsimane forager horticulturalists
Research Papers in Economics, 2014Co-Authors: Eric Schniter, Hillard Kaplan, Michael Gurven, Nathaniel T Wilcox, Paul L HooperAbstract:By systematically examining age patterns in reported acquisition, proficiency, and expertise across a broad range of activities including food production, childcare, and other services, we provide the most complete skill development study of a traditional subsistence society to date. Previous studies of forager skill development have often focused on a few abilities (e.g. hunting), and neglected the broad range of skills and services typical of forager economies (e.g. childcare, craft production, music performance, story-telling). Here, we investigate whether age profiles of reported skill development are consistent with predictions derived from life history theory about the timing of productivity and reproduction. Our results show that: (1) most essential skills are acquired prior to first reproduction, then developed further so that their productive returns meet the increasing demands of dependent offspring during adulthood; (2) as post-reproductive adults age beyond earlier years of peak performance, they report developing additional conceptual and procedural proficiency, and despite greater physical frailty than younger adults, are consensually regarded as the most expert (especially in music and storytelling), consistent with their roles as providers and educators. We find that adults have accurate understandings of their skillsets and skill levels –an important awareness for social exchange, comparison, learning, and pedagogy. These findings extend our understanding of the evolved human life history by illustrating how changes in Embodied Capital and the needs of dependent offspring predict the development of complementary skills and services in a forager economy.
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why do women have more children than they want understanding differences in women s ideal and actual family size in a natural fertility population
American Journal of Health Behavior, 2012Co-Authors: Lisa Mcallister, Hillard Kaplan, Michael Gurven, Jonathan StieglitzAbstract:Objectives: We develop and test a conceptual model of factors influencing women’s ideal family size (IFS) in a natural fertility population, the Tsimane of Bolivia. The model posits affects of socioecology, reproductive history, maternal condition, and men’s IFS. We test three hypotheses for why women may exceed their IFS despite experiencing socioeconomic development: (H1) limited autonomy; (H2) improved maternal condition; and (H3) low returns on investments in Embodied Capital. Methods: Women’s reproductive histories and prospective fertility data were collected from 2002 to 2008 (n 5 305 women). Semistructured interviews were conducted with Tsimane women to study the perceived value of parental investment (n 5 76). Multiple regression, t-tests, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are used to test model predictions. Results: Women’s IFS is predicted by their socioecology, reproductive history, maternal condition, and husband’s IFS. Hypotheses 2 and 3 are supported. Couples residing near town have smaller IFS (women 5 3.75 6 1.64; men 5 3.87 6 2.64) and less variance in IFS. However, the degree fertility exceeds IFS is inversely correlated with distance to town (Partial r 52 0.189, df 5 156, P 5 0.018). Women living near town have greater maternal condition but 64% value traditional skills over formal schooling and 88% believe living in town is unfeasible. Conclusions: While reduced IFS is evident with socioeconomic development, fertility decline may not immediately follow. When perceived benefits of investment in novel forms of Embodied Capital are low, and somatic wealth and large kin networks persist as important components of fitness, fertility may remain high and increase if maternal condition improves. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 24:786‐799, 2012. ' 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Michael Gurven - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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information transmission and the oral tradition evidence of a late life service niche for tsimane amerindians
Evolution and Human Behavior, 2018Co-Authors: Eric Schniter, Nathaniel T Wilcox, Bret Alexander Beheim, Hlliard S Kaplan, Michael GurvenAbstract:Abstract Storytelling can affect wellbeing and fitness by transmitting information and reinforcing cultural codes of conduct. Despite their potential importance, the development and timing of storytelling skills, and the transmission of story knowledge have received minimal attention in studies of subsistence societies that more often focus on food production skills. Here we examine how storytelling and patterns of information transmission among Tsimane forager-horticulturalists are predicted by the changing age profiles of storytellers' abilities and accumulated experience. We find that storytelling skills are most developed among older adults who demonstrate superior knowledge of traditional stories and who report telling stories most. We find that the important information transmitted via storytelling typically flows from older to younger generations, and stories are primarily learned from older same-sex relatives, especially grandparents. Our findings suggest that the oral tradition provides a specialized late-life service niche for Tsimane adults who have accumulated important experience and knowledge relevant to foraging and sociality, but have lost comparative advantage in other productive domains. These findings may help extend our understanding of the evolved human life history by illustrating how changes in Embodied Capital predict the development of information transmission services in a forager-horticulturalist economy.
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skill ontogeny among tsimane forager horticulturalists
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2015Co-Authors: Eric Schniter, Hillard Kaplan, Michael Gurven, Nathaniel T Wilcox, Paul L HooperAbstract:KEY WORDSacquisition; proficiency; expertise; development; life history theory ABSTRACT Objectives:We investigate whether age profiles of Tsimane forager-horticulturalists' reported skill development are consistent with predictions derived from life history theory about the timing of productivity and reproduction. Previous studies of forager skill devel- opment have often focused on a few abilities (e.g. hunt- ing), and neglected the broad range of skills and services typical of forager economies (e.g. childcare, craft produc- tion, music performance, story-telling). Materials and Methods:By systematically examining age patterns in reported acquisition, proficiency, and expertise across a broad range of activities including food production, childcare, and other services, we provide the most complete skill development study of a traditional subsistence society to date. Results:Our results show that: (1) most essential skills are acquired prior to first reproduction, then devel- oped further so that their productive returns meet the increasing demands of dependent offspring during adult- hood; (2) as postreproductive adults age beyond earlier years of peak performance, they report developing addi- tional conceptual and procedural proficiency, and despite greater physical frailty than younger adults, are consen- sually regarded as the most expert (especially in music and storytelling), consistent with their roles as providers and educators. We find that adults have accurate under- standings of their skillsets and skill levels -an impor- tant awareness for social exchange, comparison, learning, and pedagogy. Discussion:These findings extend our understanding of the evolved human life history by illustrating how changes in Embodied Capital and the needs of dependent offspring predict the development of complementary skills and services in a forager-horticulturalist economy. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:3-18, 2015. V C 2015 Wiley Period-
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adaptive personality calibration in a human society effects of Embodied Capital on prosocial traits
Behavioral Ecology, 2015Co-Authors: Christopher Von Rueden, Aaron W Lukaszewski, Michael GurvenAbstract:Evolutionary theories of personality origins have stimulated much empirical research in recent years, but pertinent data from small-scale human societies have been in short supply. We investigate adaptively patterned personality variation among Tsimane’ forager-horticulturalists. Based on a consideration of cost-benefit tradeoffs that likely maintain variation in human prosociality, we hypothesize that individual differences in prosocial personality traits are facultatively calibrated to variation in "Embodied Capital"—that is, knowledge, skills, or somatic traits that increase expected future fitness. In support of this hypothesis, 2 components of Embodied Capital—physical strength and formal education—associated positively with Tsimane’ prosocial leadership orientation (PLO), a broad personality dimension representing gregarious cooperation, interpersonal warmth, and pursuit of leadership. Moreover, using pedigrees to compute heritability estimates, strength and education had additive effects on the heritable variance in PLO, which suggests that prosocial traits may be "reactively heritable" by virtue of their calibration to condition-dependent components of Embodied Capital. Although alternative explanations must be falsified in future research, our findings 1) provide one of the first demonstrations of adaptively patterned personality variation in a small-scale society and 2) illustrate the potential power of an adaptationist approach to elucidate the causal underpinnings of heritable personality variation.
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skill ontogeny among tsimane forager horticulturalists
Social Science Research Network, 2015Co-Authors: Eric Schniter, Hillard Kaplan, Michael Gurven, Nathaniel T Wilcox, Paul L HooperAbstract:ObjectivesWe investigate whether age profiles of Tsimane forager-horticulturalists' reported skill development are consistent with predictions derived from life history theory about the timing of productivity and reproduction. Previous studies of forager skill development have often focused on a few abilities (e.g. hunting), and neglected the broad range of skills and services typical of forager economies (e.g. childcare, craft production, music performance, story-telling).Materials and MethodsBy systematically examining age patterns in reported acquisition, proficiency, and expertise across a broad range of activities including food production, childcare, and other services, we provide the most complete skill development study of a traditional subsistence society to date.ResultsOur results show that: (1) most essential skills are acquired prior to first reproduction, then developed further so that their productive returns meet the increasing demands of dependent offspring during adulthood; (2) as postreproductive adults age beyond earlier years of peak performance, they report developing additional conceptual and procedural proficiency, and despite greater physical frailty than younger adults, are consensually regarded as the most expert (especially in music and storytelling), consistent with their roles as providers and educators. We find that adults have accurate understandings of their skillsets and skill levels – an important awareness for social exchange, comparison, learning, and pedagogy.DiscussionThese findings extend our understanding of the evolved human life history by illustrating how changes in Embodied Capital and the needs of dependent offspring predict the development of complementary skills and services in a forager-horticulturalist economy.
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skill ontogeny among tsimane forager horticulturalists
Research Papers in Economics, 2014Co-Authors: Eric Schniter, Hillard Kaplan, Michael Gurven, Nathaniel T Wilcox, Paul L HooperAbstract:By systematically examining age patterns in reported acquisition, proficiency, and expertise across a broad range of activities including food production, childcare, and other services, we provide the most complete skill development study of a traditional subsistence society to date. Previous studies of forager skill development have often focused on a few abilities (e.g. hunting), and neglected the broad range of skills and services typical of forager economies (e.g. childcare, craft production, music performance, story-telling). Here, we investigate whether age profiles of reported skill development are consistent with predictions derived from life history theory about the timing of productivity and reproduction. Our results show that: (1) most essential skills are acquired prior to first reproduction, then developed further so that their productive returns meet the increasing demands of dependent offspring during adulthood; (2) as post-reproductive adults age beyond earlier years of peak performance, they report developing additional conceptual and procedural proficiency, and despite greater physical frailty than younger adults, are consensually regarded as the most expert (especially in music and storytelling), consistent with their roles as providers and educators. We find that adults have accurate understandings of their skillsets and skill levels –an important awareness for social exchange, comparison, learning, and pedagogy. These findings extend our understanding of the evolved human life history by illustrating how changes in Embodied Capital and the needs of dependent offspring predict the development of complementary skills and services in a forager economy.
David W Lawson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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trade offs in children s time allocation mixed support for Embodied Capital models of the demographic transition in tanzania
Current Anthropology, 2018Co-Authors: Sophie Hedges, Rebecca Sear, Jim Todd, Mark Urassa, David W LawsonAbstract:Embodied Capital theory (ECT) argues that socioeconomic “modernization” leads to high-cost, high-return parental investments in education, in turn incentivizing demographic transitions to low fertility. However, few studies have directly investigated the proposed opportunity costs of schooling in contemporary developing populations undergoing socioeconomic change. We present a study of children’s time use in two communities in Mwanza, Tanzania, representing either end of a local rural-urban gradient. Consistent with ECT, town residence compared with village residence was associated with increased schooling at the expense of time allocation to children’s work. However, these patterns apply primarily to boys, for whom herding work is relatively incompatible with schooling. Girls more readily combine domestic chores with school attendance, a pattern that may account for unexpectedly high female school enrollment in this population. Furthermore, the strongest time allocation trade-offs were not between school and work but between school and leisure time, suggesting overall low opportunity costs to education. Mixed support for ECT may partially explain why fertility decline has stalled in many low-income countries despite education uptake. Finally, we advocate that international development programs consider the well-being implications of reduced leisure time accompanying education uptake, particularly for girls maintaining a “double shift” of school and domestic work.
Sophie Hedges - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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trade offs in children s time allocation mixed support for Embodied Capital models of the demographic transition in tanzania
Current Anthropology, 2018Co-Authors: Sophie Hedges, Rebecca Sear, Jim Todd, Mark Urassa, David W LawsonAbstract:Embodied Capital theory (ECT) argues that socioeconomic “modernization” leads to high-cost, high-return parental investments in education, in turn incentivizing demographic transitions to low fertility. However, few studies have directly investigated the proposed opportunity costs of schooling in contemporary developing populations undergoing socioeconomic change. We present a study of children’s time use in two communities in Mwanza, Tanzania, representing either end of a local rural-urban gradient. Consistent with ECT, town residence compared with village residence was associated with increased schooling at the expense of time allocation to children’s work. However, these patterns apply primarily to boys, for whom herding work is relatively incompatible with schooling. Girls more readily combine domestic chores with school attendance, a pattern that may account for unexpectedly high female school enrollment in this population. Furthermore, the strongest time allocation trade-offs were not between school and work but between school and leisure time, suggesting overall low opportunity costs to education. Mixed support for ECT may partially explain why fertility decline has stalled in many low-income countries despite education uptake. Finally, we advocate that international development programs consider the well-being implications of reduced leisure time accompanying education uptake, particularly for girls maintaining a “double shift” of school and domestic work.
Kristin Snopkowski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a synthetic biosocial model of fertility transition testing the relative contribution of Embodied Capital theory changing cultural norms and women s labor force participation
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2014Co-Authors: Kristin Snopkowski, Hillard KaplanAbstract:This article presents a biosocial model of fertility decline which integrates ecological-economic and informational-cultural hypotheses of fertility transition in a unified theoretical framework. The model is then applied to empirical data collected among 500 women from San Borja Bolivia a population undergoing fertility transition. Using a combination of event history analysis multiple regression and structural equation modeling we examine the pathways by which education responds to birth cohort parental education and network ties and how age at first birth and total fertility in turn respond to birth cohort social network ties education expectations about parental investment work and contraceptive use. We find that in addition to secular trends in education respondents education is associated with the education of parents the investment she received from them and the education of older siblings. Total fertility has dropped over time partly in response to increased education; moreover the behavior of other women in a womans social network predicts both initiation of reproduction and total fertility while expected parental investment in offspring negatively predicts total fertility. Involvement in paid work that is incompatible with childcare is associated with a later age of first reproduction but not subsequent fertility. Contraceptive use partially mediates the effect of education and birth cohort on total fertility but is not a mediator of the effect of social network or expected parental investment on total fertility. Overall the empirical results provide support for a biosocial model of fertility decline particularly the Embodied Capital and cultural pathways.