The Experts below are selected from a list of 46449 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Kym Anderson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the challenge of reducing subsidies and Trade Barriers
2004Co-Authors: Kym AndersonAbstract:Phasing out distortionary government subsidies and Barriers to international Trade will yield extraordinarily high benefits relative to any adjustment costs, notwithstanding the considerable reforms that have already taken place over the past two decades. This paper surveys recent estimates, using global economy-wide simulation models, of the benefits of reducing remaining distortions via unilateral reform, multilateral Trade negotiations, and preferential trading arrangements. Distortionary Trade policies harm most the economies imposing them, but the worst of them (in agriculture and clothing) are particularly harmful to the worldÂ’s poorest people. Opportunities to reduce remaining distortions, including via the WTOÂ’s Doha Development Agenda as compared with sub-global preferential reform, are examined, before drawing out the implications of liberalization for poverty and the environment.
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the challenge of reducing subsidies and Trade Barriers
2004Co-Authors: Kym AndersonAbstract:This is one of 10 studies for the Copenhagen Consensus Project that sought to evaluate the most feasible opportunities to improve welfare globally and alleviate poverty in developing countries. The author argues that phasing out distortionary government subsidies and Barriers to international Trade will yield an extraordinarily high benefit-cost ratio. A survey is provided of recent estimates using global economy-wide simulation models of the benefits of doing that by way of the current Doha round of multilateral Trade negotiations. Even if adjustment costs are several times as large as suggested by available estimates, the benefit-cost ratio from seizing this opportunity exceeds 20. That is much higher than the rewards from regional or bilateral Trade agreements or from providing preferential access for least-developed countries' exports to high-income countries. Such reform would simultaneously contribute to alleviating several of the other key challenges reflected in the United Nation's Millennium Development Goals.
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reducing coal subsidies and Trade Barriers their contribution to greenhouse gas abatement
Environment and Development Economics, 2000Co-Authors: Kym Anderson, Warwick J MckibbinAbstract:International negotiations for an agreement to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases have not produced cost-effective policies for reducing emissions, not least because they are unlikely to prevent ‘leakage’ through a re-location of carbon-intensive activities to poorer countries. An alternative or supplementary approach that is more likely to achieve at least some emission reductions, and at the same time generate national and global economic benefits rather than costs, involves lowering coal subsidies and Trade Barriers. Past coal policies have encouraged excessive production of coal in a number of industrial countries and excessive coal consumption in numerous developing and transition economies. This paper documents those distortions and outlines the circumstances under which their reform (currently under way in some countries) could both improve the economy and lower greenhouse gas emissions globally. It then quantifies the effects on economic activity as well as global carbon emissions, using the G-Cubed multi-country general equilibrium model of the world economy. Both the gains in economic efficiency and the reductions in carbon dioxide emissions that could result from such reforms are found to be substantial—a ‘no regrets’ outcome or win–win Pareto improvement for the economy and the environment.
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reducing coal subsidies and Trade Barriers their contribution to greenhouse gas abatement
1997Co-Authors: Kym Anderson, Warwick J MckibbinAbstract:International negotiations for an agreement to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases are unlikely to produce concrete and comprehensive policies for effective emission reductions in the near term, not least because the policy measures being considered are economically very costly to major industries in rich countries and are unlikely to prevent ‘leakage’ through a re-location of carbon-intensive activities to poorer countries. An alternative or supplementary approach that is more likely to achieve carbon and methane emission reductions, and at the same time generate national and global economic benefits rather than costs, involves lowering coal subsidies and Trade Barriers. Past coal policies which encouraged excessive production of coal in a number of industrial countries and excessive coal consumption in numerous developing and transition economies are currently under review and in some cases are being reformed. This paper documents those distortions and outlines the circumstances under which their reform could not only improve the economy but also lower greenhouse gas emissions globally. It also provides modelling results which quantify the orders of magnitudes that could be involved in reducing those distortions. The effects on economic activity as well as global carbon emissions are examined using the G-Cubed multi-country general equilibrium model of the world economy. Both the gains in economic efficiency and the reductions in carbon dioxide emissions that could result from such reforms are found to be substantial – a ‘no regrets’ outcome or win-win Pareto improvement for the economy and the environment that contrasts markedly with many of the costly proposals currently being advocated to reduce greenhouse gases.
Phillip Swagel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Trade Barriers and Trade flows across countries and industries
The Review of Economics and Statistics, 1997Co-Authors: Jongwha Lee, Phillip SwagelAbstract:We use disaggregated data on Trade flows, production, and Trade Barriers for 41 countries in 1988 to examine the political and economic determinants of nontariff Barriers, as well as the impact of protection (both tariff and nontariff) on Trade flows. We use an econometric framework that allows for the simultaneous determination of Trade Barriers and Trade flows. Our results are consistent with political-economy theories of the determinants of protection: even after accounting for industry- and country-specific factors, nations tend to protect industries that are weak, in decline, politically important, or threatened by import competition, but provide less protection to industries in which exports are important.
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Trade Barriers and Trade flows across countries and industries
National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994Co-Authors: Jongwha Lee, Phillip SwagelAbstract:We use disaggregated data on Trade flows, production, and Trade Barriers for 41 countries in 1988 to examine the political and economic determinants of non-tariff Barriers, as well as the impact of protection (both tariff and non-tariff) on Trade flows. We use an econometric framework that allows for the simultaneous determination of Trade Barriers and Trade flows. Our results are consistent with political-economy theories of the determinants of protection: even after accounting for industry-specific factors, nations tend to protect industries that are weak, in decline, and threatened by import competition. Countries also give more protection to large industries; these might be thought of as politically important. Nations use tariffs, non-tariff Barriers, and exchange rate controls as complementary instruments of protection.
Chad P Bown - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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emerging economies and the emergence of south south protectionism
2012Co-Authors: Chad P BownAbstract:Do exports resume when import-restricting temporary Trade Barriers such as antidumping are finally removed? To establish the importance of this question for emerging economies, this paper uses newly available data from the World Bank's Temporary Trade Barriers Database to update a number of inter-temporal indicators of import protection along three dimensions: additional time coverage through 2011, additional policy-imposing country coverage, and a more comprehensive depiction of impacted trading partner coverage. It then turns to the emerging economy exporters affected by temporary Trade Barriers and highlights the economic significance of frequently bilateral import restrictions imposed by other emerging economies, i.e., South-South protectionism. Finally, it then investigates empirically whether country-level exports resume when the previously imposed -- but temporary -- import protection is finally removed. China's exporters respond quickly and aggressively to the market access opening embodied in the removal of such import restrictions. This differs markedly from the slow and tepid export response of other emerging economies, especially when the import protection had been imposed by another emerging economy trading partner. This evidence suggests a previously unidentified long-run cost associated with such South-South protectionism that merits further research and inquiry.
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the great recession and import protection the role of temporary Trade Barriers
World Bank Publications, 2011Co-Authors: Chad P BownAbstract:The great recession of 2008-9 caused a negative shock to the global economy that is comparable with the great depression of the 1930s. The major advanced nations experienced painful economic contraction, severe dislocation to industrial production and sharp spikes in unemployment. Trade flows collapsed across all the regions of the world. The rest of this introductory chapter proceeds as follows. Next, the report provide a more detailed timeline and summary of events in the great recession, including its macroeconomic and Trade impacts, the uncertainty over Trade policy in 2008-9, and the response to calls for additional monitoring of Trade policy. In particular, section one highlight the real time monitoring efforts of the World Bank's global antidumping database and subsequent temporary Trade Barriers (TTBs) database. These contributions have addressed some of the immediate concern about the unknown scale of protectionism taking place in 2008-9, but they have also revealed a lack of informational preparedness that has ultimately spurred this volume's research. In section two, the author introduce a relatively simple methodological framework to improve intertemporal assessment of the scope of TTB use, an approach that many of the volume's chapters adopt or modify to construct better measures of the 'stock' and 'flow' of imported products that countries subject to TTBs. (A more technical description of the methodology is provided in the Appendix (section six), along with details of the many common data sources used across the subsequent chapters.) What are the empirical results? Section three provides a simple application of this methodology and finds that, during the crisis, these economies collectively increased by 25 percent the imported products that they subjected to TTB import protection. Nevertheless, it turns out this collective expansion in TTB coverage during 2008-9 was dominated by emerging economies. Developing countries used TTBs to cover 39 percent more imported products by the end of 2009 compared with 2007, whereas recession-ravaged high-income economies surprisingly increased their coverage by only 4 percent. However, it is also clear from the data that understanding these crisis changes demands recognition of longer term trends. Thus, given these high-level results, Section 4 turns to a number of common questions that the subsequent chapters investigate, on an economy-by-economy basis, in more detail. This section provides a short preview of how the volume's authors subsequently address these questions by placing the Trade policy changes of 2008-9 into historical context. Section five then concludes.
Jongwha Lee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Trade Barriers and Trade flows across countries and industries
The Review of Economics and Statistics, 1997Co-Authors: Jongwha Lee, Phillip SwagelAbstract:We use disaggregated data on Trade flows, production, and Trade Barriers for 41 countries in 1988 to examine the political and economic determinants of nontariff Barriers, as well as the impact of protection (both tariff and nontariff) on Trade flows. We use an econometric framework that allows for the simultaneous determination of Trade Barriers and Trade flows. Our results are consistent with political-economy theories of the determinants of protection: even after accounting for industry- and country-specific factors, nations tend to protect industries that are weak, in decline, politically important, or threatened by import competition, but provide less protection to industries in which exports are important.
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Trade Barriers and Trade flows across countries and industries
National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994Co-Authors: Jongwha Lee, Phillip SwagelAbstract:We use disaggregated data on Trade flows, production, and Trade Barriers for 41 countries in 1988 to examine the political and economic determinants of non-tariff Barriers, as well as the impact of protection (both tariff and non-tariff) on Trade flows. We use an econometric framework that allows for the simultaneous determination of Trade Barriers and Trade flows. Our results are consistent with political-economy theories of the determinants of protection: even after accounting for industry-specific factors, nations tend to protect industries that are weak, in decline, and threatened by import competition. Countries also give more protection to large industries; these might be thought of as politically important. Nations use tariffs, non-tariff Barriers, and exchange rate controls as complementary instruments of protection.
Kamil Yilmaz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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productivity response to reduction in Trade Barriers evidence from turkish manufacturing plants
Review of World Economics, 2009Co-Authors: Sule Ozler, Kamil YilmazAbstract:We examine the effects of Trade policy changes on the evolution of productivity in the Turkish manufacturing industry. Plant level productivities are estimated for the 1983–1996 period following the procedure of Olley and Pakes. Industry averages indicate that productivity gains are largest in import-competing industries with highest gains reaching 8% per year during periods of rapid decline in protection rates. We find that productivity improvements resulting from declining protection rates are statistically significant and economically important, especially in import-competing sectors. More importantly, productivity improvements due to declining protection rates increase with the plant size.
