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Kevin B Hicks - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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scale up of ethanol production from winter barley by the edge enhanced dry grind Enzymatic Process in fermentors up to 300 l
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2011Co-Authors: Nhuan P. Nghiem, David B Johnston, Jay K Shetty, Frank Taylor, Kevin B HicksAbstract:A fermentation Process, which was designated the enhanced dry grind Enzymatic (EDGE) Process, has recently been developed for barley ethanol production. In the EDGE Process, in addition to the enzymes normally required for starch hydrolysis, commercial β-glucanases were used to hydrolyze (1,3)(1,4)-β-d-glucans to smaller molecules, thus reducing the viscosity of the mash to levels sufficiently low to allow transport and mixing in commercial equipment. Another enzyme, a developmental β-glucosidase, then was used to hydrolyze the resulting oligomers to glucose, which subsequently was fermented to produce additional ethanol. The EDGE Process was developed with Thoroughbred, a winter hulled barley, using a shake flask model. To move toward commercialization, it is necessary to prove that the developed Process would be applicable to other barley varieties and also to demonstrate its scalability. Experiments were performed in 7.5, 70, and 300-l fermentors using Thoroughbred and Eve, a winter hull-less barley. It was shown that the Process was scalable for both barley varieties. Low levels of glucose throughout the course of the fermentations demonstrated the high efficiency of the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation Process. Final ethanol concentrations of 14% (v/v) were achieved for initial total solids of 28.5–30% (w/w), which gave an ethanol yield of 83–87% of the theoretical values. The distillers dried grains with solubles co-products contained very low levels of β-glucans and thus were suitable for use in feed formulations for all animal species.
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Economic analysis of fuel ethanol production from winter hulled barley by the EDGE (Enhanced Dry Grind Enzymatic) Process.
Bioresource Technology, 2011Co-Authors: Nhuan P. Nghiem, David B Johnston, Edna C. Ramirez, Andrew J. Mcaloon, Winnie Yee, Kevin B HicksAbstract:Abstract A Process and cost model was developed for fuel ethanol production from winter barley based on the EDGE (Enhanced Dry Grind Enzymatic) Process. In this Process, in addition to β-glucanases, which are added to reduce the viscosity of the mash, β-glucosidase is also added to completely hydrolyze the oligomers obtained during the hydrolysis of β-glucans to glucose. The model allows determination of capital costs, operating costs, and ethanol production cost for a plant producing 40 million gallons of denatured fuel ethanol annually. A sensitivity study was also performed to examine the effects of β-glucosidase and barley costs on the final ethanol production cost. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the economic benefit of adding β-glucosidase. Lower ethanol production cost was obtained compared to that obtained without β-glucosidase addition in all cases except one where highest β-glucosidase cost allowance and lowest barley cost were used.
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production of ethanol from winter barley by the edge enhanced dry grind Enzymatic Process
Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2010Co-Authors: Nhuan P. Nghiem, David B Johnston, G Senske, Jay K Shetty, Kevin B Hicks, Mian Li, Michael J. Kurantz, G KoniecznyjandaAbstract:Background US legislation requires the use of advanced biofuels to be made from non-food feedstocks. However, commercialization of lignocellulosic ethanol technology is more complex than expected and is therefore running behind schedule. This is creating a demand for non-food, but more easily converted, starch-based feedstocks other than corn that can fill the gap until the second generation technologies are commercially viable. Winter barley is such a feedstock but its mash has very high viscosity due to its high content of β-glucans. This fact, along with a lower starch content than corn, makes ethanol production at the commercial scale a real challenge.
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production of ethanol from winter barley by the edge enhanced dry grind Enzymatic Process
Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2010Co-Authors: Nhuan P. Nghiem, David B Johnston, G Senske, Jay K Shetty, Kevin B Hicks, Michael J. Kurantz, G KoniecznyjandaAbstract:US legislation requires the use of advanced biofuels to be made from non-food feedstocks. However, commercialization of lignocellulosic ethanol technology is more complex than expected and is therefore running behind schedule. This is creating a demand for non-food, but more easily converted, starch-based feedstocks other than corn that can fill the gap until the second generation technologies are commercially viable. Winter barley is such a feedstock but its mash has very high viscosity due to its high content of β-glucans. This fact, along with a lower starch content than corn, makes ethanol production at the commercial scale a real challenge. A new fermentation Process for ethanol production from Thoroughbred, a winter barley variety with a high starch content, was developed. The new Process was designated the EDGE (enhanced dry grind Enzymatic) Process. In this Process, in addition to the normal starch-converting enzymes, two accessory enzymes were used to solve the β-glucan problem. First, β-glucanases were used to hydrolyze the β-glucans to oligomeric fractions, thus significantly reducing the viscosity to allow good mixing for the distribution of the yeast and nutrients. Next, β-glucosidase was used to complete the β-glucan hydrolysis and to generate glucose, which was subsequently fermented in order to produce additional ethanol. While β-glucanases have been previously used to improve barley ethanol production by lowering viscosity, this is the first full report on the benefits of adding β-glucosidases to increase the ethanol yield. In the EDGE Process, 30% of total dry solids could be used to produce 15% v/v ethanol. Under optimum conditions an ethanol yield of 402 L/MT (dry basis) or 2.17 gallons/53 lb bushel of barley with 15% moisture was achieved. The distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) co-product had extremely low β-glucan (below 0.2%) making it suitable for use in both ruminant and mono-gastric animal feeds.
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researchof ethanol from winter barley by the edge enhanced dry grind Enzymatic Process
2010Co-Authors: Nhuan P. Nghiem, David B Johnston, G Senske, Jay K Shetty, Kevin B Hicks, Michael J. Kurantz, G KoniecznyjandaAbstract:Background: US legislation requires the use of advanced biofuels to be made from non-food feedstocks. However, commercialization of lignocellulosic ethanol technology is more complex than expected and is therefore running behind schedule. This is creating a demand for non-food, but more easily converted, starch-based feedstocks other than corn that can fill the gap until the second generation technologies are commercially viable. Winter barley is such a feedstock but its mash has very high viscosity due to its high content of β-glucans. This fact, along with a lower starch content than corn, makes ethanol production at the commercial scale a real challenge. Results: A new fermentation Process for ethanol production from Thoroughbred, a winter barley variety with a high starch content, was developed. The new Process was designated the EDGE (enhanced dry grind Enzymatic) Process. In this Process, in addition to the normal starch-converting enzymes, two accessory enzymes were used to solve the βglucan problem. First, β-glucanases were used to hydrolyze the β-glucans to oligomeric fractions, thus significantly reducing the viscosity to allow good mixing for the distribution of the yeast and nutrients. Next, β-glucosidase was used to complete the β-glucan hydrolysis and to generate glucose, which was subsequently fermented in order to produce additional ethanol. While β-glucanases have been previously used to improve barley ethanol production by lowering viscosity, this is the first full report on the benefits of adding β-glucosidases to increase the ethanol yield. Conclusions: In the EDGE Process, 30% of total dry solids could be used to produce 15% v/v ethanol. Under optimum conditions an ethanol yield of 402 L/MT (dry basis) or 2.17 gallons/53 lb bushel of barley with 15% moisture was achieved. The distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) co-product had extremely low β-glucan (below 0.2%) making it suitable for use in both ruminant and mono-gastric animal feeds.
Nhuan P. Nghiem - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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scale up of ethanol production from winter barley by the edge enhanced dry grind Enzymatic Process in fermentors up to 300 l
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2011Co-Authors: Nhuan P. Nghiem, David B Johnston, Jay K Shetty, Frank Taylor, Kevin B HicksAbstract:A fermentation Process, which was designated the enhanced dry grind Enzymatic (EDGE) Process, has recently been developed for barley ethanol production. In the EDGE Process, in addition to the enzymes normally required for starch hydrolysis, commercial β-glucanases were used to hydrolyze (1,3)(1,4)-β-d-glucans to smaller molecules, thus reducing the viscosity of the mash to levels sufficiently low to allow transport and mixing in commercial equipment. Another enzyme, a developmental β-glucosidase, then was used to hydrolyze the resulting oligomers to glucose, which subsequently was fermented to produce additional ethanol. The EDGE Process was developed with Thoroughbred, a winter hulled barley, using a shake flask model. To move toward commercialization, it is necessary to prove that the developed Process would be applicable to other barley varieties and also to demonstrate its scalability. Experiments were performed in 7.5, 70, and 300-l fermentors using Thoroughbred and Eve, a winter hull-less barley. It was shown that the Process was scalable for both barley varieties. Low levels of glucose throughout the course of the fermentations demonstrated the high efficiency of the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation Process. Final ethanol concentrations of 14% (v/v) were achieved for initial total solids of 28.5–30% (w/w), which gave an ethanol yield of 83–87% of the theoretical values. The distillers dried grains with solubles co-products contained very low levels of β-glucans and thus were suitable for use in feed formulations for all animal species.
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Economic analysis of fuel ethanol production from winter hulled barley by the EDGE (Enhanced Dry Grind Enzymatic) Process.
Bioresource Technology, 2011Co-Authors: Nhuan P. Nghiem, David B Johnston, Edna C. Ramirez, Andrew J. Mcaloon, Winnie Yee, Kevin B HicksAbstract:Abstract A Process and cost model was developed for fuel ethanol production from winter barley based on the EDGE (Enhanced Dry Grind Enzymatic) Process. In this Process, in addition to β-glucanases, which are added to reduce the viscosity of the mash, β-glucosidase is also added to completely hydrolyze the oligomers obtained during the hydrolysis of β-glucans to glucose. The model allows determination of capital costs, operating costs, and ethanol production cost for a plant producing 40 million gallons of denatured fuel ethanol annually. A sensitivity study was also performed to examine the effects of β-glucosidase and barley costs on the final ethanol production cost. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the economic benefit of adding β-glucosidase. Lower ethanol production cost was obtained compared to that obtained without β-glucosidase addition in all cases except one where highest β-glucosidase cost allowance and lowest barley cost were used.
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production of ethanol from winter barley by the edge enhanced dry grind Enzymatic Process
Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2010Co-Authors: Nhuan P. Nghiem, David B Johnston, G Senske, Jay K Shetty, Kevin B Hicks, Mian Li, Michael J. Kurantz, G KoniecznyjandaAbstract:Background US legislation requires the use of advanced biofuels to be made from non-food feedstocks. However, commercialization of lignocellulosic ethanol technology is more complex than expected and is therefore running behind schedule. This is creating a demand for non-food, but more easily converted, starch-based feedstocks other than corn that can fill the gap until the second generation technologies are commercially viable. Winter barley is such a feedstock but its mash has very high viscosity due to its high content of β-glucans. This fact, along with a lower starch content than corn, makes ethanol production at the commercial scale a real challenge.
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production of ethanol from winter barley by the edge enhanced dry grind Enzymatic Process
Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2010Co-Authors: Nhuan P. Nghiem, David B Johnston, G Senske, Jay K Shetty, Kevin B Hicks, Michael J. Kurantz, G KoniecznyjandaAbstract:US legislation requires the use of advanced biofuels to be made from non-food feedstocks. However, commercialization of lignocellulosic ethanol technology is more complex than expected and is therefore running behind schedule. This is creating a demand for non-food, but more easily converted, starch-based feedstocks other than corn that can fill the gap until the second generation technologies are commercially viable. Winter barley is such a feedstock but its mash has very high viscosity due to its high content of β-glucans. This fact, along with a lower starch content than corn, makes ethanol production at the commercial scale a real challenge. A new fermentation Process for ethanol production from Thoroughbred, a winter barley variety with a high starch content, was developed. The new Process was designated the EDGE (enhanced dry grind Enzymatic) Process. In this Process, in addition to the normal starch-converting enzymes, two accessory enzymes were used to solve the β-glucan problem. First, β-glucanases were used to hydrolyze the β-glucans to oligomeric fractions, thus significantly reducing the viscosity to allow good mixing for the distribution of the yeast and nutrients. Next, β-glucosidase was used to complete the β-glucan hydrolysis and to generate glucose, which was subsequently fermented in order to produce additional ethanol. While β-glucanases have been previously used to improve barley ethanol production by lowering viscosity, this is the first full report on the benefits of adding β-glucosidases to increase the ethanol yield. In the EDGE Process, 30% of total dry solids could be used to produce 15% v/v ethanol. Under optimum conditions an ethanol yield of 402 L/MT (dry basis) or 2.17 gallons/53 lb bushel of barley with 15% moisture was achieved. The distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) co-product had extremely low β-glucan (below 0.2%) making it suitable for use in both ruminant and mono-gastric animal feeds.
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researchof ethanol from winter barley by the edge enhanced dry grind Enzymatic Process
2010Co-Authors: Nhuan P. Nghiem, David B Johnston, G Senske, Jay K Shetty, Kevin B Hicks, Michael J. Kurantz, G KoniecznyjandaAbstract:Background: US legislation requires the use of advanced biofuels to be made from non-food feedstocks. However, commercialization of lignocellulosic ethanol technology is more complex than expected and is therefore running behind schedule. This is creating a demand for non-food, but more easily converted, starch-based feedstocks other than corn that can fill the gap until the second generation technologies are commercially viable. Winter barley is such a feedstock but its mash has very high viscosity due to its high content of β-glucans. This fact, along with a lower starch content than corn, makes ethanol production at the commercial scale a real challenge. Results: A new fermentation Process for ethanol production from Thoroughbred, a winter barley variety with a high starch content, was developed. The new Process was designated the EDGE (enhanced dry grind Enzymatic) Process. In this Process, in addition to the normal starch-converting enzymes, two accessory enzymes were used to solve the βglucan problem. First, β-glucanases were used to hydrolyze the β-glucans to oligomeric fractions, thus significantly reducing the viscosity to allow good mixing for the distribution of the yeast and nutrients. Next, β-glucosidase was used to complete the β-glucan hydrolysis and to generate glucose, which was subsequently fermented in order to produce additional ethanol. While β-glucanases have been previously used to improve barley ethanol production by lowering viscosity, this is the first full report on the benefits of adding β-glucosidases to increase the ethanol yield. Conclusions: In the EDGE Process, 30% of total dry solids could be used to produce 15% v/v ethanol. Under optimum conditions an ethanol yield of 402 L/MT (dry basis) or 2.17 gallons/53 lb bushel of barley with 15% moisture was achieved. The distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) co-product had extremely low β-glucan (below 0.2%) making it suitable for use in both ruminant and mono-gastric animal feeds.
G Koniecznyjanda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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production of ethanol from winter barley by the edge enhanced dry grind Enzymatic Process
Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2010Co-Authors: Nhuan P. Nghiem, David B Johnston, G Senske, Jay K Shetty, Kevin B Hicks, Mian Li, Michael J. Kurantz, G KoniecznyjandaAbstract:Background US legislation requires the use of advanced biofuels to be made from non-food feedstocks. However, commercialization of lignocellulosic ethanol technology is more complex than expected and is therefore running behind schedule. This is creating a demand for non-food, but more easily converted, starch-based feedstocks other than corn that can fill the gap until the second generation technologies are commercially viable. Winter barley is such a feedstock but its mash has very high viscosity due to its high content of β-glucans. This fact, along with a lower starch content than corn, makes ethanol production at the commercial scale a real challenge.
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production of ethanol from winter barley by the edge enhanced dry grind Enzymatic Process
Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2010Co-Authors: Nhuan P. Nghiem, David B Johnston, G Senske, Jay K Shetty, Kevin B Hicks, Michael J. Kurantz, G KoniecznyjandaAbstract:US legislation requires the use of advanced biofuels to be made from non-food feedstocks. However, commercialization of lignocellulosic ethanol technology is more complex than expected and is therefore running behind schedule. This is creating a demand for non-food, but more easily converted, starch-based feedstocks other than corn that can fill the gap until the second generation technologies are commercially viable. Winter barley is such a feedstock but its mash has very high viscosity due to its high content of β-glucans. This fact, along with a lower starch content than corn, makes ethanol production at the commercial scale a real challenge. A new fermentation Process for ethanol production from Thoroughbred, a winter barley variety with a high starch content, was developed. The new Process was designated the EDGE (enhanced dry grind Enzymatic) Process. In this Process, in addition to the normal starch-converting enzymes, two accessory enzymes were used to solve the β-glucan problem. First, β-glucanases were used to hydrolyze the β-glucans to oligomeric fractions, thus significantly reducing the viscosity to allow good mixing for the distribution of the yeast and nutrients. Next, β-glucosidase was used to complete the β-glucan hydrolysis and to generate glucose, which was subsequently fermented in order to produce additional ethanol. While β-glucanases have been previously used to improve barley ethanol production by lowering viscosity, this is the first full report on the benefits of adding β-glucosidases to increase the ethanol yield. In the EDGE Process, 30% of total dry solids could be used to produce 15% v/v ethanol. Under optimum conditions an ethanol yield of 402 L/MT (dry basis) or 2.17 gallons/53 lb bushel of barley with 15% moisture was achieved. The distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) co-product had extremely low β-glucan (below 0.2%) making it suitable for use in both ruminant and mono-gastric animal feeds.
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researchof ethanol from winter barley by the edge enhanced dry grind Enzymatic Process
2010Co-Authors: Nhuan P. Nghiem, David B Johnston, G Senske, Jay K Shetty, Kevin B Hicks, Michael J. Kurantz, G KoniecznyjandaAbstract:Background: US legislation requires the use of advanced biofuels to be made from non-food feedstocks. However, commercialization of lignocellulosic ethanol technology is more complex than expected and is therefore running behind schedule. This is creating a demand for non-food, but more easily converted, starch-based feedstocks other than corn that can fill the gap until the second generation technologies are commercially viable. Winter barley is such a feedstock but its mash has very high viscosity due to its high content of β-glucans. This fact, along with a lower starch content than corn, makes ethanol production at the commercial scale a real challenge. Results: A new fermentation Process for ethanol production from Thoroughbred, a winter barley variety with a high starch content, was developed. The new Process was designated the EDGE (enhanced dry grind Enzymatic) Process. In this Process, in addition to the normal starch-converting enzymes, two accessory enzymes were used to solve the βglucan problem. First, β-glucanases were used to hydrolyze the β-glucans to oligomeric fractions, thus significantly reducing the viscosity to allow good mixing for the distribution of the yeast and nutrients. Next, β-glucosidase was used to complete the β-glucan hydrolysis and to generate glucose, which was subsequently fermented in order to produce additional ethanol. While β-glucanases have been previously used to improve barley ethanol production by lowering viscosity, this is the first full report on the benefits of adding β-glucosidases to increase the ethanol yield. Conclusions: In the EDGE Process, 30% of total dry solids could be used to produce 15% v/v ethanol. Under optimum conditions an ethanol yield of 402 L/MT (dry basis) or 2.17 gallons/53 lb bushel of barley with 15% moisture was achieved. The distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) co-product had extremely low β-glucan (below 0.2%) making it suitable for use in both ruminant and mono-gastric animal feeds.
David B Johnston - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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scale up of ethanol production from winter barley by the edge enhanced dry grind Enzymatic Process in fermentors up to 300 l
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2011Co-Authors: Nhuan P. Nghiem, David B Johnston, Jay K Shetty, Frank Taylor, Kevin B HicksAbstract:A fermentation Process, which was designated the enhanced dry grind Enzymatic (EDGE) Process, has recently been developed for barley ethanol production. In the EDGE Process, in addition to the enzymes normally required for starch hydrolysis, commercial β-glucanases were used to hydrolyze (1,3)(1,4)-β-d-glucans to smaller molecules, thus reducing the viscosity of the mash to levels sufficiently low to allow transport and mixing in commercial equipment. Another enzyme, a developmental β-glucosidase, then was used to hydrolyze the resulting oligomers to glucose, which subsequently was fermented to produce additional ethanol. The EDGE Process was developed with Thoroughbred, a winter hulled barley, using a shake flask model. To move toward commercialization, it is necessary to prove that the developed Process would be applicable to other barley varieties and also to demonstrate its scalability. Experiments were performed in 7.5, 70, and 300-l fermentors using Thoroughbred and Eve, a winter hull-less barley. It was shown that the Process was scalable for both barley varieties. Low levels of glucose throughout the course of the fermentations demonstrated the high efficiency of the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation Process. Final ethanol concentrations of 14% (v/v) were achieved for initial total solids of 28.5–30% (w/w), which gave an ethanol yield of 83–87% of the theoretical values. The distillers dried grains with solubles co-products contained very low levels of β-glucans and thus were suitable for use in feed formulations for all animal species.
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Economic analysis of fuel ethanol production from winter hulled barley by the EDGE (Enhanced Dry Grind Enzymatic) Process.
Bioresource Technology, 2011Co-Authors: Nhuan P. Nghiem, David B Johnston, Edna C. Ramirez, Andrew J. Mcaloon, Winnie Yee, Kevin B HicksAbstract:Abstract A Process and cost model was developed for fuel ethanol production from winter barley based on the EDGE (Enhanced Dry Grind Enzymatic) Process. In this Process, in addition to β-glucanases, which are added to reduce the viscosity of the mash, β-glucosidase is also added to completely hydrolyze the oligomers obtained during the hydrolysis of β-glucans to glucose. The model allows determination of capital costs, operating costs, and ethanol production cost for a plant producing 40 million gallons of denatured fuel ethanol annually. A sensitivity study was also performed to examine the effects of β-glucosidase and barley costs on the final ethanol production cost. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the economic benefit of adding β-glucosidase. Lower ethanol production cost was obtained compared to that obtained without β-glucosidase addition in all cases except one where highest β-glucosidase cost allowance and lowest barley cost were used.
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production of ethanol from winter barley by the edge enhanced dry grind Enzymatic Process
Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2010Co-Authors: Nhuan P. Nghiem, David B Johnston, G Senske, Jay K Shetty, Kevin B Hicks, Mian Li, Michael J. Kurantz, G KoniecznyjandaAbstract:Background US legislation requires the use of advanced biofuels to be made from non-food feedstocks. However, commercialization of lignocellulosic ethanol technology is more complex than expected and is therefore running behind schedule. This is creating a demand for non-food, but more easily converted, starch-based feedstocks other than corn that can fill the gap until the second generation technologies are commercially viable. Winter barley is such a feedstock but its mash has very high viscosity due to its high content of β-glucans. This fact, along with a lower starch content than corn, makes ethanol production at the commercial scale a real challenge.
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production of ethanol from winter barley by the edge enhanced dry grind Enzymatic Process
Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2010Co-Authors: Nhuan P. Nghiem, David B Johnston, G Senske, Jay K Shetty, Kevin B Hicks, Michael J. Kurantz, G KoniecznyjandaAbstract:US legislation requires the use of advanced biofuels to be made from non-food feedstocks. However, commercialization of lignocellulosic ethanol technology is more complex than expected and is therefore running behind schedule. This is creating a demand for non-food, but more easily converted, starch-based feedstocks other than corn that can fill the gap until the second generation technologies are commercially viable. Winter barley is such a feedstock but its mash has very high viscosity due to its high content of β-glucans. This fact, along with a lower starch content than corn, makes ethanol production at the commercial scale a real challenge. A new fermentation Process for ethanol production from Thoroughbred, a winter barley variety with a high starch content, was developed. The new Process was designated the EDGE (enhanced dry grind Enzymatic) Process. In this Process, in addition to the normal starch-converting enzymes, two accessory enzymes were used to solve the β-glucan problem. First, β-glucanases were used to hydrolyze the β-glucans to oligomeric fractions, thus significantly reducing the viscosity to allow good mixing for the distribution of the yeast and nutrients. Next, β-glucosidase was used to complete the β-glucan hydrolysis and to generate glucose, which was subsequently fermented in order to produce additional ethanol. While β-glucanases have been previously used to improve barley ethanol production by lowering viscosity, this is the first full report on the benefits of adding β-glucosidases to increase the ethanol yield. In the EDGE Process, 30% of total dry solids could be used to produce 15% v/v ethanol. Under optimum conditions an ethanol yield of 402 L/MT (dry basis) or 2.17 gallons/53 lb bushel of barley with 15% moisture was achieved. The distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) co-product had extremely low β-glucan (below 0.2%) making it suitable for use in both ruminant and mono-gastric animal feeds.
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researchof ethanol from winter barley by the edge enhanced dry grind Enzymatic Process
2010Co-Authors: Nhuan P. Nghiem, David B Johnston, G Senske, Jay K Shetty, Kevin B Hicks, Michael J. Kurantz, G KoniecznyjandaAbstract:Background: US legislation requires the use of advanced biofuels to be made from non-food feedstocks. However, commercialization of lignocellulosic ethanol technology is more complex than expected and is therefore running behind schedule. This is creating a demand for non-food, but more easily converted, starch-based feedstocks other than corn that can fill the gap until the second generation technologies are commercially viable. Winter barley is such a feedstock but its mash has very high viscosity due to its high content of β-glucans. This fact, along with a lower starch content than corn, makes ethanol production at the commercial scale a real challenge. Results: A new fermentation Process for ethanol production from Thoroughbred, a winter barley variety with a high starch content, was developed. The new Process was designated the EDGE (enhanced dry grind Enzymatic) Process. In this Process, in addition to the normal starch-converting enzymes, two accessory enzymes were used to solve the βglucan problem. First, β-glucanases were used to hydrolyze the β-glucans to oligomeric fractions, thus significantly reducing the viscosity to allow good mixing for the distribution of the yeast and nutrients. Next, β-glucosidase was used to complete the β-glucan hydrolysis and to generate glucose, which was subsequently fermented in order to produce additional ethanol. While β-glucanases have been previously used to improve barley ethanol production by lowering viscosity, this is the first full report on the benefits of adding β-glucosidases to increase the ethanol yield. Conclusions: In the EDGE Process, 30% of total dry solids could be used to produce 15% v/v ethanol. Under optimum conditions an ethanol yield of 402 L/MT (dry basis) or 2.17 gallons/53 lb bushel of barley with 15% moisture was achieved. The distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) co-product had extremely low β-glucan (below 0.2%) making it suitable for use in both ruminant and mono-gastric animal feeds.
Rengarajulu Puvanakrishnan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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mechanism of Enzymatic dehairing of skins using a bacterial alkaline protease
Chemosphere, 2008Co-Authors: S Sivasubramanian, Murali B Manohar, Rengarajulu PuvanakrishnanAbstract:In the conventional dehairing Process of leather manufacture, animal skins are subjected to a drastic chemical treatment using lime and sodium sulfide. Sulfide reduces disulfide bonds in keratin present in hair and epidermis and thereby detaches them from skin. Lime, being an alkali, contributes to opening up of collagen fiber structure by cleaving a major portion of the glycosaminoglycans from proteoglycans, the interfibrillar elements of skin connective tissue. Currently, as an alternative to chemical dehairing, enzyme based dehairing Processes using proteases avoiding the use of lime and sulfide are being developed because of their environmental benefits. Though both chemical as well as Enzymatic dehairing Processes are aimed at removing noncollagenous proteins and proteoglycans in addition to fiber opening, the mechanism of Enzymatic Process is distinct from that of the chemical Process. In this study, we attempt to study in detail the mechanism of hair saving Enzymatic dehairing Process for skins using a bacterial protease against the customary hair burn chemical dehairing Process. Quantitative analysis shows that the collagen content remains unaffected in both treatments but there is a marked reduction of proteoglycan constituents from dehaired pelts in the Enzymatic Process when compared to lime-sulfide Process. This is further substantiated by histochemical examination of the sections of dehaired pelts using different stains as well as immunohistochemical studies on the removal of decorin. HPLC profile shows that decorin is extensively degraded by the bacterial protease. This study conclusively demonstrates that proteolytic degradation of decorin and subsequent removal of proteoglycan aggregates play an important role in the opening up of the collagen fiber bundles during Enzymatic dehairing.
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ecofriendly lime and sulfide free Enzymatic dehairing of skins and hides using a bacterial alkaline protease
Chemosphere, 2008Co-Authors: S Sivasubramanian, Murali B Manohar, A Rajaram, Rengarajulu PuvanakrishnanAbstract:The ever-increasing attention to the environmental impact of leather industry has necessitated the development of enzyme-based Processes as potent alternatives to pollution causing chemicals. In this study, a hair saving Process is developed for dehairing of skins and hides using a bacterial alkaline protease preparation, completely eliminating the use of lime and sulfide. To evaluate the efficacy of the Enzymatic Process, comparative studies have been carried out with two controls; a conventional lime-sulfide Process and enzyme-assisted Process using commercial dehairing enzyme with reduced quantities of lime and sulfide. The developed Process requires a shorter duration of 6h for complete dehairing of skins and hides than control groups and also, it avoids the use of silicate carriers since the Enzymatic dehairing is carried out by dip method. Histological and scanning electron microscopic analyses of the dehaired pelts obtained from Enzymatic Process reveal complete removal of hair and epidermis with moderate opening up of fiber structure in both dermis and corium. Moreover, the collagen is not damaged and resulting in a leather of good quality. The developed Process has resulted in a remarkable reduction of effluent load in terms of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids and total suspended solids. Physicochemical studies conclusively show that the leathers produced by Enzymatic Process are equivalent to or better than that obtained by control systems. Thus, the developed Enzymatic Process offers immense potential for greener mode of dehairing of skins and hides in leather industry coupled with environmental excellence.
