The Experts below are selected from a list of 145422 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Junfu Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Unaffordable Housing and Local Employment Growth: Evidence from California Municipalities
Urban Studies, 2014Co-Authors: Ritashree Chakrabarti, Junfu ZhangAbstract:It is widely believed that unaffordable housing could drive businesses away and thus impede job Growth. However, there is little evidence to support this view. This paper presents a simple model to clarify how housing affordability is linked to Employment Growth and why unaffordable housing could negatively affect Employment Growth. The paper then investigates this effect empirically using data on California municipalities. For various reasons, a simple correlation between unaffordable housing and Employment Growth cannot be interpreted as causal. Several empirical strategies are employed to identify the causal effect of unaffordable housing on Employment Growth. The estimation results provide consistent evidence that unaffordable housing indeed slows local Employment Growth.
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Unaffordable housing and local Employment Growth
2010Co-Authors: Ritashree Chakrabarti, Junfu ZhangAbstract:High housing prices have caused concerns among policy makers as well as the public in many U.S. regions. There is a general belief that unaffordable housing could drive businesses away and thus impede job Growth. However, there has been little empirical evidence that supports this view. In this paper, we clarify how housing affordability is linked to Employment Growth and why unaffordable housing could negatively affect Employment Growth. We empirically measure this effect using data on California municipalities and U.S. metropolitan areas and counties. It is argued that for various reasons a simple correlation between unaffordable housing and Employment Growth should not be interpreted as causal. We therefore develop some empirical strategies and employ statistical techniques to estimate the causal effect of unaffordable housing on Employment Growth. Our results provide consistent evidence that indeed unaffordable housing slows Growth in local Employment. We discuss policy implications of these findings.
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Business Establishment Dynamics and Employment Growth
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2005Co-Authors: David Neumark, Junfu Zhang, Brandon WallAbstract:We present evidence on the contributions of business establishment dynamics - including births and deaths, expansions and contractions, and in- and out-migration - to Employment Growth (and decline). We use data from the National Establishment Time Series for California to estimate the contribution of each of these processes to Employment Growth. The evidence indicates that births of new business establishments and expansion of existing ones, coupled with their counterparts of deaths and contractions of existing establishments, are the prime determinants of Employment Growth. Business relocation, while often the focus of public debate regarding the business climate, plays a negligible role. Overall, business establishment births and deaths are the largest contributors to job creation and destruction, and births of new firms are particularly important in gross and net job creation.
Uwe Blien - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Local Employment Growth in West Germany: A Dynamic Panel Approach
Labour Economics, 2006Co-Authors: Uwe Blien, Jens Suedekum, Katja WolfAbstract:In this paper we study the dynamics of local Employment Growth in West Germany from 1980 to 2001. Using dynamic panel techniques, we analyse the timing of the impact of diversity and specialisation, as well as of the human capital structure of local industries. Diversity has a positive effect on Employment Growth in the short run, which is stronger in manufacturing than in services. Concerning specialization we find evidence for mean reversion, which is inconsistent with the idea that Growth emphasizes itself. But there is considerable inertia in this process. A positive effect of education is only found in manufacturing. Additionally, we look at the impact of firm size and regional wages on local Employment Growth.
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Local Employment Growth in West Germany - A Dynamic Panel Approach
2005Co-Authors: Uwe Blien, Jens Suedekum, Katja WolfAbstract:In times of high and persistent unEmployment, it has become one of the most important policy tasks in many developed countries to trigger a process of sustained Employment Growth. An illustrative example is the policy of regional “Growth-poles”, which assumes that a local concentration of a specific industry in a limited geographical area will lead to a Growth take-off. The theoretical rationale for this type of regional policy can be knowledge spillovers, whose importance for the economic (Employment) Growth has been emphasised in the endogenous Growth literature. Yet, there is a considerable debate about the precise nature of knowledge spillovers. Do the externalities accrue between sectors (Jacobs-externalities), or are they rather intra-sectoral (MAR-externalities)? Apart from the question what local economic structure is conducive for Employment Growth, an equally important issue concerns the timing of the impact of externalities. Is it the current economic structure that matters for Employment Growth, or rather the historical economic structure? If the former turns out to be the case, regional policies might become effective immediately. In the latter case the impact of policy might be slower but also longer lasting. In this paper we study the dynamics of local Employment Growth in West Germany from 1980 to 2001. Using dynamic panel techniques, we analyse the nature and the timing of Jacobs- and Marshall-Arrow-Romer externalities, as well as the impact of general human capital spillovers. Jacobs-externalities are stronger in manufacturing than in services, the opposite is true for MAR-externalities. General human capital spillovers are only found in manufacturing. The influence of all forms of externalities rapidly decays in time, suggesting that they are rather static than dynamic. Additionally, we look at the impact of competition, general agglomeration effects and overly high regional wages on local Employment Growth.
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Wages and Employment Growth: Disaggregated Evidence for West Germany
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2004Co-Authors: Jens Suedekum, Uwe BlienAbstract:We address the effects of wages on Employment Growth on the basis of a theoretical model from which cost and demand effects can be derived. In the empirical analysis we take a highly disaggregated perspective and apply a newly developed shift-share regression technique on an exhaustive and very accurate data set for West Germany. The regression shows that the impact of regional wages on Employment Growth is significantly negative. There is some variation of this effect across sectors, but in no case we find support for the claim that an exogenous wage increase leads to higher Employment Growth.
Marlon G. Boarnet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Specification issues in models of population and Employment Growth
Papers in Regional Science, 2005Co-Authors: Marlon G. Boarnet, Saksith Chalermpong, Elizabeth GehoAbstract:Spatial econometric adaptations of population and Employment Growth models have been used to study the Employment impacts of urban rail transit (Bollinger and Ihlanfeldt, 1997), the links between urban and rural development (Henry, Barkley, and Bao, 1997; Schmitt and Henry, 2000), and causality between intra-metropolitan population and Employment location (Boarnet, 1994b). Yet the literature has so far given limited attention to two specification issues that are fundamental to the performance of spatial econometric population and Employment Growth models. First, the weight matrix, which defines how geographic units of observation relate to one another, must be defined a priori, and alternative versions of the weight matrix have rarely been consistently compared. Second, most recent population-Employment Growth models are lagged adjustment models, yet the estimated lag parameters often imply that the system does not adjust to a long-run equilibrium, violating one of the maintained hypotheses of the lagged adjustment approach. This paper analyzes those three specification issues, and provides insight into both the validity of various econometric practices that have been common in recent literature and the stability of econometric population and Employment Growth models when typical assumptions and approaches are changed.
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AN EMPIRICAL MODEL OF INTRAMETROPOLITAN POPULATION AND Employment Growth
Papers in Regional Science, 2005Co-Authors: Marlon G. BoarnetAbstract:ABSTRACT In this paper, an empirical model of intrametropolitan population and Employment Growth is developed and estimated. The empirical model is derived from equilibrium relationships that describe intrametropolitan population mid Employment levels. The equilibrium relationships are related to the dynamic process of population and Employment Growth through the use of a lagged adjustment model. The empirical implementation of the model uses data on 365 municipalities in northern New Jersey. The use of observations that the geographically proximate necessitates that the spatial structure of the model he handled explicitly. A simultaneous system with spatial autocorrelation in the dependent variables is estimated. The results generally agree well with theory.
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Highways and Intrametropolitan Employment Growth
1995Co-Authors: Marlon G. BoarnetAbstract:This paper examines the link between highways and Employment Growth within two metropolitan areas. Most studies of the land use impacts of transportation focus on residential location. yet in decentralized urban areas, the relationship between the highway network and intrametropolitan Employment location is an important one. This paper uses an econometric model of local Employment Growth to examine the effect of highways on Employment changes within northern New Jersey and Orange County, California. Within both urban areas, highway proximity has a statistically significant and positive effect on Employment Growth. There is also evidence that other location specific amenities (such as agglomeration economies and surrounding population Growth) are possibly more important for local Employment Growth than highway location.
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Highways and Intrametropolitan Employment Growth - eScholarship
1995Co-Authors: Marlon G. BoarnetAbstract:This paper examines the link between highways and Employment Growth within two metropolitan areas. Most studies of the land use impacts of transportation focus on residential location. yet in decentralized urban areas, the relationship between the highway network and intrametropolitan Employment location is an important one. This paper uses an econometric model of local Employment Growth to examine the effect of highways on Employment changes within northern New Jersey and Orange County, California. Within both urban areas, highway proximity has a statistically significant and positive effect on Employment Growth. There is also evidence that other location specific amenities (such as agglomeration economies and surrounding population Growth) are possibly more important for local Employment Growth than highway location.
Paul Bishop - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Spatial spillovers and Employment Growth in the service sector
Service Industries Journal, 2009Co-Authors: Paul BishopAbstract:This article examines the impact of local knowledge spillovers on Employment Growth in the service sector at both the theoretical and empirical level. It is argued that, in addition to life cycle and tradability effects, spillovers in services are likely to be strongly influenced by distinctive service characteristics and labour-related factors, which impact on the channels through which spillovers are transmitted. Empirical models of Employment Growth suggest significant differences in spillover effects between industry and services and across public, private, business and personal services. In particular, many services appear to benefit from spillovers arising from a diverse local economy.
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Diversity and Employment Growth in sub-regions of Great Britain
Applied Economics Letters, 2008Co-Authors: Paul BishopAbstract:This article presents evidence from an empirical study of Employment Growth across 203 sub-regions of Great Britain using OLS and maximum likelihood spatial econometric techniques. The results suggest a positive relationship between diversity and local Employment Growth implying that cross-sector externalities may be of considerable importance to the local Growth process. The presence of spatial autocorrelation in the data suggests the existence of substantive interactions across contiguous sub-regions.
Katja Wolf - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Local Employment Growth in West Germany: A Dynamic Panel Approach
Labour Economics, 2006Co-Authors: Uwe Blien, Jens Suedekum, Katja WolfAbstract:In this paper we study the dynamics of local Employment Growth in West Germany from 1980 to 2001. Using dynamic panel techniques, we analyse the timing of the impact of diversity and specialisation, as well as of the human capital structure of local industries. Diversity has a positive effect on Employment Growth in the short run, which is stronger in manufacturing than in services. Concerning specialization we find evidence for mean reversion, which is inconsistent with the idea that Growth emphasizes itself. But there is considerable inertia in this process. A positive effect of education is only found in manufacturing. Additionally, we look at the impact of firm size and regional wages on local Employment Growth.
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Local Employment Growth in West Germany - A Dynamic Panel Approach
2005Co-Authors: Uwe Blien, Jens Suedekum, Katja WolfAbstract:In times of high and persistent unEmployment, it has become one of the most important policy tasks in many developed countries to trigger a process of sustained Employment Growth. An illustrative example is the policy of regional “Growth-poles”, which assumes that a local concentration of a specific industry in a limited geographical area will lead to a Growth take-off. The theoretical rationale for this type of regional policy can be knowledge spillovers, whose importance for the economic (Employment) Growth has been emphasised in the endogenous Growth literature. Yet, there is a considerable debate about the precise nature of knowledge spillovers. Do the externalities accrue between sectors (Jacobs-externalities), or are they rather intra-sectoral (MAR-externalities)? Apart from the question what local economic structure is conducive for Employment Growth, an equally important issue concerns the timing of the impact of externalities. Is it the current economic structure that matters for Employment Growth, or rather the historical economic structure? If the former turns out to be the case, regional policies might become effective immediately. In the latter case the impact of policy might be slower but also longer lasting. In this paper we study the dynamics of local Employment Growth in West Germany from 1980 to 2001. Using dynamic panel techniques, we analyse the nature and the timing of Jacobs- and Marshall-Arrow-Romer externalities, as well as the impact of general human capital spillovers. Jacobs-externalities are stronger in manufacturing than in services, the opposite is true for MAR-externalities. General human capital spillovers are only found in manufacturing. The influence of all forms of externalities rapidly decays in time, suggesting that they are rather static than dynamic. Additionally, we look at the impact of competition, general agglomeration effects and overly high regional wages on local Employment Growth.