The Experts below are selected from a list of 105657 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Robert J. Elliott - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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why the grass is not always greener the competing effects of Environmental Regulations and factor intensities on us specialization
Ecological Economics, 2005Co-Authors: Matthew A. Cole, Robert J. Elliott, Kenichi ShimamotoAbstract:The global decline in trade barriers means that Environmental Regulations now potentially play an increasingly important role in shaping a country's comparative advantage. This raises the possibility that pollution intensive industries will relocate from high regulation countries to developing regions where Environmental Regulations may be less stringent. We assess the evidence for this possibility by examining the USA's revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and other measures of specialization. We demonstrate that US specialization in pollution intensive sectors is neither lower, nor falling more rapidly (or rising more slowly) than in any other manufacturing sector. We offer an explanation for this finding. Our analysis suggests that pollution intensive industries have certain characteristics - specifically they are intensive in the use of physical and human capital - that makes developing countries less attractive as a target for relocation. We demonstrate econometrically the economic and statistical significance of these factors and illustrate how they appear to oppose the effects of Environmental Regulations as determinants of US specialization.
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determining the trade environment composition effect the role of capital labor and Environmental Regulations
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2003Co-Authors: Matthew A. Cole, Robert J. ElliottAbstract:This paper argues that pollution-intensive sectors may be subject to opposing forces of comparative advantage since these sectors are also typically capital intensive, yet regions with low Environmental Regulations tend to be those that are the least capital abundant. We examine therefore, whether compositional changes in pollution arising from trade liberalization originate due to differences in capital–labor endowments and/or differences in Environmental Regulations. The contribution of the paper is threefold; first, we provide a comprehensive empirical analysis of the determinants of four common pollutants, paying particular attention to the nature of the trade-induced composition effect; second, we investigate whether the result of Antweiler et al. (Amer. Econom. Rev. 91 (2001) 877), who find evidence that both Environmental Regulations and capital–labor endowments determine sulfur dioxide concentrations, also holds for sulfur dioxide emissions; third, we examine whether this result holds for altogether different pollutants. Our results, while providing partial support for Antweiler et al., also raise a number of points for discussion.
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Do Environmental Regulations Influence Trade Patterns? Testing Old and New Trade Theories
The World Economy, 2003Co-Authors: Matthew A. Cole, Robert J. ElliottAbstract:The relationship between trade liberalisation and the environment has been the subject of a growing body of literature in recent years. One particular focus of attention has been whether Environmental Regulations are influencing patterns of international trade. This paper aims to examine this issue in the context of the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) model of trade, but also in a 'new' trade model characterised by monopolistic competition and differentiated products. Our use of the HOV model improves upon a well-cited study by Tobey (1990) in many ways, not least by allowing for the possible endogeneity of Environmental Regulations. We find no significant relationship between such Regulations and 'dirty' net exports. The 'new' trade model explains the presence of both intra- and inter-industry trade and we again allow for the possible endogeneity of Regulations. We believe this to be the first study to assess the role of Environmental Regulations within a 'new' trade model, but also the first to allow for the endogeneity of Regulations in a cross-country model of trade. We find Environmental Regulations to be a statistically significant determinant of the share of inter-industry trade (net trade) and we find this significance to increase when endogeneity is controlled for.
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Determining the trade–environment composition effect: the role of capital, labor and Environmental Regulations
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2003Co-Authors: Matthew A. Cole, Robert J. ElliottAbstract:This paper argues that pollution-intensive sectors may be subject to opposing forces of comparative advantage since these sectors are also typically capital intensive, yet regions with low Environmental Regulations tend to be those that are the least capital abundant. We examine therefore, whether compositional changes in pollution arising from trade liberalization originate due to differences in capital–labor endowments and/or differences in Environmental Regulations. The contribution of the paper is threefold; first, we provide a comprehensive empirical analysis of the determinants of four common pollutants, paying particular attention to the nature of the trade-induced composition effect; second, we investigate whether the result of Antweiler et al. (Amer. Econom. Rev. 91 (2001) 877), who find evidence that both Environmental Regulations and capital–labor endowments determine sulfur dioxide concentrations, also holds for sulfur dioxide emissions; third, we examine whether this result holds for altogether different pollutants. Our results, while providing partial support for Antweiler et al., also raise a number of points for discussion.
Matthew A. Cole - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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why the grass is not always greener the competing effects of Environmental Regulations and factor intensities on us specialization
Ecological Economics, 2005Co-Authors: Matthew A. Cole, Robert J. Elliott, Kenichi ShimamotoAbstract:The global decline in trade barriers means that Environmental Regulations now potentially play an increasingly important role in shaping a country's comparative advantage. This raises the possibility that pollution intensive industries will relocate from high regulation countries to developing regions where Environmental Regulations may be less stringent. We assess the evidence for this possibility by examining the USA's revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and other measures of specialization. We demonstrate that US specialization in pollution intensive sectors is neither lower, nor falling more rapidly (or rising more slowly) than in any other manufacturing sector. We offer an explanation for this finding. Our analysis suggests that pollution intensive industries have certain characteristics - specifically they are intensive in the use of physical and human capital - that makes developing countries less attractive as a target for relocation. We demonstrate econometrically the economic and statistical significance of these factors and illustrate how they appear to oppose the effects of Environmental Regulations as determinants of US specialization.
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determining the trade environment composition effect the role of capital labor and Environmental Regulations
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2003Co-Authors: Matthew A. Cole, Robert J. ElliottAbstract:This paper argues that pollution-intensive sectors may be subject to opposing forces of comparative advantage since these sectors are also typically capital intensive, yet regions with low Environmental Regulations tend to be those that are the least capital abundant. We examine therefore, whether compositional changes in pollution arising from trade liberalization originate due to differences in capital–labor endowments and/or differences in Environmental Regulations. The contribution of the paper is threefold; first, we provide a comprehensive empirical analysis of the determinants of four common pollutants, paying particular attention to the nature of the trade-induced composition effect; second, we investigate whether the result of Antweiler et al. (Amer. Econom. Rev. 91 (2001) 877), who find evidence that both Environmental Regulations and capital–labor endowments determine sulfur dioxide concentrations, also holds for sulfur dioxide emissions; third, we examine whether this result holds for altogether different pollutants. Our results, while providing partial support for Antweiler et al., also raise a number of points for discussion.
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Do Environmental Regulations Influence Trade Patterns? Testing Old and New Trade Theories
The World Economy, 2003Co-Authors: Matthew A. Cole, Robert J. ElliottAbstract:The relationship between trade liberalisation and the environment has been the subject of a growing body of literature in recent years. One particular focus of attention has been whether Environmental Regulations are influencing patterns of international trade. This paper aims to examine this issue in the context of the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) model of trade, but also in a 'new' trade model characterised by monopolistic competition and differentiated products. Our use of the HOV model improves upon a well-cited study by Tobey (1990) in many ways, not least by allowing for the possible endogeneity of Environmental Regulations. We find no significant relationship between such Regulations and 'dirty' net exports. The 'new' trade model explains the presence of both intra- and inter-industry trade and we again allow for the possible endogeneity of Regulations. We believe this to be the first study to assess the role of Environmental Regulations within a 'new' trade model, but also the first to allow for the endogeneity of Regulations in a cross-country model of trade. We find Environmental Regulations to be a statistically significant determinant of the share of inter-industry trade (net trade) and we find this significance to increase when endogeneity is controlled for.
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Determining the trade–environment composition effect: the role of capital, labor and Environmental Regulations
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2003Co-Authors: Matthew A. Cole, Robert J. ElliottAbstract:This paper argues that pollution-intensive sectors may be subject to opposing forces of comparative advantage since these sectors are also typically capital intensive, yet regions with low Environmental Regulations tend to be those that are the least capital abundant. We examine therefore, whether compositional changes in pollution arising from trade liberalization originate due to differences in capital–labor endowments and/or differences in Environmental Regulations. The contribution of the paper is threefold; first, we provide a comprehensive empirical analysis of the determinants of four common pollutants, paying particular attention to the nature of the trade-induced composition effect; second, we investigate whether the result of Antweiler et al. (Amer. Econom. Rev. 91 (2001) 877), who find evidence that both Environmental Regulations and capital–labor endowments determine sulfur dioxide concentrations, also holds for sulfur dioxide emissions; third, we examine whether this result holds for altogether different pollutants. Our results, while providing partial support for Antweiler et al., also raise a number of points for discussion.
Rema Hanna - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Environmental Regulations air and water pollution and infant mortality in india
The American Economic Review, 2014Co-Authors: Michael Greenstone, Rema HannaAbstract:Using the most comprehensive data file ever compiled on air pollution, water pollution, Environmental Regulations, and infant mortality from a developing country, the paper examines the effectiveness of India's Environmental Regulations. The air pollution Regulations were effective at reducing ambient concentrations of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. The most successful air pollution regulation is associated with a modest and statistically insignificant decline in infant mortality. However, the water pollution Regulations had no observable effect. Overall, these results contradict the conventional wisdom that Environmental quality is a deterministic function of income and underscore the role of institutions and politics.
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Environmental Regulations, Air and Water Pollution, and Infant Mortality in India
American Economic Review, 2014Co-Authors: Michael Greenstone, Rema HannaAbstract:Using the most comprehensive developing country dataset ever compiled on air and water pollution and Environmental Regulations, the paper assesses India's Environmental Regulations with a difference-in-differences design. The air pollution Regulations are associated with substantial improvements in air quality. The most successful air regulation resulted in a modest but statistically insignificant decline in infant mortality. In contrast, the water Regulations had no measurable benefits. The available evidence leads us to cautiously conclude that higher demand for air quality prompted the effective enforcement of air pollution Regulations, indicating that strong public support allows Environmental Regulations to succeed in weak institutional settings. (JEL I12, J13, O13, Q53, Q58)
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Environmental Regulations, Air and Water Pollution, and Infant Mortality in India
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011Co-Authors: Michael Greenstone, Rema HannaAbstract:Using the most comprehensive developing country dataset ever compiled on air and water pollution and Environmental Regulations, the paper assesses India’s Environmental Regulations with a difference-in-differences design. The air pollution Regulations are associated with substantial improvements in air quality. The most successful air regulation resulted in a modest, but statistically insignificant decline in infant mortality. In contrast, the water Regulations had no measurable benefits. The available evidence leads us to cautiously conclude that higher demand for air quality prompted the effective enforcement of air pollution Regulations, indicating that strong public support allows Environmental Regulations to succeed in weak institutional settings.
Michael Greenstone - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Environmental Regulations air and water pollution and infant mortality in india
The American Economic Review, 2014Co-Authors: Michael Greenstone, Rema HannaAbstract:Using the most comprehensive data file ever compiled on air pollution, water pollution, Environmental Regulations, and infant mortality from a developing country, the paper examines the effectiveness of India's Environmental Regulations. The air pollution Regulations were effective at reducing ambient concentrations of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. The most successful air pollution regulation is associated with a modest and statistically insignificant decline in infant mortality. However, the water pollution Regulations had no observable effect. Overall, these results contradict the conventional wisdom that Environmental quality is a deterministic function of income and underscore the role of institutions and politics.
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Environmental Regulations, Air and Water Pollution, and Infant Mortality in India
American Economic Review, 2014Co-Authors: Michael Greenstone, Rema HannaAbstract:Using the most comprehensive developing country dataset ever compiled on air and water pollution and Environmental Regulations, the paper assesses India's Environmental Regulations with a difference-in-differences design. The air pollution Regulations are associated with substantial improvements in air quality. The most successful air regulation resulted in a modest but statistically insignificant decline in infant mortality. In contrast, the water Regulations had no measurable benefits. The available evidence leads us to cautiously conclude that higher demand for air quality prompted the effective enforcement of air pollution Regulations, indicating that strong public support allows Environmental Regulations to succeed in weak institutional settings. (JEL I12, J13, O13, Q53, Q58)
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Environmental Regulations, Air and Water Pollution, and Infant Mortality in India
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011Co-Authors: Michael Greenstone, Rema HannaAbstract:Using the most comprehensive developing country dataset ever compiled on air and water pollution and Environmental Regulations, the paper assesses India’s Environmental Regulations with a difference-in-differences design. The air pollution Regulations are associated with substantial improvements in air quality. The most successful air regulation resulted in a modest, but statistically insignificant decline in infant mortality. In contrast, the water Regulations had no measurable benefits. The available evidence leads us to cautiously conclude that higher demand for air quality prompted the effective enforcement of air pollution Regulations, indicating that strong public support allows Environmental Regulations to succeed in weak institutional settings.
John A List - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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intellectual property rights Environmental Regulations and foreign direct investment
Land Economics, 2004Co-Authors: John A List, Larry D QuiAbstract:Sustainable development has been a popular buzzword among policymakers and economists for over a decade. Although a key tenet of maintaining a sustainable development path for many economies rests on attracting mobile capital, theoretical and empirical evidence into the institutional policies that attract factors remains largely unresolved. This paper takes a positive look at the determinants of attracting capital with particular attention paid to intellectual property rights and Environmental Regulations.
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effects of Environmental Regulations on manufacturing plant births evidence from a propensity score matching estimator
The Review of Economics and Statistics, 2003Co-Authors: John A List, Daniel L Millimet, Per G Fredriksson, Warren W MchoneAbstract:This study examines the effects of air quality regulation on economic activity. Anecdotal evidence and some recent empirical studies suggest that an inverse relationship exists between the stringency of Environmental Regulations and new plant formations. Using a unique county-level data set for New York State from 1980 to 1990, we revisit this conjecture using a seminonparametric method based on propensity score matching. Our empirical estimates suggest that pollution-intensive plants are responding to Environmental Regulations; more importantly, we find that traditional parametric methods used in previous studies may dramatically understate the impact of more stringent Regulations.
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Environmental Regulations and new plant location decisions evidence from a meta analysis
Social Science Research Network, 2002Co-Authors: Tim Jeppesen, John A List, Henk FolmerAbstract:Stricter Environmental Regulations are often opposed on the grounds that they will alter equilibrium capital flows. Empirical evidence in this area remains largely unresolved, mainly due to the quite disparate results found in the literature. This paper takes a positive look at the relationship between new manufacturing plant location decisions and Environmental Regulations by examining data from 11 studies that provide more than 365 observations. One major result from our meta-analysis is that methodological considerations play a critical role in shaping the body of received estimates. Our empirical estimates also lend insights into future research that is necessary before any robust conclusions can be made regarding the effects of Environmental Regulations on capital flows.
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the impact of Environmental Regulations on capital flows some methodological consideration
Environmental Economics and the International Economy, 2002Co-Authors: Henk Folmer, Tim Jeppesen, John A List, Warren W MchoneAbstract:There is currently no consensus as to how Environmental policy affects capital flows. These divergent empirical results for the most part emerge because of differential measures of Environmental stringency and econometric methods are employed. In addition, the ever-growing literature has mainly focused on capital inflows, leaving one to wonder if capital “flees” areas of strict Environmental Regulations. In this paper we focus on all three of these issues. First, we discuss the various measures of Environmental stringency currently employed and introduce a few alternative formulations. Second, we discuss empirical modelling approaches and provide some mainstream solutions to the problems. Finally, we present some preliminary estimates examining whether Environmental Regulations affect capital outflows.
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measuring the effects of Environmental Regulations on manufacturing plant births a new empirical paradigm
2002Co-Authors: John A List, Daniel L MillimetAbstract:The effect of Environmental Regulations on capital flows has been examined empirically for nearly three decades. We revisit this literature using a unique county-level data set for New York State from 1980–1990, and a new empirical model: a semi-nonparametric empirical method based on propensity score matching. Our empirical estimates suggest that “dirty” firms are responding to Environmental Regulations, but more importantly we find that traditional parametric methods used in previous studies may dramatically understate the impact of more stringent Environmental Regulations.
