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Hillel Rapoport - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the brain drain and the world distribution of income
Journal of Development Economics, 2011Co-Authors: Andrew Mountford, Hillel RapoportAbstract:Skilled Emigration (or brain drain) from developing to developed countries is becoming the dominant pattern of international migration today. Such migration is likely to affect the world distribution of income both directly, through the mobility of people, and indirectly, as the prospect of migration affects the rate of return to education in both the sending and receiving economies. This migration pattern will therefore affect human capital accumulation and fertility decisions in both the sending and receiving economies. This paper analyzes these effects in a dynamic two country model of the world economy where agents in both countries make optimal fertility and human capital decisions. The implications of the analysis for the world distribution of income are derived in the light of recent empirical findings of the brain drain literature. The analysis shows that the current trend towards predominantly skilled Emigration from poor to rich countries may in the long run increase inequality in the world distribution of income as relatively poor countries grow large in terms of population. In the short run however, it is possible for world inequality to fall due to rises in GDP per capita in large developing economies with sufficiently low skilled Emigration rates.
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Emigration and democracy
Journal of Development Economics, 2011Co-Authors: Frederic Docquier, Hillel Rapoport, Elisabetta Lodigiani, Maurice SchiffAbstract:Migration is an important yet neglected determinant of institutions. This paper documents the channels through which Emigration affects home country institutions and considers dynamic-panel regressions for a large sample of developing countries. The authors find that Emigration and human capital both increase democracy and economic freedom. This implies that unskilled (skilled) Emigration has a positive (ambiguous) impact on institutional quality. Simulations show an impact of skilled Emigration that is generally positive, significant for a few countries and for many countries once incentive effects of Emigration on human capital formation are accounted for.
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Emigration and democracy
Research Papers in Economics, 2011Co-Authors: Frederic Docquier, Hillel Rapoport, Elisabetta Lodigiani, Maurice SchiffAbstract:Migration is an important and yet neglected determinant of institutions. The paper documents the channels through which Emigration affects home country institutions and considers dynamic-panel regressions for a large sample of developing countries. We find that Emigration and human capital both increase democracy and economic freedom. This implies that unskilled (skilled) Emigration has a positive (ambiguous) impact on institutional quality. Simulations show an impact of skilled Emigration that is generally positive, significant for a few countries in the short run and for many countries in the long run once incentive effects of Emigration on human capital formation are accounted for.
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brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries winners and losers
The Economic Journal, 2008Co-Authors: Michel Beine, Frederic Docquier, Hillel RapoportAbstract:The brain drain has long been viewed as a serious constraint on poor countries development. However, recent theoretical literature suggests that Emigration prospects can raise the expected return to human capital and foster investment in education at home. This paper takes advantage of a new dataset on Emigration rates by education level (Docquier and Marfouk, 2006) to examine the impact of brain drain migration on human capital formation in developing countries. We find evidence of a positive effect of skilled migration prospects on gross human capital levels in a cross-section of 127 developing countries. For each country we then estimate the net effect of the brain drain using counterfactual simulations. We find that countries combining relatively low levels of human capital and low skilled Emigration rates are likely to experience a net gain, and conversely. There appears to be more losers than winners, and in addition the former tend to lose relatively more than what the latter gain. At an aggregate level however, and given that the largest developing countries are all among the winners, brain drain migration may be seen not only as increasing the number of skilled workers worldwide but also the number of such workers living in developing countries.
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brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries winners and losers
The Economic Journal, 2008Co-Authors: Michel Beine, Frederic Docquier, Hillel RapoportAbstract:Using new data on Emigration rates by education level, we examine the impact of brain drain migration on human capital formation in developing countries. We find evidence of a positive effect of skilled migration prospects on gross human capital formation in a cross-section of 127 countries. For each country of the sample we then estimate the net effect of the brain drain using counterfactual simulations. Countries combining relatively low levels of human capital and low Emigration rates are shown to experience a ‘beneficial brain drain’, and conversely, there are more losers than winners, and the former tend to lose relatively more than what the latter gain.
Frederic Docquier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Emigration and democracy
Journal of Development Economics, 2011Co-Authors: Frederic Docquier, Hillel Rapoport, Elisabetta Lodigiani, Maurice SchiffAbstract:Migration is an important yet neglected determinant of institutions. This paper documents the channels through which Emigration affects home country institutions and considers dynamic-panel regressions for a large sample of developing countries. The authors find that Emigration and human capital both increase democracy and economic freedom. This implies that unskilled (skilled) Emigration has a positive (ambiguous) impact on institutional quality. Simulations show an impact of skilled Emigration that is generally positive, significant for a few countries and for many countries once incentive effects of Emigration on human capital formation are accounted for.
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Emigration and democracy
Research Papers in Economics, 2011Co-Authors: Frederic Docquier, Hillel Rapoport, Elisabetta Lodigiani, Maurice SchiffAbstract:Migration is an important and yet neglected determinant of institutions. The paper documents the channels through which Emigration affects home country institutions and considers dynamic-panel regressions for a large sample of developing countries. We find that Emigration and human capital both increase democracy and economic freedom. This implies that unskilled (skilled) Emigration has a positive (ambiguous) impact on institutional quality. Simulations show an impact of skilled Emigration that is generally positive, significant for a few countries in the short run and for many countries in the long run once incentive effects of Emigration on human capital formation are accounted for.
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the wage effects of immigration and Emigration
Research Papers in Economics, 2010Co-Authors: Frederic Docquier, Caglar Ozden, Giovanni PeriAbstract:Immigrants in Rome or Paris are more visible to the public eye than the Italian or French engineers in Silicon Valley, especially when it comes to the debate on the effects of immigration on the employment and wages of natives in high-income countries. This paper argues that such public fears, especially in European countries are misplaced; instead, more concern should be directed towards Emigration. Using a new dataset on migration flows by education levels for the period 1990-2000, the results show the following: First, immigration had zero to small positive long-run effect on the average wages of natives, ranging from zero in Italy to +1.7 percent in Australia. Second, Emigration had a mild to significant negative long-run effect ranging from zero for the US to -0.8 percent in the UK. Third, over the period 1990-2000, immigration generally improved the income distribution of European countries while Emigration worsened it by increasing the wage gap between the high and low skilled natives. These patterns hold true using a range of parameters for the simulations, accounting for the estimates of undocumented immigrants, and correcting for the quality of schooling and/or labor-market downgrading of skills. All results go counter to the popular beliefs about migration, but they are due to the higher skill intensity of both Emigration and immigration relative to non-migrants.
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a gendered assessment of highly skilled Emigration
Population and Development Review, 2009Co-Authors: Frederic Docquier, Lindsay L Lowell, Abdeslam MarfoukAbstract:Although women form a large and increasing proportion of international migrants, women's mobility has generally been overlooked in the literature. Quantifying and characterizing female migration should lead to a better understanding of the forces that shape international migration. We build an original data set providing gender-disaggregated indicators of international migration by educational attainment for 195 source countries in 1990 and 2000. We find that women represent an increasing share of the immigration stock in the OECD countries and exhibit higher skilled Emigration rates than men.
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brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries winners and losers
The Economic Journal, 2008Co-Authors: Michel Beine, Frederic Docquier, Hillel RapoportAbstract:The brain drain has long been viewed as a serious constraint on poor countries development. However, recent theoretical literature suggests that Emigration prospects can raise the expected return to human capital and foster investment in education at home. This paper takes advantage of a new dataset on Emigration rates by education level (Docquier and Marfouk, 2006) to examine the impact of brain drain migration on human capital formation in developing countries. We find evidence of a positive effect of skilled migration prospects on gross human capital levels in a cross-section of 127 developing countries. For each country we then estimate the net effect of the brain drain using counterfactual simulations. We find that countries combining relatively low levels of human capital and low skilled Emigration rates are likely to experience a net gain, and conversely. There appears to be more losers than winners, and in addition the former tend to lose relatively more than what the latter gain. At an aggregate level however, and given that the largest developing countries are all among the winners, brain drain migration may be seen not only as increasing the number of skilled workers worldwide but also the number of such workers living in developing countries.
Michel Beine - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries winners and losers
The Economic Journal, 2008Co-Authors: Michel Beine, Frederic Docquier, Hillel RapoportAbstract:Using new data on Emigration rates by education level, we examine the impact of brain drain migration on human capital formation in developing countries. We find evidence of a positive effect of skilled migration prospects on gross human capital formation in a cross-section of 127 countries. For each country of the sample we then estimate the net effect of the brain drain using counterfactual simulations. Countries combining relatively low levels of human capital and low Emigration rates are shown to experience a ‘beneficial brain drain’, and conversely, there are more losers than winners, and the former tend to lose relatively more than what the latter gain.
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brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries winners and losers
The Economic Journal, 2008Co-Authors: Michel Beine, Frederic Docquier, Hillel RapoportAbstract:The brain drain has long been viewed as a serious constraint on poor countries development. However, recent theoretical literature suggests that Emigration prospects can raise the expected return to human capital and foster investment in education at home. This paper takes advantage of a new dataset on Emigration rates by education level (Docquier and Marfouk, 2006) to examine the impact of brain drain migration on human capital formation in developing countries. We find evidence of a positive effect of skilled migration prospects on gross human capital levels in a cross-section of 127 developing countries. For each country we then estimate the net effect of the brain drain using counterfactual simulations. We find that countries combining relatively low levels of human capital and low skilled Emigration rates are likely to experience a net gain, and conversely. There appears to be more losers than winners, and in addition the former tend to lose relatively more than what the latter gain. At an aggregate level however, and given that the largest developing countries are all among the winners, brain drain migration may be seen not only as increasing the number of skilled workers worldwide but also the number of such workers living in developing countries.
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brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries winners and losers
ULB Institutional Repository, 2008Co-Authors: Michel Beine, Frederic Docquier, Hillel RapoportAbstract:The brain drain has long been viewed as a serious constraint on poor countries development. However, recent theoretical literature suggests that Emigration prospects can raise the expected return to human capital and foster investment in education at home. This paper takes advantage of a new dataset on Emigration rates by education level (Docquier and Marfouk, 2006) to examine the impact of brain drain migration on human capital formation in developing countries. We find evidence of a positive effect of skilled migration prospects on gross human capital levels in a cross-section of 127 developing countries. For each country we then estimate the net effect of the brain drain using counterfactual simulations. We find that countries combining relatively low levels of human capital and low skilled Emigration rates are likely to experience a net gain, and conversely. There appears to be more losers than winners, and in addition the former tend to lose relatively more than what the latter gain. At an aggregate level however, and given that the largest developing countries are all among the winners, brain drain migration may be seen not only as increasing the number of skilled workers worldwide but also the number of such workers living in developing countries.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Jeffrey G Williamson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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are third world Emigration forces abating
World Development, 2011Co-Authors: Timothy J Hatton, Jeffrey G WilliamsonAbstract:Most observers appear to believe that Third World Emigration pressure is on the rise. But history suggests that migration typically follows a bell shape, in which case it might be entering on the downward phase. This paper estimates the economic and demographic fundamentals driving Emigration from the developing world to the United States since 1970. The results suggest that Emigration pressure, determined largely by source country demographics, education, poverty, and migrant stock dynamics, has recently been abating. Projections into the future suggest that it may even decline, and that its composition will become much more African and much less Hispanic.
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are third world Emigration forces abating
Research Papers in Economics, 2009Co-Authors: Timothy J Hatton, Jeffrey G WilliamsonAbstract:While most observers appear to believe that Third World Emigration pressure is on the rise, history suggests that migration typically follows a bell shape, in which case it might not be. This paper estimates the economic and demographic fundamentals driving Emigration from the developing world to the United States since 1970. The results suggest that Emigration pressure, determined largely by source country demographics, education, poverty and migrant stock dynamics, has been abating. Projections into the future suggest that it may even decline, and that its composition will be much more African and much less Hispanic.
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demographic and economic pressure on Emigration out of africa
The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2003Co-Authors: Timothy J Hatton, Jeffrey G WilliamsonAbstract:Two of the main forces driving European Emigration in the late nineteenth century were real wage gaps between sending and receiving regions and demographic booms in the low-wage sending regions. Our new estimates of net migration for the countries of sub-Saharan Africa show that exactly the same forces driving African across-border migration are at work today. The results suggest that rapid growth in the cohort of potential young emigrants, population pressure on the resource base, and slow economic growth are likely to intensify the pressure for migration out of Africa and into high-wage OECD countries over the next two decades.
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demographic and economic pressure on Emigration out of africa
Research Papers in Economics, 2001Co-Authors: Timothy J Hatton, Jeffrey G WilliamsonAbstract:Two of the main forces driving European Emigration in the late nineteenth century were real wage gaps between sending and receiving regions and demographic booms in the low-wage sending regions (directly augmenting the supply of potential movers as well as indirectly making already-measured employment conditions less attractive). These two features are even more prominent in Africa today, but do or can Africans respond to them with the same elasticity as in the days of "free" migration? Our new estimates of net migration and labor market performance for the countries of sub-Saharan Africa suggest that exactly the same forces are at work driving African across-border migration today. Rapid growth in the cohort of young potential migrants, population pressure on the resource base, and poor economic performance are the main forces driving African migration. A century ago, more modest demographic forces in Europe were accompanied by strong catching-up economic growth in the low-wage emigrant regions, followed by a slowdown in already-modest demographic growth. Yet, migrations were still mass. In Africa today, economic growth has faltered, its economies have fallen further behind the high-wage OECD leaders, and there is a demographic speed up in the making. Our estimates suggest that the pressure on Emigration out of Africa will intensify, manifested in part by a growing demand for entrance into high-wage OECD labor markets.
David Mckenzie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the microeconomic determinants of Emigration and return migration of the best and brightest evidence from the pacific
Research Papers in Economics, 2009Co-Authors: John Gibson, David MckenzieAbstract:A unique survey which tracks worldwide the best and brightest academic performers from three Pacific countries is used to assess the extent of Emigration and return migration among the very highly skilled, and to analyze, at the microeconomic level, the determinants of these migration choices. Although we estimate that the income gains from migration are very large, not everyone migrates and many return. Within this group of highly skilled individuals the Emigration decision is found to be most strongly associated with preference variables such as risk aversion, patience, and choice of subjects in secondary school, and not strongly linked to either liquidity constraints or to the gain in income to be had from migrating. Likewise, the decision to return is strongly linked to family and lifestyle reasons, rather than to the income opportunities in different countries. Overall the data show a relatively limited role for income maximization in distinguishing migration propensities among the very highly skilled, and a need to pay more attention to other components of the utility maximization decision.
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the microeconomic determinants of Emigration and return migration of the best and brightest evidence from the pacific
Journal of Development Economics, 2009Co-Authors: John Gibson, David MckenzieAbstract:A unique survey which tracks worldwide the best and brightest academic performers from three Pacific countries is used to assess the extent of Emigration and return migration among the very highly skilled, and to analyze, at the microeconomic level, the determinants of these migration choices. Although the estimates indicate that the income gains from migration are very large, not everyone migrates and many return. Within this group of highly skilled individuals, the Emigration decision is found to be most strongly associated with preference variables such as risk aversion, patience, and choice of subjects in secondary school, and not strongly linked to either liquidity constraints or the gain in income to be had from migrating. Likewise, the decision to return is strongly linked to family and lifestyle reasons, rather than to the income opportunities in different countries. Overall the data show a relatively limited role for income maximization in distinguishing migration propensities among the very highly skilled, and point to the need to pay more attention to other components of the utility maximization decision.
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network effects and the dynamics of migration and inequality theory and evidence from mexico
Journal of Development Economics, 2007Co-Authors: David Mckenzie, Hillel RapoportAbstract:International migration is costly and initially only the middle class of the wealth distribution may have both the means and incentives to migrate, which can increase inequality in the sending community. However, the migration networks formed lower the costs for future migrants, which can in turn lower inequality. This paper shows both theoretically and empirically that wealth has a nonlinear effect on migration, and then examines the empirical evidence for an inverse U-shaped relationship between Emigration and inequality in rural sending communities in Mexico. After instrumenting, we find that the overall impact of migration is to reduce inequality across communities with relatively high levels of past migration. We also find some suggestive evidence for an inverse U-shaped relationship among communities with a wider range of migration experiences.
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network effects and the dynamics of migration and inequality theory and evidence from mexico
2004Co-Authors: David Mckenzie, Hillel RapoportAbstract:International migration is costly and initially only the middle class of the wealth distribution may have both the means and incentives to migrate, increasing inequality in the sending community. However, the migration networks formed lower the costs for future migrants, which can in turn lower inequality. This paper shows both theoretically and empirically that wealth has a nonlinear effect on migration, and then examines the empirical evidence for an inverse U-shaped relationship between Emigration and inequality in rural sending communities in Mexico. After instrumenting, we find that the overall impact of migration is to reduce inequality across communities with relatively high levels of past migration. We also find some suggestive evidence for an inverse U-shaped relationship among communities with a wider range of migration experiences.
