The Experts below are selected from a list of 318 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Edward J Buskey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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copepod Escape Behavior in non turbulent and turbulent hydrodynamic regimes
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2007Co-Authors: Rebecca J Waggett, Edward J BuskeyAbstract:Copepods respond to velocity gradients in the ambient fluid generated by the move- ment of nearby predators. Escape Behavior of several species in response to hydrodynamic stimuli has been analyzed under non-turbulent conditions; however, copepods normally experience a flow- ing or turbulent environment. Two neritic species (Paracalanus parvus and Temora turbinata) were exposed to a siphon-generated flow field under both non-turbulent and turbulent conditions. Defor- mation rates of 6.16 and 3.93 s -1 were required to elicit Escape Behavior in P. parvus and T. turbinata, respectively. Copepod jump distances in response to the siphon-generated flow field were >6.8 mm and were not significantly different under non-turbulent and turbulent conditions.
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calanoid copepod Escape Behavior in response to a visual predator
Marine Biology, 2006Co-Authors: Rebecca J Waggett, Edward J BuskeyAbstract:Calanoid copepods typically exhibit Escape reactions to hydrodynamic stimuli such as those generated by the approach of a predator. During the summers of 2000, 2001 and 2004, two small calanoid species, Temora turbinata Dana, 1849 and Paracalanus parvus Claus, 1863 were exposed to a visual predatory fish, the blenny Acanthemblemaria spinosa Metzelaar, 1919, and their predator–prey interactions were recorded using both high-speed and standard videographic techniques. Copepod Escape reaction components, including swimming pattern, reactive distance, turning rate, and jump kinetics, were quantified from individual predation events using motion analysis techniques. Among the observed Escape reaction components, differences were noted between the species’ swimming patterns prior to attack and their response latencies. Temora turbinata was a continuous cruiser and P. parvus exhibited a hop-and-sink swimming pattern. During periods of sinking, P. parvus stopped beating its appendages, which presumably reduced any self-generated hydrodynamic signals and increased perceptual abilities to detect an approaching predator. Response latency was determined for each copepod species using a hydrodynamic stimulus produced by a 1 ms acoustic signal. Response latencies of T. turbinata were significantly longer than those of P. parvus. Despite some apparent perceptual advantages of P. parvus, the blenny successfully captured both species by modifying its attack Behavior for the targeted prey.
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Escape Behavior of planktonic copepods in response to hydrodynamic disturbances high speed video analysis
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2002Co-Authors: Edward J Buskey, Petra H Lenz, Daniel K HartlineAbstract:Planktonic copepods exhibit rapid Escape Behavior in response to hydrodynamic distur- bances. Small disturbances of brief duration were produced by a piezoelectric transducer moving a small cylinder. The Escape responses of free-swimming adult males and females of the copepods Acartia tonsa and A. lilljeborgii were recorded using high-speed video and quantified using comput- erized motion analysis techniques. Response latency, swimming speed, acceleration and turning rate during Escape Behavior were measured. Acartia spp. typically respond within 4 ms to a hydro- dynamic disturbance with multiple power strokes of the swimming legs. Each stroke and recovery is of ca. 7 ms duration with maximum speeds often exceeding 500 mm s -1 and minimum speeds be- tween strokes rarely falling below 100 mm s -1 . Acceleration during initial Escape usually exceeds 100 m s -2 . Escapes often begin with rapid reorientation away from the source of the disturbance, with maximum turning rates of about 30° ms -1 . Significant differences were found between the kinetics of Escape responses of adult male and female copepods of each species, with males having greater maximum speeds and accelerations, and females having longer duration jumps. Significant differ- ences were also found between males and females of the 2 species, with A. lilljeborgii exhibiting greater speeds and more rapid acceleration than the smaller A. tonsa.
Rebecca J Waggett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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copepod Escape Behavior in non turbulent and turbulent hydrodynamic regimes
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2007Co-Authors: Rebecca J Waggett, Edward J BuskeyAbstract:Copepods respond to velocity gradients in the ambient fluid generated by the move- ment of nearby predators. Escape Behavior of several species in response to hydrodynamic stimuli has been analyzed under non-turbulent conditions; however, copepods normally experience a flow- ing or turbulent environment. Two neritic species (Paracalanus parvus and Temora turbinata) were exposed to a siphon-generated flow field under both non-turbulent and turbulent conditions. Defor- mation rates of 6.16 and 3.93 s -1 were required to elicit Escape Behavior in P. parvus and T. turbinata, respectively. Copepod jump distances in response to the siphon-generated flow field were >6.8 mm and were not significantly different under non-turbulent and turbulent conditions.
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calanoid copepod Escape Behavior in response to a visual predator
Marine Biology, 2006Co-Authors: Rebecca J Waggett, Edward J BuskeyAbstract:Calanoid copepods typically exhibit Escape reactions to hydrodynamic stimuli such as those generated by the approach of a predator. During the summers of 2000, 2001 and 2004, two small calanoid species, Temora turbinata Dana, 1849 and Paracalanus parvus Claus, 1863 were exposed to a visual predatory fish, the blenny Acanthemblemaria spinosa Metzelaar, 1919, and their predator–prey interactions were recorded using both high-speed and standard videographic techniques. Copepod Escape reaction components, including swimming pattern, reactive distance, turning rate, and jump kinetics, were quantified from individual predation events using motion analysis techniques. Among the observed Escape reaction components, differences were noted between the species’ swimming patterns prior to attack and their response latencies. Temora turbinata was a continuous cruiser and P. parvus exhibited a hop-and-sink swimming pattern. During periods of sinking, P. parvus stopped beating its appendages, which presumably reduced any self-generated hydrodynamic signals and increased perceptual abilities to detect an approaching predator. Response latency was determined for each copepod species using a hydrodynamic stimulus produced by a 1 ms acoustic signal. Response latencies of T. turbinata were significantly longer than those of P. parvus. Despite some apparent perceptual advantages of P. parvus, the blenny successfully captured both species by modifying its attack Behavior for the targeted prey.
William E Cooper - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Escape Behavior dynamic decisions and a growing consensus
Current opinion in behavioral sciences, 2016Co-Authors: Daniel T. Blumstein, Diogo S M Samia, William E CooperAbstract:There has been a recent flurry of theoretical, empirical, and comparative research in the remarkably integrative field of animal Escape Behavior. We highlight several new insights, mostly those that have emerged from the economic study of flight initiation distance (FID). Recent theoretical developments have shown that the logic applied to understanding FID also applies to other situations and that Escape Behavior is influenced by its benefits and costs, but the importance of these factors varies by taxa. In some cases, Escape Behavior is part of a compensatory response animals use to manage risk. Escape Behavior varies geographically and can be used to inform wildlife management.
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Predator lethality, optimal Escape Behavior, and autotomy
Behavioral Ecology, 2009Co-Authors: William E Cooper, William G. FrederickAbstract:Flight initiation distance is the distance separating predator and prey when Escape begins. The optimal flight initiation distance occurs where expected postencounter fitness is maximized, which depends on the prey's initial fitness, benefits obtainable by not fleeing, energetic Escape costs, and expected fitness loss due to predation risk. In current optimal Escape theory, prey die when contacted by a predator. We explore effects of variable lethality, L, the probability of being killed on contact. Optimal flight initiation distance increases as lethality increases, matching expectations that prey should not flee when contact entails no fitness loss but should be increasingly wary as expected fitness loss on contact increases. Addition of lethality improves the ability of optimal Escape theory to predict effects of factors affecting Escape ability. Autotomy, the voluntary shedding of tails or other expendable parts as a last-ditch defense to permit Escape, provides an example. After autotomy, running speed decreases in many prey, lethality increases because autotomy cannot be used again until the lost part has regenerated, and ability to obtain benefits may decrease due to reduced social status and foraging ability. These changes favor longer flight initiation distance but lowered initial fitness after autotomy has the opposite effect. Optimal Escape theory including a lethality term clarifies how autotomy may lead to increase or decrease in flight initiation distance depending on the balance of its multiple effects. Effects of additional factors that may alter multiple parameters of the model, including age, sex, reproductive condition, injury, disease, and parasitism are discussed. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.
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interactive effect of starting distance and approach speed on Escape Behavior challenges theory
Behavioral Ecology, 2009Co-Authors: William E Cooper, Dror Hawlena, Valentin PerezmelladoAbstract:Escape theory predicts flight initiation distance (FID, predator-to-prey distance when Escape begins) based on fixed functions relating costs and benefits of fleeing to distance between a prey and an approaching predator. Theory accurately predicts effects of costs for fixed functions and changes in functions due to changes in predator Behavior approach. Less obvious is how the effect of starting distance (predator-to-prey distance when approach begins) on FID can be explained when predator Behavior does not change during approach. We simulated predators to study effects of starting distance on FID in Balearic lizards (Podarcis lilfordi). Starting distance and approach speed affected FID interactively. It increased as starting distance increased during faster, but not slower, approaches. Because risk functions are considered fixed for a given approach speed, we must explain why FID varies with starting distance, why only for rapid approach, and how risk is assessed. Because prey approached slowly assess risk as small until the predator is very close, approach from greater distance has little effect on risk curves. Because continued rapid approach suggests that the predator has detected the prey and is attacking, not merely approaching, risk varies with starting distance. Theoretical difficulty in explaining the effect of starting distance on FID disappears if risk curves vary among starting distances at faster approach speeds, but each curve is fixed. This might occur if prey use a temporal rule of thumb assigning increasing risk as duration of rapid approach increases. Key words: antipredatory Behavior, approach distance, Escape, flight initiation distance, flush distance, starting distance. [Behav Ecol]
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risk assessment and withdrawal Behavior by two species of aposematic poison frogs dendrobates auratus and oophaga pumilio on forest trails
Ethology, 2009Co-Authors: William E Cooper, Janalee P Caldwell, Laurie J VittAbstract:Many chemically defended prey advertize toxicity to predators by aposematic coloration. When aposematic prey are approached, they often move slowly or not at all, allowing predators to evaluate their unprofitability. Poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) are toxic, aposematically colored, forage openly and diurnally, and are much easier to capture than many palatable frogs. Although protected against diverse predators, they are sometimes attacked and are subjected to injury by large animals without predatory intent. We predicted that they have limited Escape Behavior, but retain ability to assess and respond to risk. When we approached Dendrobates auratus and Oophaga pumilio on forest trails, both species hopped by the shortest route to the nearer forest edge and stopped there. When approached, D. auratus moved after shorter latency at an angle closer to perpendicular to the forest edge, were more likely to leave the trail, and left the trail sooner with fewer changes in direction after moving a shorter distance than when not approached. In agreement with predictions of optimal Escape theory based on risk, flight initiation distance by D. auratus was greater when approached directly than indirectly and rapidly than slowly, and was greater when frogs were in the open than partially concealed. Frogs neither attempted rapid Escape nor entered refuges. Both species hopped leisurely and remained visible after stopping. They exhibit the diminished Escape Behavior of aposematic prey, yet retain the capacity to assess risk and adjust Behavior accordingly. Their Behavior demonstrates continued need for Escape Behavior by highly toxic aposematic prey.
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tradeoffs between Escape Behavior and foraging opportunity by the balearic lizard podarcis lilfordi
Herpetologica, 2004Co-Authors: William E Cooper, Valentin PerezmelladoAbstract:Optimal Escape theory predicts that prey permit closer approach by predators when fleeing is more costly, but does not predict other aspects of Escape such as distance fled or the likelihood of returning to the initial site in the presence or absence of a resource such as food. Because a lizard preparing to feed may lose the feeding opportunity, optimal Escape theory predicts that the lizard should allow a predator to approach closer before fleeing when a stationary food source is present than in its absence. In addition, we predicted that when a predator was nearby, lizards would flee a shorter distance and return more often when food was present than absent. We presented adult males of the omnivorous Balearic lizard, Podarcis lilfordi, with a tethered piece of pear or a pebble of similar size and shape. One of us approached a lizard in a standardized manner, stopping and remaining still when the lizard fled. The other investigator recorded Escape and return Behaviors. Lizards in the presence of food per...
Leonid Kruglyak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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genetics of intraspecies variation in avoidance Behavior induced by a thermal stimulus in caenorhabditis elegans
Genetics, 2015Co-Authors: Rajarshi Ghosh, Aylia Mohammadi, William S Ryu, Joshua S Bloom, Molly Schumer, Peter Andolfatto, Leonid KruglyakAbstract:Individuals within a species vary in their responses to a wide range of stimuli, partly as a result of differences in their genetic makeup. Relatively little is known about the genetic and neuronal mechanisms contributing to diversity of Behavior in natural populations. By studying intraspecies variation in innate avoidance Behavior to thermal stimuli in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we uncovered genetic principles of how different components of a Behavioral response can be altered in nature to generate Behavioral diversity. Using a thermal pulse assay, we uncovered heritable variation in responses to a transient temperature increase. Quantitative trait locus mapping revealed that separate components of this response were controlled by distinct genomic loci. The loci we identified contributed to variation in components of thermal pulse avoidance Behavior in an additive fashion. Our results show that the Escape Behavior induced by thermal stimuli is composed of simpler Behavioral components that are influenced by at least six distinct genetic loci. The loci that decouple components of the Escape Behavior reveal a genetic system that allows independent modification of Behavioral parameters. Our work sets the foundation for future studies of evolution of innate Behaviors at the molecular and neuronal level.
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genetics of intra species variation in avoidance Behavior induced by a thermal stimulus in c elegans
bioRxiv, 2015Co-Authors: Rajarshi Ghosh, Aylia Mohammadi, William S Ryu, Joshua S Bloom, Molly Schumer, Peter Andolfatto, Leonid KruglyakAbstract:Individuals within a species vary in their responses to a wide range of stimuli, partly as a result of differences in their genetic makeup. Relatively little is known about the genetic and neuronal mechanisms contributing to diversity of Behavior in natural populations. By studying animal-to-animal variation in innate avoidance Behavior to thermal stimuli in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we uncovered genetic principles of how different components of a Behavioral response can be altered in nature to generate Behavioral diversity. Using a thermal pulse assay, we uncovered heritable variation in responses to a transient temperature increase. Quantitative trait locus mapping revealed that separate components of this response were controlled by distinct genomic loci. The loci we identified contributed to variation in components of thermal pulse avoidance Behavior in an additive fashion. Our results show that the Escape Behavior induced by thermal stimuli is composed of simpler Behavioral components that are influenced by at least six distinct genetic loci. The loci that decouple components of the Escape Behavior reveal a genetic system that allows independent modification of Behavioral parameters. Our work sets the foundation for future studies of evolution of innate Behaviors at the molecular and neuronal level.
John H Long - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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mechanics of the fast start muscle function and the role of intramuscular pressure in the Escape Behavior of amia calva and polypterus palmas
The Journal of Experimental Biology, 1998Co-Authors: Mark W Westneat, Melina E Hale, Matthew J Mchenry, John H LongAbstract:The fast-start Escape response is a rapid, powerful body motion used to generate high accelerations of the body in virtually all fishes. Although the neurobiology and Behavior of the fast-start are often studied, the patterns of muscle activity and muscle force production during Escape are less well understood. We studied the fast-starts of two basal actinopterygian fishes (Amia calva and Polypterus palmas) to investigate the functional morphology of the fast-start and the role of intramuscular pressure (IMP) in Escape Behavior. Our goals were to determine whether IMP increases during fast starts, to look for associations between muscle activity and elevated IMP, and to determine the functional role of IMP in the mechanics of the Escape response. We simultaneously recorded the kinematics, muscle activity patterns and IMP of four A. calva and three P. palmas during the Escape response. Both species generated high IMPs of up to 90 kPa (nearly 1 atmosphere) above ambient during the fast-start. The two species showed similar pressure magnitudes but had significantly different motor patterns and Escape performance. Stage 1 of the fast-start was generated by simultaneous contraction of locomotor muscle on both sides of the body, although electromyogram amplitudes on the contralateral (convex) side of the fish were significantly lower than on the ipsilateral (concave) side. Simultaneous recordings of IMP, Escape motion and muscle activity suggest that pressure change is caused by the contraction and radial swelling of cone-shaped myomeres. We develop a model of IMP production that incorporates myomere geometry, the concept of constant-volume muscular hydrostats, the relationship between fiber angle and muscle force, and the forces that muscle fibers produce. The timing profile of pressure change, Behavior and muscle action indicates that elevated muscle pressure is a mechanism of stiffening the body and functions in force transmission during the Escape response.