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John Lingard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Subsistence agriculture in transition economies its roles and determinants
Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2004Co-Authors: Phillip Kostov, John LingardAbstract:This paper discusses some beneficial effects of Subsistence agriculture with emphasis on transition countries. Micro‐economic models of Subsistence agriculture are reviewed and a two‐stage decision model, combining risk aversion and transaction costs explanations for Subsistence is developed. The role of Subsistence agriculture is addressed in a static comparison to a purely commercial agriculture. We argue that Subsistence can play a stabilising role and have beneficial impacts on the agricultural sector when the resources it employs are unwanted by the commercial sector. The exact conditions under which the latter is true are analysed in a static general equilibrium framework. Employing the concept of the Subsistence level of consumption, the paper demonstrates that these static effects can be valid in a dynamic perspective, provided additional conditions are met. Policy recommendations with regard to agricultural commercialisation are presented. These explicitly rely upon assumptions about the orientation of Subsistence farmers. The lack of current research into this important behavioural feature of farmers in transition countries requires urgent action. There is urgent need for more research into the motivation, objectives and behaviour of Subsistence farmers in rural economies of countries in transition.
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Institutional foundations of Subsistence agriculture in transition economies
2004Co-Authors: Phillip Kostov, John LingardAbstract:The paper considers the problem of Subsistence and semi-Subsistence farming in Central and Easter Europe. The latter is analysed in terms of the institutional characteristics of the transition process. The concepts of institutions and institutional change are clarified and Subsistence agriculture is derived as a natural consequence from the process of economic transition. The process of shortening which gives rise to Subsistence agriculture is described. It is demonstrated to have economy-wide effects, and in the domain of agriculture these effects lead the emergence of Subsistence behavioural patterns. The policy implications of the proposed view of Subsistence agriculture are briefly reviewed and some policy recommendations derived.
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On the nature of Bulgarian Subsistence agriculture
2004Co-Authors: Phillip Kostov, John LingardAbstract:In most countries of Central and Eastern Europe the process of transition to market economy resulted in an increasingly Subsistence type of agriculture. The extent of Subsistence farming varies from one country to another, but the phenomenon is universally present. The very existence, yet expansion of Subsistence agriculture has been perceived as a paradox. It is sufficient to remind that it simply does not fit the definition of transition, which is viewed as a process that has to bring about the market into economy, the same market that went missing in agriculture. The latter would incline one to consider Subsistence agriculture as a temporary phenomenon that will perish as transition advances. The basic textbook economic theory views Subsistence agriculture as implicitly irrational and contradicting the sound economic logic and principles. This is also the prevailing opinion on the nature of Subsistence agriculture in transition economies, as well as in general. This paper challenges this viewpoint and argues that Subsistence agriculture is not only logical consequence from the worsened economic conditions at individual level, but it contributes to the overall market stability. Developing the argument with regard to Bulgaria, which is a country with a large share of Subsistence agriculture, as an illustration, it dismisses the claims that Subsistence causes waste of production resources and loss of overall welfare. Conversely, it is demonstrates that Subsistence agriculture increases both production and consumption.
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Modelling the effects of Subsistence on Bulgarian agricultural performance
Computational Economics, 2004Co-Authors: Phillip Kostov, John LingardAbstract:The paper demonstrates the effects that the largely ignored, phenomenon of Subsistence farming can have on agricultural development in countries in transition. The problem of Subsistence consists of the different economic behaviour of Subsistence farms compared to commercial ones. The paper evaluates the impacts of Subsistence on overall agriculture for Bulgaria. These are assessed using a dualistic agricultural sector model, namely SCAPAM, the main elements of which are highlighted. The above model is based on theoretical principles, analysed in previous work of the authors, and on existing, but largely unreported empirical work in this area. The purpose of the study is not to produce forecasts of the future dynamics of the agricultural sector, but to evaluate and quantitatively test the effects of Subsistence on total agriculture for a real agricultural economy in transition, namely Bulgaria. The results are consistent with the theoretical and empirical work of the authors for a hypothetical agricultural economy.
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Subsistence agriculture in transition economies its roles and determinants
Others, 2004Co-Authors: Phillip Kostov, John LingardAbstract:In line with recent suggestions about the potential positive effects of Subsistence agriculture in fragile economies, this paper discusses and explains the effects of Subsistence agriculture with emphasis on transition countries. Some micro-economic models of Subsistence agriculture are reviewed and a two-stage decision model, combining risk aversion and transaction costs explanations for Subsistence is put forward. The role of Subsistence agriculture is addressed in terms of a static comparison to a commercial only agriculture. It is shown that, under some conditions, Subsistence can play a stabilising role and have positive impacts on total agriculture. Employing the concept of a Subsistence level of consumption, the paper demonstrates that these static effects can be valid in a dynamic perspective, provided additional conditions are met. Policy recommendations and a future research agenda with regard to possible agricultural commercialisation are drawn from the analysis.
Matthew Gorton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the commercialisation of Subsistence farms evidence from the new member states of the eu
Land Use Policy, 2017Co-Authors: Lena Fredriksson, Matthew Gorton, Alastair Bailey, Sophia Davidova, Diana TraikovaAbstract:For selected regions of five EU Member States (Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovenia), this paper examines the determinants of the commercialisation of (semi)Subsistence farms. While Subsistence farming has become an important feature of the EU, there is a lack of evidence on its spatial distribution, importance and reasons for persistence. The analysis utilises cross-regional survey data and qualitative interviews. Results suggest the absence of a Subsistence poverty trap driven by either farmer perceptions or transactions costs although capital endowment appears to play a significant part. On the other hand the degree of market engagement depends on access costs, which vary with location, households’ productive assets, specialisation, and risk propensity. Implications for land use policy are discussed.
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an evaluation of the importance of Subsistence food production for assessments of poverty and policy targeting evidence from romania
Food Policy, 2005Co-Authors: Dan Alex Petrovici, Matthew GortonAbstract:A representative survey of Romanian households highlights the importance of Subsistence food production to consumer welfare. Estimates of the incidence of poverty are sensitive to the valuation of Subsistence production, particularly for certain sub-groups. The characteristics of those engaged in Subsistence food production are profiled and sub-groups identified using a combination of factor and cluster analysis. The factor analysis identifies three dimensions of indicators to characterise households (rurality, financial resources and time dedicated to main activity). Based on these factors, four clusters of Romanian households are identified. The two poorest groups are the most rural and dependent on Subsistence production, and the assessment of the latter’s value is most important to these groups in terms the numbers classified as poor. Poverty alleviation strategies for each sub-group are discussed.
Phillip Kostov - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Subsistence agriculture in transition economies its roles and determinants
Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2004Co-Authors: Phillip Kostov, John LingardAbstract:This paper discusses some beneficial effects of Subsistence agriculture with emphasis on transition countries. Micro‐economic models of Subsistence agriculture are reviewed and a two‐stage decision model, combining risk aversion and transaction costs explanations for Subsistence is developed. The role of Subsistence agriculture is addressed in a static comparison to a purely commercial agriculture. We argue that Subsistence can play a stabilising role and have beneficial impacts on the agricultural sector when the resources it employs are unwanted by the commercial sector. The exact conditions under which the latter is true are analysed in a static general equilibrium framework. Employing the concept of the Subsistence level of consumption, the paper demonstrates that these static effects can be valid in a dynamic perspective, provided additional conditions are met. Policy recommendations with regard to agricultural commercialisation are presented. These explicitly rely upon assumptions about the orientation of Subsistence farmers. The lack of current research into this important behavioural feature of farmers in transition countries requires urgent action. There is urgent need for more research into the motivation, objectives and behaviour of Subsistence farmers in rural economies of countries in transition.
-
Institutional foundations of Subsistence agriculture in transition economies
2004Co-Authors: Phillip Kostov, John LingardAbstract:The paper considers the problem of Subsistence and semi-Subsistence farming in Central and Easter Europe. The latter is analysed in terms of the institutional characteristics of the transition process. The concepts of institutions and institutional change are clarified and Subsistence agriculture is derived as a natural consequence from the process of economic transition. The process of shortening which gives rise to Subsistence agriculture is described. It is demonstrated to have economy-wide effects, and in the domain of agriculture these effects lead the emergence of Subsistence behavioural patterns. The policy implications of the proposed view of Subsistence agriculture are briefly reviewed and some policy recommendations derived.
-
On the nature of Bulgarian Subsistence agriculture
2004Co-Authors: Phillip Kostov, John LingardAbstract:In most countries of Central and Eastern Europe the process of transition to market economy resulted in an increasingly Subsistence type of agriculture. The extent of Subsistence farming varies from one country to another, but the phenomenon is universally present. The very existence, yet expansion of Subsistence agriculture has been perceived as a paradox. It is sufficient to remind that it simply does not fit the definition of transition, which is viewed as a process that has to bring about the market into economy, the same market that went missing in agriculture. The latter would incline one to consider Subsistence agriculture as a temporary phenomenon that will perish as transition advances. The basic textbook economic theory views Subsistence agriculture as implicitly irrational and contradicting the sound economic logic and principles. This is also the prevailing opinion on the nature of Subsistence agriculture in transition economies, as well as in general. This paper challenges this viewpoint and argues that Subsistence agriculture is not only logical consequence from the worsened economic conditions at individual level, but it contributes to the overall market stability. Developing the argument with regard to Bulgaria, which is a country with a large share of Subsistence agriculture, as an illustration, it dismisses the claims that Subsistence causes waste of production resources and loss of overall welfare. Conversely, it is demonstrates that Subsistence agriculture increases both production and consumption.
-
Modelling the effects of Subsistence on Bulgarian agricultural performance
Computational Economics, 2004Co-Authors: Phillip Kostov, John LingardAbstract:The paper demonstrates the effects that the largely ignored, phenomenon of Subsistence farming can have on agricultural development in countries in transition. The problem of Subsistence consists of the different economic behaviour of Subsistence farms compared to commercial ones. The paper evaluates the impacts of Subsistence on overall agriculture for Bulgaria. These are assessed using a dualistic agricultural sector model, namely SCAPAM, the main elements of which are highlighted. The above model is based on theoretical principles, analysed in previous work of the authors, and on existing, but largely unreported empirical work in this area. The purpose of the study is not to produce forecasts of the future dynamics of the agricultural sector, but to evaluate and quantitatively test the effects of Subsistence on total agriculture for a real agricultural economy in transition, namely Bulgaria. The results are consistent with the theoretical and empirical work of the authors for a hypothetical agricultural economy.
-
Subsistence agriculture in transition economies its roles and determinants
Others, 2004Co-Authors: Phillip Kostov, John LingardAbstract:In line with recent suggestions about the potential positive effects of Subsistence agriculture in fragile economies, this paper discusses and explains the effects of Subsistence agriculture with emphasis on transition countries. Some micro-economic models of Subsistence agriculture are reviewed and a two-stage decision model, combining risk aversion and transaction costs explanations for Subsistence is put forward. The role of Subsistence agriculture is addressed in terms of a static comparison to a commercial only agriculture. It is shown that, under some conditions, Subsistence can play a stabilising role and have positive impacts on total agriculture. Employing the concept of a Subsistence level of consumption, the paper demonstrates that these static effects can be valid in a dynamic perspective, provided additional conditions are met. Policy recommendations and a future research agenda with regard to possible agricultural commercialisation are drawn from the analysis.
G. L. Dusseldorp - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Faunal Assemblage Structure Suggests a Limited Impact of the Introduction of Domestic Stock on Later Stone Age Subsistence Economies in South Africa
African Archaeological Review, 2016Co-Authors: G. L. DusseldorpAbstract:Livestock remains appear in the South African archaeological record around 2100 years ago. However, the economic importance of domestic animals in Later Stone Age Subsistence is debated. This paper adopts an approach rooted in Optimal Foraging Theory to examine if the introduction of livestock is reflected in changing taxonomic diversity of faunal assemblages. Based on the analysis of a database of 300+ faunal assemblages, it is concluded that the economic importance of livestock during the final Later Stone Age of South Africa was relatively limited. Les restes des animaux domestiques apparaissent dans des assemblages fauniques en Afrique du Sud à partir d’il y a 2100 ans. Le rôle du bétail dans les stratégies de subsistance des chasseurs-cueilleurs des «Later Stone Age » ne sont pas bien compris. Ici, j’adopte l’approche « Optimal Foraging Strategy » pour examiner comment l’adoption du gibier influence l’exploitation des animaux sauvages. J’examine le diversité taxonomique de 300+ assemblages faunique accumulés avant et après l’introduction de bétail. Il n’y a pas des changes significantes dans la diversité des espèces répresentées. Cela indique que l’importance economique des animaux domestiques était faible.
Peter J. Mitchell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Organization of Later Stone Age Lithic Technology in the Caledon Valley, Southern Africa
African Archaeological Review, 2000Co-Authors: Peter J. MitchellAbstract:Paleoclimatic data indicate that the Pleistocene/Holocene transition was a period of considerable ecological change in the Caledon Valley of the southern African interior. Stone artefact assemblages from sites in one part of this region, the Phutiatsana ea Thaba Bosiu (PTB) Basin of western Lesotho, were analyzed in order to investigate whether changes in settlement and Subsistence strategies during this period are also reflected in the organization of lithic technologies. It appears that although technological solutions to the problems of Subsistence risk may have been emphasized during the late Pleistocene, social means, such as exchange, dominated at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary. Subsequent innovation or adoption of new formal tool types suggests that both strategies were important from the middle Holocene onwards. Dans la vallée de Caledon à l'intérieur sud-africain les données paléoclimatiques indiquent que la transition du pléistocène à l'holocène était une période de changement écologique considérable. Les résultats des analyses des outils lithiques découverts aux gisements dans une partie de cette région, le Bassin de la Phuthiatsana ea Thaba Bosiu (PTB) du Lesotho occidentale, sont présentées pour examiner si des changements aux stratégies de subsistance et de l'occupation des sites se réfletent à l'organisation des technologies lithiques. Il semble que on a employé les solutions technologiques pour éviter les risques de subsistance pendant le pléistocène tardif, mais que des solutions sociales, comme l'échange, prédominaient à la frontière pléistocène-holocène. L'innovation ou l'adoption plus tard des nouvelles outils lithiques suggère que tous les deux stratégies étaient importantes depuis le début du moyen Holocène.
