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Konstantinos Boulouchos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Well-to-wheel costs, primary Energy demand, and greenhouse gas emissions for the production and operation of conventional and alternative vehicles
    Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment, 2016
    Co-Authors: Mashael Yazdanie, Fabrizio Noembrini, Augusto Espinel, Steve Heinen, Konstantinos Boulouchos
    Abstract:

    Abstract This study provides a comprehensive comparison of well-to-wheel (WTW) Energy demand, WTW GHG emissions, and costs for conventional ICE and alternative passenger car powertrains, including full electric, hybrid, and fuel cell powertrains. Vehicle production, operation, maintenance, and disposal are considered, along with a range of hydrogen production processes, electricity mixes, ICE fuels, and battery types. Results are determined based on a reference vehicle, powertrain efficiencies, life cycle inventory data, and cost estimations. Powertrain performance is measured against a gasoline ICE vehicle. Energy Carrier and battery production are found to be the largest contributors to WTW Energy demand, GHG emissions, and costs; however, electric powertrain performance is highly sensitive to battery specific Energy. ICE and full hybrid vehicles using alternative fuels to gasoline, and fuel cell vehicles using natural gas hydrogen production pathways, are the only powertrains which demonstrate reductions in all three evaluation categories simultaneously (i.e., WTW Energy demand, emissions, and costs). Overall, however, WTW emission reductions depend more on the Energy Carrier production pathway than on the powertrain; hence, alternative Energy Carriers to gasoline for an ICE-based fleet (including hybrids) should be emphasized from a policy perspective in the short-term. This will ease the transition towards a low-emission fleet in Switzerland.

  • a comparative analysis of well to wheel primary Energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions for the operation of alternative and conventional vehicles in switzerland considering various Energy Carrier production pathways
    Journal of Power Sources, 2014
    Co-Authors: Mashael Yazdanie, Fabrizio Noembrini, Lionel Dossetto, Konstantinos Boulouchos
    Abstract:

    This study provides a comprehensive analysis of well-to-wheel (WTW) primary Energy demand and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the operation of conventional and alternative passenger vehicle drivetrains. Results are determined based on a reference vehicle, drivetrain/production process efficiencies, and lifecycle inventory data specific to Switzerland. WTW performance is compared to a gasoline internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV). Both industrialized and novel hydrogen and electricity production pathways are evaluated. A strong case is presented for pluggable electric vehicles (PEVs) due to their high drivetrain efficiency. However, WTW performance strongly depends on the electricity source. A critical electricity mix can be identified which divides optimal drivetrain performance between the EV, ICEV, and plug-in hybrid vehicle. Alternative drivetrain and Energy Carrier production pathways are also compared by natural resource. Fuel cell vehicle (FCV) performance proves to be on par with PEVs for Energy Carrier (EC) production via biomass and natural gas resources. However, PEVs outperform FCVs via solar Energy EC production pathways. ICE drivetrains using alternative fuels, particularly biogas and CNG, yield remarkable WTW Energy and emission reductions as well, indicating that alternative fuels, and not only alternative drivetrains, play an important role in the transition towards low-emission vehicles in Switzerland.

Kenneth D Karlin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • hydrogen peroxide as a sustainable Energy Carrier electrocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide and the fuel cell
    Electrochimica Acta, 2012
    Co-Authors: Yusuke Yamada, Kenneth D Karlin
    Abstract:

    This review describes homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic reduction of dioxygen with metal complexes focusing on the catalytic two-electron reduction of dioxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide. Whether two-electron reduction of dioxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide or four-electron O2-reduction to produce water occurs depends on the types of metals and ligands that are utilized. Those factors controlling the two processes are discussed in terms of metal–oxygen intermediates involved in the catalysis. Metal complexes acting as catalysts for selective two-electron reduction of oxygen can be utilized as metal complex-modified electrodes in the electrocatalytic reduction to produce hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide thus produced can be used as a fuel in a hydrogen peroxide fuel cell. A hydrogen peroxide fuel cell can be operated with a one-compartment structure without a membrane, which is certainly more promising for the development of low-cost fuel cells as compared with two compartment hydrogen fuel cells that require membranes. Hydrogen peroxide is regarded as an environmentally benign Energy Carrier because it can be produced by the electrocatalytic two-electron reduction of O2, which is abundant in air, using solar cells; the hydrogen peroxide thus produced could then be readily stored and then used as needed to generate electricity through the use of hydrogen peroxide fuel cells.

Mashael Yazdanie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Well-to-wheel costs, primary Energy demand, and greenhouse gas emissions for the production and operation of conventional and alternative vehicles
    Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment, 2016
    Co-Authors: Mashael Yazdanie, Fabrizio Noembrini, Augusto Espinel, Steve Heinen, Konstantinos Boulouchos
    Abstract:

    Abstract This study provides a comprehensive comparison of well-to-wheel (WTW) Energy demand, WTW GHG emissions, and costs for conventional ICE and alternative passenger car powertrains, including full electric, hybrid, and fuel cell powertrains. Vehicle production, operation, maintenance, and disposal are considered, along with a range of hydrogen production processes, electricity mixes, ICE fuels, and battery types. Results are determined based on a reference vehicle, powertrain efficiencies, life cycle inventory data, and cost estimations. Powertrain performance is measured against a gasoline ICE vehicle. Energy Carrier and battery production are found to be the largest contributors to WTW Energy demand, GHG emissions, and costs; however, electric powertrain performance is highly sensitive to battery specific Energy. ICE and full hybrid vehicles using alternative fuels to gasoline, and fuel cell vehicles using natural gas hydrogen production pathways, are the only powertrains which demonstrate reductions in all three evaluation categories simultaneously (i.e., WTW Energy demand, emissions, and costs). Overall, however, WTW emission reductions depend more on the Energy Carrier production pathway than on the powertrain; hence, alternative Energy Carriers to gasoline for an ICE-based fleet (including hybrids) should be emphasized from a policy perspective in the short-term. This will ease the transition towards a low-emission fleet in Switzerland.

  • a comparative analysis of well to wheel primary Energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions for the operation of alternative and conventional vehicles in switzerland considering various Energy Carrier production pathways
    Journal of Power Sources, 2014
    Co-Authors: Mashael Yazdanie, Fabrizio Noembrini, Lionel Dossetto, Konstantinos Boulouchos
    Abstract:

    This study provides a comprehensive analysis of well-to-wheel (WTW) primary Energy demand and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the operation of conventional and alternative passenger vehicle drivetrains. Results are determined based on a reference vehicle, drivetrain/production process efficiencies, and lifecycle inventory data specific to Switzerland. WTW performance is compared to a gasoline internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV). Both industrialized and novel hydrogen and electricity production pathways are evaluated. A strong case is presented for pluggable electric vehicles (PEVs) due to their high drivetrain efficiency. However, WTW performance strongly depends on the electricity source. A critical electricity mix can be identified which divides optimal drivetrain performance between the EV, ICEV, and plug-in hybrid vehicle. Alternative drivetrain and Energy Carrier production pathways are also compared by natural resource. Fuel cell vehicle (FCV) performance proves to be on par with PEVs for Energy Carrier (EC) production via biomass and natural gas resources. However, PEVs outperform FCVs via solar Energy EC production pathways. ICE drivetrains using alternative fuels, particularly biogas and CNG, yield remarkable WTW Energy and emission reductions as well, indicating that alternative fuels, and not only alternative drivetrains, play an important role in the transition towards low-emission vehicles in Switzerland.

Andreas Zuttel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • hydrogen the future Energy Carrier
    Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 2010
    Co-Authors: Andreas Zuttel, Arndt Remhof, Andreas Borgschulte, O Friedrichs
    Abstract:

    Since the beginning of the twenty-first century the limitations of the fossil age with regard to the continuing growth of Energy demand, the peaking mining rate of oil, the growing impact of CO2 emissions on the environment and the dependency of the economy in the industrialized world on the availability of fossil fuels became very obvious. A major change in the Energy economy from fossil Energy Carriers to renewable Energy fluxes is necessary. The main challenge is to efficiently convert renewable Energy into electricity and the storage of electricity or the production of a synthetic fuel. Hydrogen is produced from water by electricity through an electrolyser. The storage of hydrogen in its molecular or atomic form is a materials challenge. Some hydrides are known to exhibit a hydrogen density comparable to oil; however, these hydrides require a sophisticated storage system. The system Energy density is significantly smaller than the Energy density of fossil fuels. An interesting alternative to the direct storage of hydrogen are synthetic hydrocarbons produced from hydrogen and CO2 extracted from the atmosphere. They are CO2 neutral and stored like fossil fuels. Conventional combustion engines and turbines can be used in order to convert the stored Energy into work and heat.

  • hydrogen as a future Energy Carrier
    2008
    Co-Authors: Andreas Zuttel, Andreas Borgschulte, L Schlapbach
    Abstract:

    INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF HYDROGEN Timeline of the History of Hydrogen The Hindenburg and Challenger Disasters HYDROGEN AS A FUEL Fossil Fuels The Carbon Cycle and Biomass Energy The Hydrogen Cycle PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN Hydrogen Gas Interaction of Hydrogen with Solid Surfaces Catalysis of Hydrogen Dissociation and Recombination The Four States of Hydrogen and their Characteristics and Properties Surface Engineering of Hydrides HYDROGEN PRODUCTION Hydrogen Production from Coal and Hydrocarbons Electrolysis: Hydrogen Production from Electricity HYDROGEN STORAGE Hydrogen Storage in Molecular Form Hydrogen Adsorption (Carbon, Zeolites, Nanocubes) Metal Hydrides Complex Transition Metal Hydrides Tetrahydroborates as a Non-transition Metal Hydrides Complex Hydrides Storage in Organic Hydrides Indirect Hydrogen Storage via Metals and Complexes Using Exhaust Water HYDROGEN FUNCTIONALIZED MATERIALS Magnetic Heterostructures: A Playground for Hydrogen Optical Properties of Metal-Hydrides: Switchable Mirrors APPLICATIONS Fuel Cells using Hydrogen Borohydride Fuel Cells Internal Combustion Engine Space Applications with Hydrogen

  • Hydrogen storage methods
    Naturwissenschaften, 2004
    Co-Authors: Andreas Zuttel
    Abstract:

    Hydrogen exhibits the highest heating value per mass of all chemical fuels. Furthermore, hydrogen is regenerative and environmentally friendly. There are two reasons why hydrogen is not the major fuel of today's Energy consumption. First of all, hydrogen is just an Energy Carrier. And, although it is the most abundant element in the universe, it has to be produced, since on earth it only occurs in the form of water and hydrocarbons. This implies that we have to pay for the Energy, which results in a difficult economic dilemma because ever since the industrial revolution we have become used to consuming Energy for free. The second difficulty with hydrogen as an Energy Carrier is its low critical temperature of 33 K (i.e. hydrogen is a gas at ambient temperature). For mobile and in many cases also for stationary applications the volumetric and gravimetric density of hydrogen in a storage material is crucial. Hydrogen can be stored using six different methods and phenomena: (1) high-pressure gas cylinders (up to 800 bar), (2) liquid hydrogen in cryogenic tanks (at 21 K), (3) adsorbed hydrogen on materials with a large specific surface area (at T

Yulong Ding - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • renewable Energy Carriers hydrogen or liquid air nitrogen
    Applied Thermal Engineering, 2010
    Co-Authors: Haisheng Chen, Yulong Ding, Yongliang Li, Xinjing Zhang, Chunqing Tan
    Abstract:

    The world's Energy demand is met mainly by the fossil fuels today. The use of such fuels, however, causes serious environmental issues, including global warming, ozone layer depletion and acid rains. A sustainable solution to the issues is to replace the fossil fuels with renewable ones. Implementing such a solution, however, requires overcoming a number of technological barriers including low Energy density, intermittent supply and mobility of the renewable Energy sources. A potential approach to overcoming these barriers is to use an appropriate Energy Carrier, which can store, transport and distribute Energy. The work to be reported in this paper aims to assess and compare a chemical Energy Carrier, hydrogen, with a physical Energy Carrier, liquid air/nitrogen, and discuss potential applications of the physical Carrier. The ocean Energy is used as an example of the renewable Energy sources in the work. The assessment and comparison are carried out in terms of the overall efficiency, including production, storage/transportation and Energy extraction. The environmental impact, waste heat recovery and safety issues are also considered. It is found that the physical Energy Carrier may be a better alternative to the chemical Energy Carrier under some circumstances, particularly when there are waste heat sources.

  • fundamentals and applications of cryogen as a thermal Energy Carrier a critical assessment
    International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2010
    Co-Authors: Haisheng Chen, Yulong Ding
    Abstract:

    This paper reviews and assesses the current status of the use of cryogen as an Energy Carrier, with a focus on the thermodynamic aspects and cryogenic Energy extraction. Cryogen as an Energy Carrier is different from normal heat storage media in that the Energy storage in a cryogen occurs through decreasing its internal Energy while increasing its exergy. It is shown that cryogens have a higher Energy density than other commonly used thermal Energy storage media, and cryogen can be efficient working media for recovering low grade heat due to their low critical temperatures. If there are high grade heat sources, a combination of the direct expansion with a Brayton cycle is shown to be the most efficient method to extract the cryogenic exergy for most cryogens. This, however, is not true for hydrogen as its latent heat accounts for only a small portion of the released cold and a simple Brayton cycle is more suitable for the exergy recovery. If there is only ambient and/or a low grade heat source, a combination of direct expansion and a Rankine cycle is more attractive due to its low power consumption in the compression process, and this appears to be more promising when carbon dioxide capture is considered.