The Experts below are selected from a list of 3762 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Lee Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Investigating behavioural mimicry in the context of stair/escalator choice.
British journal of health psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Oliver J Webb, Frank F Eves, Lee SmithAbstract:We investigated whether individuals mimic the stair/escalator choices of preceding pedestrians. Our methodology sought to separate cases where the 'model' and 'follower' were acquaintances or strangers. Natural experiment. Infrared monitors provided a second-by-second log of when pedestrians ascended adjacent stairs/Escalators in a mall. Manual timings established that stair climbers spent ≥ 7 s on ascent, during which time they could act as models to following pedestrians. Thus, individuals who mounted the stairs/escalator ≤ 7 s after the previous stair climber were assigned to a 'stair model' condition. A 'no stair model' condition comprised individuals with a gap to the previous stair climber of ≥ 60 s. The stair model condition was subdivided, depending if the gap between model and follower was 1-2 s or 3-7 s. It was hypothesized that the former cohort may know the model. Percentage stair climbing was significantly higher in the 'stair model' versus 'no stair model' condition (odds ratio [OR]= 2.08). Subgroup analyses showed greater effects in the '1-2 s' cohort (OR = 3.33) than the '3-7 s' cohort (OR = 1.39). Individuals appear to mimic the stair/escalator choices of fellow pedestrians, with more modest effects between strangers. People exposed to message prompts at stair/escalator sites are known to take the stairs unprompted in subsequent situations. Our results suggest that these individuals could recruit a second generation of stair climbers via mimicry. Additionally, some of the immediate behavioural effects observed in interventions may be a product of mimicry, rather than a direct effect of the messages themselves. ©2010 The British Psychological Society.
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Investigating behavioural mimicry in the context of stair/escalator choice.
British Journal of Health Psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Oliver J Webb, Frank F Eves, Lee SmithAbstract:This article is closed access. It was published in the serial, British Journal of Health Psychology [Wiley © The British Psychological Society]. The definitive version is available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1348/135910710X510395/abstractObjectives. We investigated whether individuals mimic the stair/escalator choices of preceding pedestrians. Our methodology sought to separate cases where the ‘model’ and ‘follower’ were acquaintances or strangers.\ud \ud Design. Natural experiment.\ud \ud Methods. Infrared monitors provided a second-by-second log of when pedestrians ascended adjacent stairs/Escalators in a mall. Manual timings established that stair climbers spent ≥ 7 s on ascent, during which time they could act as models to following pedestrians. Thus, individuals who mounted the stairs/escalator ≤ 7 s after the previous stair climber were assigned to a ‘stair model’ condition. A ‘no stair model’ condition comprised individuals with a gap to the previous stair climber of ≥ 60 s. The stair model condition was subdivided, depending if the gap between model and follower was 1–2 s or 3–7 s. It was hypothesized that the former cohort may know the model.\ud \ud Results. Percentage stair climbing was significantly higher in the ‘stair model’ versus ‘no stair model’ condition (odds ratio [OR]= 2.08). Subgroup analyses showed greater effects in the ‘1–2 s’ cohort (OR = 3.33) than the ‘3–7 s’ cohort (OR = 1.39).\ud \ud Conclusions. Individuals appear to mimic the stair/escalator choices of fellow pedestrians, with more modest effects between strangers. People exposed to message prompts at stair/escalator sites are known to take the stairs unprompted in subsequent situations. Our results suggest that these individuals could recruit a second generation of stair climbers via mimicry. Additionally, some of the immediate behavioural effects observed in interventions may be a product of mimicry, rather than a direct effect of the messages themselves
Frank F Eves - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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learnt effects of environmental cues on transport related walking disrupting habits with health promotion
PLOS ONE, 2019Co-Authors: Frank F Eves, Anna PuigriberaAbstract:Background In Ecological models, physical environments can be important determinants of transport-related walking. With repeated exposure to the same environment, learning of a linkage between the cues in the environment and walking should occur. Subsequent encounters with the cues can prompt the behaviour relatively automatically. No studies have experimentally tested the potential learning of this linkage between cues and behaviour. Choices between stairs and Escalators in public access settings were employed to test this premise for transport-related walking. Methods Three studies investigated the effects of visual cues on stair/escalator choices (combined n = 115,062). In quasi-experimental, interrupted time-series designs, observers audited choices in public access settings. Design alone phases with art or coloured backgrounds were compared with design plus message phases in which verbal health promotion messages were superimposed on the visual cues. Analyses used bootstrapped logistic regression. Results In initial studies, the design alone phases had no effect whereas subsequent design plus message phases reduced escalator choice. In two further studies, a 5-6 week design plus message phase that reduced escalator choice preceded a design alone phase. The visual background behind the successful health promotion message was reintroduced four weeks after the intervention was removed. The visual cue of design alone reduced escalator choice after it had been paired with the verbal health promotion message. There were no differences between art and coloured backgrounds. Conclusion These studies demonstrate for the first time a learnt linkage between transport-related walking and environmental cues. Discussion focuses on the mechanisms that may underlie this learning and cues in the environment that are relevant to transport-related walking.
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Investigating behavioural mimicry in the context of stair/escalator choice.
British journal of health psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Oliver J Webb, Frank F Eves, Lee SmithAbstract:We investigated whether individuals mimic the stair/escalator choices of preceding pedestrians. Our methodology sought to separate cases where the 'model' and 'follower' were acquaintances or strangers. Natural experiment. Infrared monitors provided a second-by-second log of when pedestrians ascended adjacent stairs/Escalators in a mall. Manual timings established that stair climbers spent ≥ 7 s on ascent, during which time they could act as models to following pedestrians. Thus, individuals who mounted the stairs/escalator ≤ 7 s after the previous stair climber were assigned to a 'stair model' condition. A 'no stair model' condition comprised individuals with a gap to the previous stair climber of ≥ 60 s. The stair model condition was subdivided, depending if the gap between model and follower was 1-2 s or 3-7 s. It was hypothesized that the former cohort may know the model. Percentage stair climbing was significantly higher in the 'stair model' versus 'no stair model' condition (odds ratio [OR]= 2.08). Subgroup analyses showed greater effects in the '1-2 s' cohort (OR = 3.33) than the '3-7 s' cohort (OR = 1.39). Individuals appear to mimic the stair/escalator choices of fellow pedestrians, with more modest effects between strangers. People exposed to message prompts at stair/escalator sites are known to take the stairs unprompted in subsequent situations. Our results suggest that these individuals could recruit a second generation of stair climbers via mimicry. Additionally, some of the immediate behavioural effects observed in interventions may be a product of mimicry, rather than a direct effect of the messages themselves. ©2010 The British Psychological Society.
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Investigating behavioural mimicry in the context of stair/escalator choice.
British Journal of Health Psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Oliver J Webb, Frank F Eves, Lee SmithAbstract:This article is closed access. It was published in the serial, British Journal of Health Psychology [Wiley © The British Psychological Society]. The definitive version is available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1348/135910710X510395/abstractObjectives. We investigated whether individuals mimic the stair/escalator choices of preceding pedestrians. Our methodology sought to separate cases where the ‘model’ and ‘follower’ were acquaintances or strangers.\ud \ud Design. Natural experiment.\ud \ud Methods. Infrared monitors provided a second-by-second log of when pedestrians ascended adjacent stairs/Escalators in a mall. Manual timings established that stair climbers spent ≥ 7 s on ascent, during which time they could act as models to following pedestrians. Thus, individuals who mounted the stairs/escalator ≤ 7 s after the previous stair climber were assigned to a ‘stair model’ condition. A ‘no stair model’ condition comprised individuals with a gap to the previous stair climber of ≥ 60 s. The stair model condition was subdivided, depending if the gap between model and follower was 1–2 s or 3–7 s. It was hypothesized that the former cohort may know the model.\ud \ud Results. Percentage stair climbing was significantly higher in the ‘stair model’ versus ‘no stair model’ condition (odds ratio [OR]= 2.08). Subgroup analyses showed greater effects in the ‘1–2 s’ cohort (OR = 3.33) than the ‘3–7 s’ cohort (OR = 1.39).\ud \ud Conclusions. Individuals appear to mimic the stair/escalator choices of fellow pedestrians, with more modest effects between strangers. People exposed to message prompts at stair/escalator sites are known to take the stairs unprompted in subsequent situations. Our results suggest that these individuals could recruit a second generation of stair climbers via mimicry. Additionally, some of the immediate behavioural effects observed in interventions may be a product of mimicry, rather than a direct effect of the messages themselves
Oliver J Webb - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Investigating behavioural mimicry in the context of stair/escalator choice.
British journal of health psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Oliver J Webb, Frank F Eves, Lee SmithAbstract:We investigated whether individuals mimic the stair/escalator choices of preceding pedestrians. Our methodology sought to separate cases where the 'model' and 'follower' were acquaintances or strangers. Natural experiment. Infrared monitors provided a second-by-second log of when pedestrians ascended adjacent stairs/Escalators in a mall. Manual timings established that stair climbers spent ≥ 7 s on ascent, during which time they could act as models to following pedestrians. Thus, individuals who mounted the stairs/escalator ≤ 7 s after the previous stair climber were assigned to a 'stair model' condition. A 'no stair model' condition comprised individuals with a gap to the previous stair climber of ≥ 60 s. The stair model condition was subdivided, depending if the gap between model and follower was 1-2 s or 3-7 s. It was hypothesized that the former cohort may know the model. Percentage stair climbing was significantly higher in the 'stair model' versus 'no stair model' condition (odds ratio [OR]= 2.08). Subgroup analyses showed greater effects in the '1-2 s' cohort (OR = 3.33) than the '3-7 s' cohort (OR = 1.39). Individuals appear to mimic the stair/escalator choices of fellow pedestrians, with more modest effects between strangers. People exposed to message prompts at stair/escalator sites are known to take the stairs unprompted in subsequent situations. Our results suggest that these individuals could recruit a second generation of stair climbers via mimicry. Additionally, some of the immediate behavioural effects observed in interventions may be a product of mimicry, rather than a direct effect of the messages themselves. ©2010 The British Psychological Society.
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Investigating behavioural mimicry in the context of stair/escalator choice.
British Journal of Health Psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Oliver J Webb, Frank F Eves, Lee SmithAbstract:This article is closed access. It was published in the serial, British Journal of Health Psychology [Wiley © The British Psychological Society]. The definitive version is available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1348/135910710X510395/abstractObjectives. We investigated whether individuals mimic the stair/escalator choices of preceding pedestrians. Our methodology sought to separate cases where the ‘model’ and ‘follower’ were acquaintances or strangers.\ud \ud Design. Natural experiment.\ud \ud Methods. Infrared monitors provided a second-by-second log of when pedestrians ascended adjacent stairs/Escalators in a mall. Manual timings established that stair climbers spent ≥ 7 s on ascent, during which time they could act as models to following pedestrians. Thus, individuals who mounted the stairs/escalator ≤ 7 s after the previous stair climber were assigned to a ‘stair model’ condition. A ‘no stair model’ condition comprised individuals with a gap to the previous stair climber of ≥ 60 s. The stair model condition was subdivided, depending if the gap between model and follower was 1–2 s or 3–7 s. It was hypothesized that the former cohort may know the model.\ud \ud Results. Percentage stair climbing was significantly higher in the ‘stair model’ versus ‘no stair model’ condition (odds ratio [OR]= 2.08). Subgroup analyses showed greater effects in the ‘1–2 s’ cohort (OR = 3.33) than the ‘3–7 s’ cohort (OR = 1.39).\ud \ud Conclusions. Individuals appear to mimic the stair/escalator choices of fellow pedestrians, with more modest effects between strangers. People exposed to message prompts at stair/escalator sites are known to take the stairs unprompted in subsequent situations. Our results suggest that these individuals could recruit a second generation of stair climbers via mimicry. Additionally, some of the immediate behavioural effects observed in interventions may be a product of mimicry, rather than a direct effect of the messages themselves
Matti Lehtonen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A machine learning approach to modelling escalator demand response
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 2020Co-Authors: Semen Uimonen, Marja-liisa Siikonen, Toni Tukia, Jussi Ekström, Matti LehtonenAbstract:Abstract This article relates to the topic of the escalator demand response potential. Previous studies mapped Escalators as an unrealized potential for additional demand response. The decrease of the nominal speed is the proposed method of reducing the power consumption of an escalator that comes at the cost of passenger travel time and queuing. This work proposes a solution to a problem of selecting appropriate Escalators from a large pool to accommodate the target of power curtailment at a minimum cost and highlights the escalator features that constitute the best demand response candidates. The paper compares four methods which differ in calculation speed and accuracy. The primal solution is the earlier developed and enhanced simulation-based model. The random forest and the neural network models provide a solution trained on the output of the simulation-based model aiming to enhance the calculation speed. Finally, all of the developed solutions are compared to the random selection of Escalators. The comparison of the proposed statistical approaches shows that the random forest outperforms the neural networks with a maximum error in the prediction of the overall costs in the range of 10.5% of the simulation-based model solution, while the neural network solution lies within 10%–58%, depending on the targeted value of the power reduction. Statistical approaches enable performing predictions for different times of the day and for new escalator populations without the need for time-demanding simulations. Comparison to the random selection of Escalators demonstrates that the proposed models generally outperform the random selection at least seven-fold.
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Potential of aggregated escalator loads in demand response
Electric Power Systems Research, 2019Co-Authors: Semen Uimonen, Marja-liisa Siikonen, Toni Tukia, Matti LehtonenAbstract:Abstract This article uses modeling to demonstrate the potential of utilizing aggregated electrical load of Escalators in demand response events and, in particular, for frequency containment reserve markets (FCR). In the paper, we model 3000 commercial and transportation Escalators, creating five scenarios, where the ratio of intermittent-operating Escalators varies from 0% to 100% at intervals of 25%. The model employs partial speed reduction during an hour as the main method for curtailment of power consumption. The power profiles of the aggregated escalator load are calculated for each hour in each scenario for two methods of power curtailment. In the first method, the speed change happens only when there is no passengers on the escalator to accommodate the safety measures. The second method applies the speed change within one second from the time of initiation, regardless of passengers presence on the escalator. The results clearly indicate that Escalators have potential to participate in frequency containment DR events either as a stand-alone aggregated load or as a part of a more complex solution with other technologies. With 3000 escalator units and the ratio of intermittent-operating Escalators above 25%, there is potential for curtailing from 0.5 to 3 MW of power consumption and the possibility to participate in FCR-N and -D markets.
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impact of daily passenger traffic on energy consumption of intermittent operating Escalators
Energy and Buildings, 2017Co-Authors: Semen Uimonen, Marja-liisa Siikonen, Toni Tukia, Matti LehtonenAbstract:Abstract Currently, intermittent-operating Escalators are gaining popularity on the market. The energy consumption of such devices highly relates to the passenger traffic profile during a day. This paper models the energy consumption of intermittent-operating Escalators with four different passenger profiles and analyzes the resulting differences in the daily electricity consumption. The passenger profiles and their impact on escalator energy consumption are based on multiple long-term measurements and previous research studies. The results indicate that passenger volumes and density during a day affect the overall energy consumption drastically. The main reason for the differences is the principle of intermittent-operating Escalators, the “power demand cycle”, along with the Variable Speed Drive.
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Energy consumption of Escalators in low traffic environment
Energy and Buildings, 2016Co-Authors: Semen Uimonen, Xiao Liang Cai, Hannu Nousu, Marja-liisa Siikonen, Claudio Donghi, Toni Tukia, Harri Hakala, Dirk Lange, Matti LehtonenAbstract:Lack of information on energy consumption patterns of intermittent-operating Escalators and unawareness of building owners of potential energy savings constitute the main obstacles for the penetration of energy-efficient escalator technology. Even though intermittent operation provides large energy savings in low passenger traffic, little research has been devoted to analyzing the composition of total energy consumption in these situations. This paper presents observations and data gathered during long-term energy measurements of an intermittent-operating escalator pair (one upwards, one downwards operating), equipped with reduced speed and stop & go modes, installed in a store in the Helsinki area. Energy consumption measurements were performed concurrently with people counting. The effect of passengers walking on the step band on daily energy consumption was calculated by relying on the people counting sensor data. Additional experiments were conducted by applying different masses to analyze the dependence of energy consumption on the carried load. Finally, the effect of intermittent operation, or speed control with stop & go functionality, on energy consumption was calculated for the escalator pair on the given site. The energy consumption is reduced up to 42% in the upwards running escalator and 52% in the downwards running escalator compared to a continuously running escalator with the same operating hours. The study concludes that the power consumption profiles of the intermittent-operating escalator pair highly depend on the characteristics of the people flow, mainly the consistency of the people flow.
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Modelling the daily energy consumption of Escalators with various passenger volumes
2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), 2016Co-Authors: Semen Uimonen, Toni Tukia, Matti Lehtonen, Marja-liisa SiikonenAbstract:This paper examines dynamics of escalator energy consumption in different passenger volumes with a simulation model of an existing escalator pair installation. The model segregates the energy consumption into components by operation mode and carried passenger mass. The simulation results emphasize the energy consumption of an intermittent escalator to depend highly on the passenger traffic volume. Changes in volume affect the share of energy consumption components and achievable savings by energy efficient features. In low traffic, equipped energy saving features drastically reduce energy consumption. Findings of this paper are applicable as supportive material in the selection process of Escalators to assure cost-efficient and high-energy performance escalator systems.
Semen Uimonen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A machine learning approach to modelling escalator demand response
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 2020Co-Authors: Semen Uimonen, Marja-liisa Siikonen, Toni Tukia, Jussi Ekström, Matti LehtonenAbstract:Abstract This article relates to the topic of the escalator demand response potential. Previous studies mapped Escalators as an unrealized potential for additional demand response. The decrease of the nominal speed is the proposed method of reducing the power consumption of an escalator that comes at the cost of passenger travel time and queuing. This work proposes a solution to a problem of selecting appropriate Escalators from a large pool to accommodate the target of power curtailment at a minimum cost and highlights the escalator features that constitute the best demand response candidates. The paper compares four methods which differ in calculation speed and accuracy. The primal solution is the earlier developed and enhanced simulation-based model. The random forest and the neural network models provide a solution trained on the output of the simulation-based model aiming to enhance the calculation speed. Finally, all of the developed solutions are compared to the random selection of Escalators. The comparison of the proposed statistical approaches shows that the random forest outperforms the neural networks with a maximum error in the prediction of the overall costs in the range of 10.5% of the simulation-based model solution, while the neural network solution lies within 10%–58%, depending on the targeted value of the power reduction. Statistical approaches enable performing predictions for different times of the day and for new escalator populations without the need for time-demanding simulations. Comparison to the random selection of Escalators demonstrates that the proposed models generally outperform the random selection at least seven-fold.
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Potential of aggregated escalator loads in demand response
Electric Power Systems Research, 2019Co-Authors: Semen Uimonen, Marja-liisa Siikonen, Toni Tukia, Matti LehtonenAbstract:Abstract This article uses modeling to demonstrate the potential of utilizing aggregated electrical load of Escalators in demand response events and, in particular, for frequency containment reserve markets (FCR). In the paper, we model 3000 commercial and transportation Escalators, creating five scenarios, where the ratio of intermittent-operating Escalators varies from 0% to 100% at intervals of 25%. The model employs partial speed reduction during an hour as the main method for curtailment of power consumption. The power profiles of the aggregated escalator load are calculated for each hour in each scenario for two methods of power curtailment. In the first method, the speed change happens only when there is no passengers on the escalator to accommodate the safety measures. The second method applies the speed change within one second from the time of initiation, regardless of passengers presence on the escalator. The results clearly indicate that Escalators have potential to participate in frequency containment DR events either as a stand-alone aggregated load or as a part of a more complex solution with other technologies. With 3000 escalator units and the ratio of intermittent-operating Escalators above 25%, there is potential for curtailing from 0.5 to 3 MW of power consumption and the possibility to participate in FCR-N and -D markets.
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impact of daily passenger traffic on energy consumption of intermittent operating Escalators
Energy and Buildings, 2017Co-Authors: Semen Uimonen, Marja-liisa Siikonen, Toni Tukia, Matti LehtonenAbstract:Abstract Currently, intermittent-operating Escalators are gaining popularity on the market. The energy consumption of such devices highly relates to the passenger traffic profile during a day. This paper models the energy consumption of intermittent-operating Escalators with four different passenger profiles and analyzes the resulting differences in the daily electricity consumption. The passenger profiles and their impact on escalator energy consumption are based on multiple long-term measurements and previous research studies. The results indicate that passenger volumes and density during a day affect the overall energy consumption drastically. The main reason for the differences is the principle of intermittent-operating Escalators, the “power demand cycle”, along with the Variable Speed Drive.
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Energy consumption of Escalators in low traffic environment
Energy and Buildings, 2016Co-Authors: Semen Uimonen, Xiao Liang Cai, Hannu Nousu, Marja-liisa Siikonen, Claudio Donghi, Toni Tukia, Harri Hakala, Dirk Lange, Matti LehtonenAbstract:Lack of information on energy consumption patterns of intermittent-operating Escalators and unawareness of building owners of potential energy savings constitute the main obstacles for the penetration of energy-efficient escalator technology. Even though intermittent operation provides large energy savings in low passenger traffic, little research has been devoted to analyzing the composition of total energy consumption in these situations. This paper presents observations and data gathered during long-term energy measurements of an intermittent-operating escalator pair (one upwards, one downwards operating), equipped with reduced speed and stop & go modes, installed in a store in the Helsinki area. Energy consumption measurements were performed concurrently with people counting. The effect of passengers walking on the step band on daily energy consumption was calculated by relying on the people counting sensor data. Additional experiments were conducted by applying different masses to analyze the dependence of energy consumption on the carried load. Finally, the effect of intermittent operation, or speed control with stop & go functionality, on energy consumption was calculated for the escalator pair on the given site. The energy consumption is reduced up to 42% in the upwards running escalator and 52% in the downwards running escalator compared to a continuously running escalator with the same operating hours. The study concludes that the power consumption profiles of the intermittent-operating escalator pair highly depend on the characteristics of the people flow, mainly the consistency of the people flow.
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Modelling the daily energy consumption of Escalators with various passenger volumes
2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), 2016Co-Authors: Semen Uimonen, Toni Tukia, Matti Lehtonen, Marja-liisa SiikonenAbstract:This paper examines dynamics of escalator energy consumption in different passenger volumes with a simulation model of an existing escalator pair installation. The model segregates the energy consumption into components by operation mode and carried passenger mass. The simulation results emphasize the energy consumption of an intermittent escalator to depend highly on the passenger traffic volume. Changes in volume affect the share of energy consumption components and achievable savings by energy efficient features. In low traffic, equipped energy saving features drastically reduce energy consumption. Findings of this paper are applicable as supportive material in the selection process of Escalators to assure cost-efficient and high-energy performance escalator systems.
