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David Grant Taylor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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General Relativity Light Speed Limit to Escape Velocity
viXra, 2020Co-Authors: David Grant TaylorAbstract:Classic General Relativity [GR] equations define distortion from an undistorted observation Perspective. Time distortion||Boson Slowdown from the Relativistic Perspective [RP] would reduce Time for any event, including movement, so the RP Velocity would be distorted upward. Current interpretation of the Classic GR Time equation is incomplete. It presumes no limit to Escape Velocity. Even though Escape velocities higher than c mean the distortion would be imaginary because it was the square root of a negative number. Imaginary Time is both incompletely defined and has no confirmable laboratory or observational evidence. This paper reasons equations that add logic||mathematic arguments for GR that do not predict imaginary distortions. The equations have been table confirmed to the originals to 2000 decimal places for velocities ranging from |1.000~000E-500m/s| to |(c-(1.000~000E-50))m/s|. The rephrased GR Time distortion equation argues Gravity Boson slowdown limits REAL Escape Velocity to c so there are never imaginary Time distortions. It also reasons additional equations show what that RP Velocity would be in Real values. The c limit would mean Schwarzschild Objects never reach an imaginary state. The Singularity model defined in current in current Cosmological Theory would not deny fundamentals in General Relativity Theory.
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A Relativistic Escape Velocity Maximum of Light Speed
2016Co-Authors: David Grant TaylorAbstract:There are parallels between the time distortion equations of General and Special Relativity. The time distortion in Special Relativity limits the “Real” Velocity of a particle to the speed of light |c| by slowing the Velocity of bosons/energy and increasing the mass of fermion||lepton (or matter) particles. In General Relativity, the gravitational slowdown of bosons/gravitons limits the Escape Velocity |v Esc| to light speed. |v Esc = (2GM/r)0.5| can also be written as |v Esc2 = 2GM/r|. So an alternate grammar for the equation could be The above contests currently held properties of Schwarzschild Objects. Relativistic theory predicts the slowdown of gravitons/bosons, while their Velocity only approaches zero. The different mathe-matical logic of Gravitational Force ||GF|| GF = GMm/r2 would mean no limit on the force. Matter formed through compression of bosons can Escape after formation by absorbing kinetic energy from the slowing photons/bosons in its surroundings. So matter formation can occur via a steady-state mechanism. The limit on v Esc allows matter to Escape in events that parallel both the Big Bang and Cyclic cosmology. Additional arguments are made as to the validity of relativity.
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A Relativistic Light Speed Maximum for Escape Velocity - Abstract
viXra, 2015Co-Authors: David Grant TaylorAbstract:There are parallels between the time distortion equations of General and Special Relativity. The time distortion in Special Relativity limits the “Real” Velocity of a particle to the speed of light |c| by slowing the Velocity of bosons/energy and increasing the mass of fermion||lepton (or matter) particles. In General Relativity, the gravitational slowdown of bosons/gravitons limits the Escape Velocity | | to light speed. The equation |vEsc = (2GM/r).5| can also be written as ||vEsc2 = (2GM/r)|. So an alternate grammar for the equation could be: Time’ = Time / (1 – 2GM/rc2).5 Time’ = Time / (1 – (2GM/r)*1/c2).5 Time’ = Time / (1 – (vEsc2)*1/c2).5 Time’ = Time / (1 – vEsc2*1/c2).5 The above contests currently held properties of Schwarzschild Objects. Relativistic theory predicts the slowdown of gravitons/bosons, while their Velocity only approaches zero. The different mathematical logic of Gravitational Force||GF|| GF = GMm / r2would mean no limit on the force. Matter formed through compression of bosons can Escape after formation by absorbing kinetic energy from the slowing photons/bosons in its surroundings. So matter formation can occur via a steady-state mechanism. The limit on vEscallows matter to Escape in events that parallel both the Big Bang and Cyclic cosmology. Additional arguments are made as to the validity of relativity.
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A Relativistic Light Speed Maximum for Escape Velocity
viXra, 2015Co-Authors: David Grant TaylorAbstract:This paper now appears the |Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmolgy| at http://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=68063 The Escape Velocity equation shows mathematical parallels between General Gravitational Relativity & Special Relativity Time distortions. Like the light-speed limit that SR puts to Real Velocity, GR puts a parallel limit to Escape Velocity. Time Distortion would mean all Bosons are slowed. There is a mathematic argument that General Relativity Graviton slowdown leads to that Escape Velocity limit – the fundamental Escape Velocity from any body will never be greater than light speed. The principal equation introduced in this paper is a rephrased GR Time equation. The Escape Velocity equation |vesc=(2GM/r)^½| can also be as written |vesc^2=(2GM/r)|. So |1 – 2GM/rc^2| can be re-expressed as |1 – vesc^2/c^2|. It is reasoned the expression will never have a zero value, only a Graviton||Boson slowdown. Time passage would never cease; only approach cessation. Time slowdown predicted by Relativistic distortion is confirmed by muon decay. The different phrasing of the Gravitational Force equation |F=GMm/r^2| would mean a limitless gravitational force. While Bosons compression would be unlimited, any matter could Escape after formation absorbing sufficient kinetic energy from slowing Photons||Bosons. This reasoning is illustrated by calculating Classic Relativity interpretations for distortions for Sagittarius A [SA] body at the center of the Milky Way.
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A Relativistic Maximum of Light Speed for Escape Velocity
2014Co-Authors: David Grant TaylorAbstract:The Escape Velocity equation shows mathematical parallels between General Gravitational Relativity & Special Relativity Time distortions. Like the light speed limit that SR puts to Real Velocity, GR puts a parallel limit to Escape Velocity. Time Distortion would mean all Bosons are slowed. There is a mathematic argument that General Relativity Graviton slowdown leads to that Escape Velocity limit – the fundamental Escape Velocity from any body will never be greater than light speed. The principal equation introduced in this paper is a rephrased GR Time equation. The Escape Velocity equation |vesc=(2GM/r)| can also be as written |vesc=(2GM/r)|. So |1 – 2GM/rc| can be re-expressed as |1 – vesc/c|. It is reasoned the expression will never have a zero value, only a Graviton||Boson slowdown. Time passage would never cease; only approach cessation. Time slowdown predicted by Relativistic distortion is confirmed by muon decay. The different phrasing of the Gravitational Force equation |F=GMm/r| would mean a limitless gravitational force. While Bosons compression would be unlimited, any matter could Escape after formation absorbing sufficient kinetic energy from slowing Photons||Bosons. This reasoning is illustrated by calculating Classic Relativity interpretations for distortions for Sagittarius A [SA] body at the center of the Milky Way.
Nicholas Scott - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the atlas3d project xxi correlations between gradients of local Escape Velocity and stellar populations in early type galaxies
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2013Co-Authors: Nicholas Scott, Michele Cappellari, Roger L. Davies, Gijs Verdoes Kleijn, M. Bois, Katherine Alatalo, Leo Blitz, Frédéric Bournaud, Martin BureauAbstract:We explore the connection between the local Escape Velocity, Vesc, and the stellar population properties in the ATLAS 3D survey, a complete, volume-limited sample of nearby early-type galaxies. We make use of ugriz photometry to construct Multi-Gaussian Expansion models of the surface brightnesses of our galaxies. We are able to fit the full range of surface brightness profiles found in our sample, and in addition we reproduce the results of state-ofthe-art photometry in the literature with residuals of 0.04 mag. We utilize these photometric models and SAURON integral-field spectroscopy, combined with Jeans dynamical modelling, to determine the local Vesc derived from the surface brightness. We find that the local Vesc is tightly correlated with the Mg b and Fe5015 line strengths and optical colours, and anticorrelated with the Hβ line strength. In the case of the Mg b and colour–Vesc relations we find that the relation within individual galaxies follows the global relation between different galaxies. We intentionally ignored any uncertain contribution due to dark matter since we are seeking an empirical description of stellar population gradients in early-type galaxies that is ideal for quantitative comparison with model predictions. We also make use of single stellar population (SSP) modelling to transform our line strength index measurements into the
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The ATLAS3D project – XXI. Correlations between gradients of local Escape Velocity and stellar populations in early-type galaxies
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2013Co-Authors: Nicholas Scott, Michele Cappellari, Roger L. Davies, Gijs Verdoes Kleijn, M. Bois, Katherine Alatalo, Leo Blitz, Frédéric Bournaud, Martin Bureau, Alison F. CrockerAbstract:We explore the connection between the local Escape Velocity, Vesc, and the stellar population properties in the ATLAS 3D survey, a complete, volume-limited sample of nearby early-type galaxies. We make use of ugriz photometry to construct Multi-Gaussian Expansion models of the surface brightnesses of our galaxies. We are able to fit the full range of surface brightness profiles found in our sample, and in addition we reproduce the results of state-ofthe-art photometry in the literature with residuals of 0.04 mag. We utilize these photometric models and SAURON integral-field spectroscopy, combined with Jeans dynamical modelling, to determine the local Vesc derived from the surface brightness. We find that the local Vesc is tightly correlated with the Mg b and Fe5015 line strengths and optical colours, and anticorrelated with the Hβ line strength. In the case of the Mg b and colour–Vesc relations we find that the relation within individual galaxies follows the global relation between different galaxies. We intentionally ignored any uncertain contribution due to dark matter since we are seeking an empirical description of stellar population gradients in early-type galaxies that is ideal for quantitative comparison with model predictions. We also make use of single stellar population (SSP) modelling to transform our line strength index measurements into the
Martin Bureau - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the atlas3d project xxi correlations between gradients of local Escape Velocity and stellar populations in early type galaxies
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2013Co-Authors: Nicholas Scott, Michele Cappellari, Roger L. Davies, Gijs Verdoes Kleijn, M. Bois, Katherine Alatalo, Leo Blitz, Frédéric Bournaud, Martin BureauAbstract:We explore the connection between the local Escape Velocity, Vesc, and the stellar population properties in the ATLAS 3D survey, a complete, volume-limited sample of nearby early-type galaxies. We make use of ugriz photometry to construct Multi-Gaussian Expansion models of the surface brightnesses of our galaxies. We are able to fit the full range of surface brightness profiles found in our sample, and in addition we reproduce the results of state-ofthe-art photometry in the literature with residuals of 0.04 mag. We utilize these photometric models and SAURON integral-field spectroscopy, combined with Jeans dynamical modelling, to determine the local Vesc derived from the surface brightness. We find that the local Vesc is tightly correlated with the Mg b and Fe5015 line strengths and optical colours, and anticorrelated with the Hβ line strength. In the case of the Mg b and colour–Vesc relations we find that the relation within individual galaxies follows the global relation between different galaxies. We intentionally ignored any uncertain contribution due to dark matter since we are seeking an empirical description of stellar population gradients in early-type galaxies that is ideal for quantitative comparison with model predictions. We also make use of single stellar population (SSP) modelling to transform our line strength index measurements into the
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The ATLAS3D project – XXI. Correlations between gradients of local Escape Velocity and stellar populations in early-type galaxies
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2013Co-Authors: Nicholas Scott, Michele Cappellari, Roger L. Davies, Gijs Verdoes Kleijn, M. Bois, Katherine Alatalo, Leo Blitz, Frédéric Bournaud, Martin Bureau, Alison F. CrockerAbstract:We explore the connection between the local Escape Velocity, Vesc, and the stellar population properties in the ATLAS 3D survey, a complete, volume-limited sample of nearby early-type galaxies. We make use of ugriz photometry to construct Multi-Gaussian Expansion models of the surface brightnesses of our galaxies. We are able to fit the full range of surface brightness profiles found in our sample, and in addition we reproduce the results of state-ofthe-art photometry in the literature with residuals of 0.04 mag. We utilize these photometric models and SAURON integral-field spectroscopy, combined with Jeans dynamical modelling, to determine the local Vesc derived from the surface brightness. We find that the local Vesc is tightly correlated with the Mg b and Fe5015 line strengths and optical colours, and anticorrelated with the Hβ line strength. In the case of the Mg b and colour–Vesc relations we find that the relation within individual galaxies follows the global relation between different galaxies. We intentionally ignored any uncertain contribution due to dark matter since we are seeking an empirical description of stellar population gradients in early-type galaxies that is ideal for quantitative comparison with model predictions. We also make use of single stellar population (SSP) modelling to transform our line strength index measurements into the
Mats Sandberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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City breathability in medium density urban-like geometries evaluated through the pollutant transport rate and the net Escape Velocity
Building and Environment, 2015Co-Authors: Jian Hang, Mats Sandberg, Qun Wang, Xieyuan Chen, Wei Zhu, Riccardo Buccolieri, Silvana Di SabatinoAbstract:Abstract This paper investigates pollutant removal at pedestrian level in urban canopy layer (UCL) models of medium packing density ( λ p = λ f = 0.25) using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Urban size, building height variations, wind direction and uniform wall heating are investigated. The standard and RNG k − e turbulence models, validated against wind tunnel data, are used. The contribution of mean flows and turbulent diffusion in removing pollutants at pedestrian level is quantified by three indicators: the net Escape Velocity ( NEV ), the pollutant transport rate ( PTR ) across UCL boundaries and their contribution ratios ( CR ). Results show that under parallel approaching wind, after a wind-adjustment region, a fully-developed region develops. Longer urban models attain smaller NEV due to pollutant accumulation. Specifically, for street-scale models (∼100 m), most pollutants are removed out across leeward street openings and the dilution by horizontal mean flows contributes mostly to NEV . For neighbourhood-scale models (∼1 km), both horizontal mean flows and turbulent diffusion contribute more to NEV than vertical mean flows which instead produce significant pollutant re-entry across street roofs. In contrast to uniform height, building height variations increase the contribution of vertical mean flows, but only slightly influence NEV . Finally, flow conditions with parallel wind and uniform wall heating attain larger NEV than oblique wind and isothermal condition. The paper proves that by analysing the values of the three indicators it is possible to form maps of urban breathability according to prevailing wind conditions and known urban morphology that can be of easy use for planning purposes.
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Performance evaluation of contaminant removal and air quality control for local ventilation systems using the ventilation index Net Escape Velocity
Building and Environment, 2014Co-Authors: Eunsu Lim, Kazuhide Ito, Mats SandbergAbstract:Abstract A concept of ventilation efficiency, Net Escape Velocity (NEV), developed by authors presents the net and integrated Velocity of contaminant transport by convection and diffusion effect at a point within the room. The NEV is the effective ventilation rate with a Velocity scale determining the contaminant concentration at a target point and can be expressed by vector and scalar quantities. It is the most important characteristic of NEV concept. An expanded concept of NEV (NEV*), under an assumption that the inflow flux of a contaminant on the control volume is a contaminant generation, was proposed. We believe that the NEV and NEV* distributions can provide helpful information for ventilation design to control contaminants. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the advantage and contribution of NEV* to current ventilation design procedure by using numerical analysis. Here, it was evaluated by the NEV* that the contaminant removal performances of local ventilation systems which are a kitchen exhaust hood in a kitchen environment, a push–pull hood in an industrial environment and an adsorptive building material in a test chamber. The distributions of the NEV* as vector quantities under the different flow and diffusion fields were analyzed to investigate contaminant leakage across the hypothetical boundaries of the control target domain of the local ventilation hood and to investigate the contaminant concentration reduction performance of the adsorptive building materials.
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Evaluation of the Photocatalytic Decomposition Eff ect on the Improvement of Iaq by New VentilationIndex – Net Escape Velocity
2013Co-Authors: Eunzu Lim, Kazuhide Ito, Mats SandbergAbstract:Evaluation of the Photocatalytic Decomposition Eff ect on the Improvement of Iaq by New VentilationIndex – Net Escape Velocity
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evaluation of the photocatalytic decomposition eff ect on the improvement of iaq by new ventilationindex net Escape Velocity
CLIMA-2013 June 16–19 2013 Prague Czech Republic, 2013Co-Authors: Eunzu Lim, Kazuhide Ito, Mats SandbergAbstract:Evaluation of the Photocatalytic Decomposition Eff ect on the Improvement of Iaq by New VentilationIndex – Net Escape Velocity
Stefano Borgani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Measuring the Escape Velocity and mass profiles of galaxy clusters beyond their virial radius
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2010Co-Authors: Ana Laura Serra, Antonaldo Diaferio, Giuseppe Murante, Stefano BorganiAbstract:The caustic technique uses galaxy redshifts alone to measure the Escape Velocity and mass profiles of galaxy clusters to clustrocentric distances well beyond the virial radius, where dynamical equilibrium does not necessarily hold. We provide a detailed description of this technique and analyse its possible systematic errors. We apply the caustic technique to clusters with mass M 200 ≥ 10 14 h -1 M ⊙ extracted from a cosmological hydrodynamic simulation of a ACDM universe. With a few tens of redshifts per squared comoving megaparsec within the cluster, the caustic technique, on average, recovers the profile of the Escape Velocity from the cluster with better than 10 per cent accuracy up to r~4r 200 . The caustic technique also recovers the mass profile with better than 10 per cent accuracy in the range (0.6-4) r 200 , but it overestimates the mass up to 70 per cent at smaller radii. This overestimate is a consequence of neglecting the radial dependence of the filling function F β (r). The 1σ uncertainty on individual Escape Velocity profiles increases from ~20 to ~50 per cent when the radius increases from r~0.1r 200 to ~4r 200 . Individual mass profiles have 1σ uncertainty between 40 and 80 per cent within the radial range (0.6-4)r 200 . When the correct virial mass is known, the 1σ uncertainty reduces to a constant 50 per cent on the same radial range. We show that the amplitude of these uncertainties is completely due to the assumption of spherical symmetry, which is difficult to drop. Other potential refinements of the technique are not crucial. We conclude that, when applied to individual clusters, the caustic technique generally provides accurate Escape Velocity and mass profiles, although, in some cases, the deviation from the real profile can be substantial. Alternatively, we can apply the technique to synthetic clusters obtained by stacking individual clusters: in this case, the 1σ uncertainty on the Escape Velocity profile is smaller than 20 per cent out to 4r 200 . The caustic technique thus provides reliable average profiles which extend to regions difficult or impossible to probe with other techniques.
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measuring the Escape Velocity and mass profiles of galaxy clusters beyond their virial radius
arXiv: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, 2010Co-Authors: Ana Laura Serra, Antonaldo Diaferio, Giuseppe Murante, Stefano BorganiAbstract:The caustic technique uses galaxy redshifts alone to measure the Escape Velocity and mass profiles of galaxy clusters to clustrocentric distances well beyond the virial radius, where dynamical equilibrium does not necessarily hold. We provide a detailed description of this technique and analyse its possible systematic errors. We apply the caustic technique to clusters with mass M_200>=10^{14}h^{-1} M_sun extracted from a cosmological hydrodynamic simulation of a LambdaCDM universe. With a few tens of redshifts per squared comoving megaparsec within the cluster, the caustic technique, on average, recovers the profile of the Escape Velocity from the cluster with better than 10 percent accuracy up to r~4 r_200. The caustic technique also recovers the mass profile with better than 10 percent accuracy in the range (0.6-4) r_200, but it overestimates the mass up to 70 percent at smaller radii. This overestimate is a consequence of neglecting the radial dependence of the filling function F_beta(r). The 1-sigma uncertainty on individual Escape Velocity profiles increases from ~20 to ~50 percent when the radius increases from r~0.1 r_200 to ~4 r_200. Individual mass profiles have 1-sigma uncertainty between 40 and 80 percent within the radial range (0.6-4) r_200. We show that the amplitude of these uncertainties is completely due to the assumption of spherical symmetry, which is difficult to drop. Alternatively, we can apply the technique to synthetic clusters obtained by stacking individual clusters: in this case, the 1-sigma uncertainty on the Escape Velocity profile is smaller than 20 percent out to 4 r_200. The caustic technique thus provides reliable average profiles which extend to regions difficult or impossible to probe with other techniques.