The Experts below are selected from a list of 282 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Heikki Hyoty - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Enteroviruses in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes
Seminars in Immunopathology, 2011Co-Authors: Sisko Tauriainen, Sami Oikarinen, Maarit Oikarinen, Heikki HyotyAbstract:The question if Enteroviruses could cause beta-cell damage and type 1 diabetes has become more and more relevant when recent studies have provided new evidence supporting this scenario. One important observation is the recent discovery of IFIH1 as a risk gene for type 1 diabetes. This gene is an innate immune system receptor for Enteroviruses offering one possible mechanism for the diabetogenic effect of Enteroviruses. This is further emphasized by the observations suggesting that the innate immune system is activated in the pancreatic islets of type 1 diabetic patients and that the innate immune system is important for the defense against the virus and for the regulation of adaptive immune system. Important progress has also been gained in studies analyzing pancreas tissue for possible presence of Enteroviruses. Several studies have found Enteroviruses in the pancreatic islets of type 1 diabetic patients using various methods. The virus seems to be located in the islets while exocrine pancreas is mostly uninfected. One recent study found the virus in the intestinal mucosa in the majority of diabetic patients. Enteroviruses can also infect cultured human pancreatic islets causing either rapid cell destruction or a persistent-like noncytolytic infection. Combined with all previous, epidemiological findings indicating the risk effect of Enteroviruses in cross-sectional and prospective studies, these observations fit to a scenario where certain diabetogenic enterovirus variants establish persistent infection in gut mucosa and in the pancreatic islets. This in turn could lead to a local inflammation and the breakdown of tolerance in genetically susceptible individuals. This is also supported by mouse experiments showing that Enteroviruses can establish prolonged infection in the pancreas and intestine, and some virus strains cause beta-cell damage and diabetes. In conclusion, recent studies have strengthened the hypothesis that Enteroviruses play a role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. These findings open also new opportunities to explore the underlying mechanism and get closer to causal relationship.
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diagnosis of enterovirus and rhinovirus infections by rt pcr and time resolved fluorometry with lanthanide chelate labeled probes
Journal of Medical Virology, 1999Co-Authors: M Lonnrot, Timo Hyypiä, M Sjoroos, K Salminen, M Maaronen, Heikki HyotyAbstract:Detection of Enteroviruses and rhinoviruses has traditionally been based on laborious and time-consuming virus isolation. Recently, rapid and sensitive assays for detecting enterovirus and rhinovirus genomic sequences by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have been introduced. An RT-PCR assay is described that amplifies both enteroviral and rhinoviral sequences, followed by liquid-phase hybridization carried out in a microtiter plate format. In the hybridization assay, amplicons are identified by enterovirus- or rhinovirus-specific probes carrying lanthanide chelate labels, which can be detected simultaneously by time-resolved fluorometry. The sensitivity and specificity of the RT-PCR-hybridization method were evaluated with a representative collection of Enteroviruses and rhinoviruses and tested further its applicability to the clinical setting with cerebrospinal fluid samples and nasopharyngeal aspirates. The RT-PCR assay amplified all Enteroviruses and rhinoviruses tested, and all but one amplicon gave a positive result in the subsequent hybridization assay. The RT-PCR-hybridization method was more sensitive than virus isolation for the detection of Enteroviruses and rhinoviruses in the clinical samples. High sensitivity, rapidity, and easy performance make the assay suitable for the routine diagnosis of enterovirus and rhinovirus infections.
Andrea Battistone - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Poliovirus and Other Enteroviruses from Environmental Surveillance in Italy, 2009–2015
Food and Environmental Virology, 2018Co-Authors: Renzo Delogu, Andrea Battistone, Gabriele Buttinelli, Concetta Amato, Karen Cristiano, Sabine Gamper, J Simeoni, Stefano Di Fiore, Stefano Fontana, Rita FrateAbstract:Within the initiatives for poliomyelitis eradication by WHO, Italy activated an environmental surveillance (ES) in 2005. ES complements clinical Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance for possible polio cases, detects poliovirus circulation in environmental sewage, and is used to monitor transmission in communities. In addition to polioviruses, the analyses comprised: (i) the monitoring of the presence of non-polio Enteroviruses in sewage samples and (ii) the temporal and geographical distribution of the detected viruses. From 2009 to 2015, 2880 sewage samples were collected from eight cities participating in the surveillance. Overall, 1479 samples resulted positive for Enteroviruses. No wild-type polioviruses were found, although four Sabin-like polioviruses were detected. The low degree of mutation found in the genomes of these four isolates suggests that these viruses have had a limited circulation in the population. All non-polio Enteroviruses belonged to species B and the most frequent serotype was CV-B5, followed by CV-B4, E-11, E-6, E-7, CV-B3, and CV-B2. Variations in the frequency of different serotypes were also observed in different seasons and/or Italian areas. Environmental surveillance in Italy, as part of the ‘WHO global polio eradication program’, is a powerful tool to augment the polio surveillance and to investigate the silent circulation or the re-emergence of Enteroviruses in the population.
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Detection of Enteroviruses in Influent and Effluent Flow Samples from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Italy
Food and Environmental Virology, 2014Co-Authors: Andrea Battistone, Gabriele Buttinelli, Concetta Amato, Paolo Bonomo, Pietro Mercurio, Antonella Cicala, Adelheid Foppa, J Simeoni, Stefano Di Fiore, Maria TriassiAbstract:This study evaluated the presence and seasonal distribution of polio and other Enteroviruses in four wastewater treatment plants in three cities in Italy, using different treatment systems. Detection of Enteroviruses was carried out by virus isolation in cell cultures after concentration of water samples collected at both inlet and outlet of the treatment plants, following the methods described in the WHO guidelines. Viral serotypes isolated before and after water treatment were compared. Forty-eight non-polio Enteroviruses were isolated from 312 samples collected at the inlet of the four wastewater treatment plants, 35 of which were Coxsackievirus type B (72.9 %) and 13 Echovirus (27.1 %). After treatment, 2 CVB3, 1 CVB5, and 1 Echo 6 were isolated. CVB3 and Echo 6 serotypes were also detected in samples collected at the inlet of the TP, in the same month and year. The high rate of detection of infectious Enteroviruses in inlet sewage samples (30.1 %) indicates wide diffusion of these viruses in the populations linked to the collectors. The incomplete removal of infectious viruses following sewage treatment highlights possible risks for public health relate to treated waters discharge into the environment.
Gabriele Buttinelli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Poliovirus and Other Enteroviruses from Environmental Surveillance in Italy, 2009–2015
Food and Environmental Virology, 2018Co-Authors: Renzo Delogu, Andrea Battistone, Gabriele Buttinelli, Concetta Amato, Karen Cristiano, Sabine Gamper, J Simeoni, Stefano Di Fiore, Stefano Fontana, Rita FrateAbstract:Within the initiatives for poliomyelitis eradication by WHO, Italy activated an environmental surveillance (ES) in 2005. ES complements clinical Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance for possible polio cases, detects poliovirus circulation in environmental sewage, and is used to monitor transmission in communities. In addition to polioviruses, the analyses comprised: (i) the monitoring of the presence of non-polio Enteroviruses in sewage samples and (ii) the temporal and geographical distribution of the detected viruses. From 2009 to 2015, 2880 sewage samples were collected from eight cities participating in the surveillance. Overall, 1479 samples resulted positive for Enteroviruses. No wild-type polioviruses were found, although four Sabin-like polioviruses were detected. The low degree of mutation found in the genomes of these four isolates suggests that these viruses have had a limited circulation in the population. All non-polio Enteroviruses belonged to species B and the most frequent serotype was CV-B5, followed by CV-B4, E-11, E-6, E-7, CV-B3, and CV-B2. Variations in the frequency of different serotypes were also observed in different seasons and/or Italian areas. Environmental surveillance in Italy, as part of the ‘WHO global polio eradication program’, is a powerful tool to augment the polio surveillance and to investigate the silent circulation or the re-emergence of Enteroviruses in the population.
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Detection of Enteroviruses in Influent and Effluent Flow Samples from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Italy
Food and Environmental Virology, 2014Co-Authors: Andrea Battistone, Gabriele Buttinelli, Concetta Amato, Paolo Bonomo, Pietro Mercurio, Antonella Cicala, Adelheid Foppa, J Simeoni, Stefano Di Fiore, Maria TriassiAbstract:This study evaluated the presence and seasonal distribution of polio and other Enteroviruses in four wastewater treatment plants in three cities in Italy, using different treatment systems. Detection of Enteroviruses was carried out by virus isolation in cell cultures after concentration of water samples collected at both inlet and outlet of the treatment plants, following the methods described in the WHO guidelines. Viral serotypes isolated before and after water treatment were compared. Forty-eight non-polio Enteroviruses were isolated from 312 samples collected at the inlet of the four wastewater treatment plants, 35 of which were Coxsackievirus type B (72.9 %) and 13 Echovirus (27.1 %). After treatment, 2 CVB3, 1 CVB5, and 1 Echo 6 were isolated. CVB3 and Echo 6 serotypes were also detected in samples collected at the inlet of the TP, in the same month and year. The high rate of detection of infectious Enteroviruses in inlet sewage samples (30.1 %) indicates wide diffusion of these viruses in the populations linked to the collectors. The incomplete removal of infectious viruses following sewage treatment highlights possible risks for public health relate to treated waters discharge into the environment.
Concetta Amato - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Poliovirus and Other Enteroviruses from Environmental Surveillance in Italy, 2009–2015
Food and Environmental Virology, 2018Co-Authors: Renzo Delogu, Andrea Battistone, Gabriele Buttinelli, Concetta Amato, Karen Cristiano, Sabine Gamper, J Simeoni, Stefano Di Fiore, Stefano Fontana, Rita FrateAbstract:Within the initiatives for poliomyelitis eradication by WHO, Italy activated an environmental surveillance (ES) in 2005. ES complements clinical Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance for possible polio cases, detects poliovirus circulation in environmental sewage, and is used to monitor transmission in communities. In addition to polioviruses, the analyses comprised: (i) the monitoring of the presence of non-polio Enteroviruses in sewage samples and (ii) the temporal and geographical distribution of the detected viruses. From 2009 to 2015, 2880 sewage samples were collected from eight cities participating in the surveillance. Overall, 1479 samples resulted positive for Enteroviruses. No wild-type polioviruses were found, although four Sabin-like polioviruses were detected. The low degree of mutation found in the genomes of these four isolates suggests that these viruses have had a limited circulation in the population. All non-polio Enteroviruses belonged to species B and the most frequent serotype was CV-B5, followed by CV-B4, E-11, E-6, E-7, CV-B3, and CV-B2. Variations in the frequency of different serotypes were also observed in different seasons and/or Italian areas. Environmental surveillance in Italy, as part of the ‘WHO global polio eradication program’, is a powerful tool to augment the polio surveillance and to investigate the silent circulation or the re-emergence of Enteroviruses in the population.
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Detection of Enteroviruses in Influent and Effluent Flow Samples from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Italy
Food and Environmental Virology, 2014Co-Authors: Andrea Battistone, Gabriele Buttinelli, Concetta Amato, Paolo Bonomo, Pietro Mercurio, Antonella Cicala, Adelheid Foppa, J Simeoni, Stefano Di Fiore, Maria TriassiAbstract:This study evaluated the presence and seasonal distribution of polio and other Enteroviruses in four wastewater treatment plants in three cities in Italy, using different treatment systems. Detection of Enteroviruses was carried out by virus isolation in cell cultures after concentration of water samples collected at both inlet and outlet of the treatment plants, following the methods described in the WHO guidelines. Viral serotypes isolated before and after water treatment were compared. Forty-eight non-polio Enteroviruses were isolated from 312 samples collected at the inlet of the four wastewater treatment plants, 35 of which were Coxsackievirus type B (72.9 %) and 13 Echovirus (27.1 %). After treatment, 2 CVB3, 1 CVB5, and 1 Echo 6 were isolated. CVB3 and Echo 6 serotypes were also detected in samples collected at the inlet of the TP, in the same month and year. The high rate of detection of infectious Enteroviruses in inlet sewage samples (30.1 %) indicates wide diffusion of these viruses in the populations linked to the collectors. The incomplete removal of infectious viruses following sewage treatment highlights possible risks for public health relate to treated waters discharge into the environment.
J Simeoni - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Poliovirus and Other Enteroviruses from Environmental Surveillance in Italy, 2009–2015
Food and Environmental Virology, 2018Co-Authors: Renzo Delogu, Andrea Battistone, Gabriele Buttinelli, Concetta Amato, Karen Cristiano, Sabine Gamper, J Simeoni, Stefano Di Fiore, Stefano Fontana, Rita FrateAbstract:Within the initiatives for poliomyelitis eradication by WHO, Italy activated an environmental surveillance (ES) in 2005. ES complements clinical Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance for possible polio cases, detects poliovirus circulation in environmental sewage, and is used to monitor transmission in communities. In addition to polioviruses, the analyses comprised: (i) the monitoring of the presence of non-polio Enteroviruses in sewage samples and (ii) the temporal and geographical distribution of the detected viruses. From 2009 to 2015, 2880 sewage samples were collected from eight cities participating in the surveillance. Overall, 1479 samples resulted positive for Enteroviruses. No wild-type polioviruses were found, although four Sabin-like polioviruses were detected. The low degree of mutation found in the genomes of these four isolates suggests that these viruses have had a limited circulation in the population. All non-polio Enteroviruses belonged to species B and the most frequent serotype was CV-B5, followed by CV-B4, E-11, E-6, E-7, CV-B3, and CV-B2. Variations in the frequency of different serotypes were also observed in different seasons and/or Italian areas. Environmental surveillance in Italy, as part of the ‘WHO global polio eradication program’, is a powerful tool to augment the polio surveillance and to investigate the silent circulation or the re-emergence of Enteroviruses in the population.
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Detection of Enteroviruses in Influent and Effluent Flow Samples from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Italy
Food and Environmental Virology, 2014Co-Authors: Andrea Battistone, Gabriele Buttinelli, Concetta Amato, Paolo Bonomo, Pietro Mercurio, Antonella Cicala, Adelheid Foppa, J Simeoni, Stefano Di Fiore, Maria TriassiAbstract:This study evaluated the presence and seasonal distribution of polio and other Enteroviruses in four wastewater treatment plants in three cities in Italy, using different treatment systems. Detection of Enteroviruses was carried out by virus isolation in cell cultures after concentration of water samples collected at both inlet and outlet of the treatment plants, following the methods described in the WHO guidelines. Viral serotypes isolated before and after water treatment were compared. Forty-eight non-polio Enteroviruses were isolated from 312 samples collected at the inlet of the four wastewater treatment plants, 35 of which were Coxsackievirus type B (72.9 %) and 13 Echovirus (27.1 %). After treatment, 2 CVB3, 1 CVB5, and 1 Echo 6 were isolated. CVB3 and Echo 6 serotypes were also detected in samples collected at the inlet of the TP, in the same month and year. The high rate of detection of infectious Enteroviruses in inlet sewage samples (30.1 %) indicates wide diffusion of these viruses in the populations linked to the collectors. The incomplete removal of infectious viruses following sewage treatment highlights possible risks for public health relate to treated waters discharge into the environment.