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Robert R Wolfe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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nutritional supplementation with Essential Amino Acids and phytosterols may reduce risk for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in overweight individuals with mild hyperlipidemia
Journal of endocrinology diabetes & obesity, 2015Co-Authors: Robert H Coker, Robert R Wolfe, Nicolaas E P Deutz, Scott Schutzler, Marjorie L Beggs, Sharon L Miller, Jeanne Y WeiAbstract:Background Hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance are risk factors for the development of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. We have previously observed that supplementation with Essential Amino Acids (EAA) could lower plasma triglycerides, and may improve glucose metabolism.
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dietary Essential Amino Acids are highly anabolic in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis
Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 2013Co-Authors: Marielle P K J Engelen, Robert R Wolfe, Gulnur Com, Nicolaas E P DeutzAbstract:Background Current nutritional approaches have been partially successful in Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Essential Amino Acids mixtures with high Leucine levels (EAA) have anabolic properties in catabolic conditions, however data in CF are lacking.
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whey protein and Essential Amino Acids promote the reduction of adipose tissue and increased muscle protein synthesis during caloric restriction induced weight loss in elderly obese individuals
Nutrition Journal, 2012Co-Authors: Robert H Coker, Nicolaas E P Deutz, Scott Schutzler, Sharon L Miller, Robert R WolfeAbstract:Background Excess adipose tissue and sarcopenia presents a multifaceted clinical challenge that promotes morbidity and mortality in the obese, elderly population. Unfortunately, the mortality risks of muscle loss may outweigh the potential benefits of weight loss in the elderly. We have previously demonstrated the effectiveness of whey protein and Essential Amino Acids towards the preservation of lean tissue, even under the conditions of strict bedrest in the elderly.
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Essential Amino Acids are primarily responsible for the Amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly adults
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2003Co-Authors: Elena Volpi, Robert R Wolfe, Hisamine Kobayashi, Melinda Sheffieldmoore, Bettina MittendorferAbstract:Background: Nutritional supplementation may be used to treat muscle loss with aging (sarcopenia). However, if physical activity does not increase, the elderly tend to compensate for the increased energy delivered by the supplements with reduced food intake, which results in a calorie substitution rather than supplementation. Thus, an effective supplement should stimulate muscle anabolism more efficiently than food or common protein supplements. We have shown that balanced Amino Acids stimulate muscle protein anabolism in the elderly, but it is unknown whether all Amino Acids are necessary to achieve this effect. Objective: We assessed whether nonEssential Amino Acids are required in a nutritional supplement to stimulate muscle protein anabolism in the elderly. Design: We compared the response of muscle protein metabolism to either 18 g Essential Amino Acids (EAA group: n = 6, age 69 ± 2 y; x ± SD) or 40 g balanced Amino Acids (18 g Essential Amino Acids + 22 g nonEssential Amino Acids, BAA group; n = 8, age 71 ± 2 y) given orally in small boluses every 10 min for 3 h to healthy elderly volunteers. Muscle protein metabolism was measured in the basal state and during Amino acid administration via L-[ring- 2 H5]phenylalanine infusion, femoral arterial and venous catheterization, and muscle biopsies. Results: Phenylalanine net balance (in nmol · min � 1 · 100 mL leg volume � 1 ) increased from the basal state (P < 0.01), with no differences between groups (BAA: from � 16 ± 5 to 16 ± 4; EAA: from � 18 ± 5 to 14 ± 13) because of an increase (P < 0.01) in muscle protein synthesis and no change in breakdown. Conclusion: Essential Amino Acids are primarily responsible for the Amino acid‐induced stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:250‐8.
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Essential Amino Acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise
American Journal of Physiology-endocrinology and Metabolism, 2002Co-Authors: Elisabet Borsheim, Kevin D Tipton, Steven E Wolf, Robert R WolfeAbstract:This study tests the hypothesis that a dose of 6 g of orally administered Essential Amino Acids (EAAs) stimulates net muscle protein balance in healthy volunteers when consumed 1 and 2 h after resi...
Jeffrey R Stout - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of protein Essential Amino Acids and resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy a case for whey protein
Nutrition & Metabolism, 2010Co-Authors: Juha J Hulmi, Christopher M Lockwood, Jeffrey R StoutAbstract:Regardless of age or gender, resistance training or provision of adequate amounts of dietary protein (PRO) or Essential Amino Acids (EAA) can increase muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in healthy adults. Combined PRO or EAA ingestion proximal to resistance training, however, can augment the post-exercise MPS response and has been shown to elicit a greater anabolic effect than exercise plus carbohydrate. Unfortunately, chronic/adaptive response data comparing the effects of different protein sources is limited. A growing body of evidence does, however, suggest that dairy PRO, and whey in particular may: 1) stimulate the greatest rise in MPS, 2) result in greater muscle cross-sectional area when combined with chronic resistance training, and 3) at least in younger individuals, enhance exercise recovery. Therefore, this review will focus on whey protein supplementation and its effects on skeletal muscle mass when combined with heavy resistance training.
Nicolaas E P Deutz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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nutritional supplementation with Essential Amino Acids and phytosterols may reduce risk for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in overweight individuals with mild hyperlipidemia
Journal of endocrinology diabetes & obesity, 2015Co-Authors: Robert H Coker, Robert R Wolfe, Nicolaas E P Deutz, Scott Schutzler, Marjorie L Beggs, Sharon L Miller, Jeanne Y WeiAbstract:Background Hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance are risk factors for the development of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. We have previously observed that supplementation with Essential Amino Acids (EAA) could lower plasma triglycerides, and may improve glucose metabolism.
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dietary Essential Amino Acids are highly anabolic in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis
Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 2013Co-Authors: Marielle P K J Engelen, Robert R Wolfe, Gulnur Com, Nicolaas E P DeutzAbstract:Background Current nutritional approaches have been partially successful in Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Essential Amino Acids mixtures with high Leucine levels (EAA) have anabolic properties in catabolic conditions, however data in CF are lacking.
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whey protein and Essential Amino Acids promote the reduction of adipose tissue and increased muscle protein synthesis during caloric restriction induced weight loss in elderly obese individuals
Nutrition Journal, 2012Co-Authors: Robert H Coker, Nicolaas E P Deutz, Scott Schutzler, Sharon L Miller, Robert R WolfeAbstract:Background Excess adipose tissue and sarcopenia presents a multifaceted clinical challenge that promotes morbidity and mortality in the obese, elderly population. Unfortunately, the mortality risks of muscle loss may outweigh the potential benefits of weight loss in the elderly. We have previously demonstrated the effectiveness of whey protein and Essential Amino Acids towards the preservation of lean tissue, even under the conditions of strict bedrest in the elderly.
Gad Galili - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Fortifying Horticultural Crops with Essential Amino Acids: A Review.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2017Co-Authors: Guoping Wang, Wenyi Wang, Gad GaliliAbstract:To feed the world′s growing population, increasing the yield of crops is not the only important factor, improving crop quality is also important, and it presents a significant challenge. Among the important crops, horticultural crops (particularly fruits and vegetables) provide numerous health compounds, such as vitamins, antioxidants, and Amino Acids. Essential Amino Acids are those that cannot be produced by the organism and, therefore, must be obtained from diet, particularly from meat, eggs, and milk, as well as a variety of plants. Extensive efforts have been devoted to increasing the levels of Essential Amino Acids in plants. Yet, these efforts have been met with very little success due to the limited genetic resources for plant breeding and because high Essential Amino acid content is generally accompanied by limited plant growth. With a deep understanding of the biosynthetic pathways of Essential Amino Acids and their interactions with the regulatory networks in plants, it should be possible to use genetic engineering to improve the Essential Amino acid content of horticultural plants, rendering these plants more nutritionally favorable crops. In the present report, we describe the recent advances in the enhancement of Essential Amino Acids in horticultural plants and possible future directions towards their bio-fortification.
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Fortifying plants with the Essential Amino Acids lysine and methionine to improve nutritional quality
Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2012Co-Authors: Gad Galili, Rachel AmirAbstract:Summary Humans, as well as farm animals, cannot synthesize a number of Essential Amino Acids, which are critical for their survival. Hence, these organisms must obtain these Essential Amino Acids from their diets. Cereal and legume crops, which represent the major food and feed sources for humans and livestock worldwide, possess limiting levels of some of these Essential Amino Acids, particularly Lys and Met. Extensive efforts were made to fortify crop plants with these Essential Amino Acids using traditional breeding and mutagenesis. However, aside from some results obtained with maize, none of these approaches was successful. Therefore, additional efforts using genetic engineering approaches concentrated on increasing the synthesis and reducing the catabolism of these Essential Amino Acids and also on the expression of recombinant proteins enriched in them. In the present review, we discuss the basic biological aspects associated with the synthesis and accumulation of these Amino Acids in plants and also describe recent developments associated with the fortification of crop plants with Essential Amino Acids by genetic engineering approaches.
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the aspartate family pathway of plants linking production of Essential Amino Acids with energy and stress regulation
Plant Signaling & Behavior, 2011Co-Authors: Gad GaliliAbstract:The Asp family pathway of plants is highly important from a nutritional standpoint because it leads to the synthesis of the four Essential Amino Acids Lys, Thr, Met and Ile. These Amino Acids are not synthesized by human and its monogastric livestock and should be supplemented in their diets. Among the Asp-family Amino Acids, Lys is considered as the nutritionally most important Essential Amino acid because its level is most limiting in cereal grains, representing the largest source of plant foods and feeds worldwide. Metabolic engineering approaches led to significant increase in Lys level in seeds by enhancing its synthesis and reducing its catabolism. However, results from the model plant Arabidopsis showed that this approach may retard seed germination due to a major negative effect on the levels of a number of TCA cycle metabolites that associate with cellular energy. In the present review, we discuss the regulatory metabolic link of the Asp-family pathway with the TCA cycle and its biological signif...
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improving the content of Essential Amino Acids in crop plants goals and opportunities
Plant Physiology, 2008Co-Authors: Shai Ufaz, Gad GaliliAbstract:The inability of humans and many farm animals to synthesize certain Amino Acids has long triggered tremendous interest in increasing the levels of these so-called Essential Amino Acids in crop plants. Knowledge obtained from basic genetic and genetic engineering research has also been successfully
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Improving the levels of Essential Amino Acids and sulfur metabolites in plants.
Biological Chemistry, 2005Co-Authors: Gad Galili, Rachel Amir, Rainer Hoefgen, Holger HesseAbstract:Plants represent the major source of food for humans, either directly or indirectly through their use as livestock feeds. Plant foods are not nutritionally balanced because they contain low proportions of a number of Essential metabolites, such as vitamins and Amino Acids, which humans and a significant proportion of their livestock cannot produce on their own. Among the Essential Amino Acids needed in human diets, Lys, Met, Thr and Trp are considered as the most important because they are present in only low levels in plant foods. In the present review, we discuss approaches to improve the levels of the Essential Amino Acids Lys and Met, as well as of sulfur metabolites, in plants using metabolic engineering approaches. We also focus on specific examples for which a deeper understanding of the regulation of metabolic networks in plants is needed for tailor-made improvements of Amino acid metabolism with minimal interference in plant growth and productivity.
Hiroyuki Kato - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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nutritionally non Essential Amino Acids are dispensable for whole body protein synthesis after exercise in endurance athletes with an adequate Essential Amino acid intake
Amino Acids, 2018Co-Authors: Hiroyuki Kato, Katsuya Suzuki, Kimberly A Volterman, Daniel W D West, Daniel R MooreAbstract:The increased protein requirement of endurance athletes may be related to the need to replace exercise-induced oxidative losses, especially of the branched-chain Amino Acids (BCAA). However, it is unknown if non-Essential Amino Acids (NEAA) influence the requirement for Essential Amino Acids (EAA) during post-exercise recovery. Seven endurance-trained males ran 20 km prior to consuming [13C]phenylalanine, sufficient energy, and: (1) deficient protein (BASE); (2) BASE supplemented with sufficient BCAA (BCAAsup); (3) an equivalent EAA intake as BCAA (LowEAA), and; (4) sufficient EAA intake (HighEAA). [13C]Phenylalanine oxidation (the reciprocal of protein synthesis) for BCAAsup and HighEAA (0.54 ± 0.15, 0.49 ± 0.11 µmol kg−1 h−1; Mean ± SD) were significantly lower than BASE (0.74 ± 0.14 µmol kg−1 h−1; P < 0.01 for both) and LowEAA (0.70 ± 0.11 µmol kg−1 h−1; P < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). Our results suggest that exogenous NEAA are dispensable for whole-body protein synthesis during recovery from endurance exercise provided sufficient EAA are consumed. Endurance athletes who may be at risk of not meeting their elevated protein requirements should prioritize the intake of EAA-enriched foods and/or supplements.
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leucine enriched Essential Amino Acids attenuate muscle soreness and improve muscle protein synthesis after eccentric contractions in rats
Amino Acids, 2015Co-Authors: Hiroyuki Kato, Hiromi Suzuki, Masako Mimura, Yoshiko Inoue, Mayu Sugita, Katsuya Suzuki, Hisamine KobayashiAbstract:Eccentric exercise results in prolonged muscle weakness and muscle soreness, which are typical symptoms of muscle damage. Recovery from muscle damage is related to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity. Leucine-enriched Essential Amino Acids (LEAAs) stimulate muscle protein synthesis via activation of the mTOR pathway. Therefore, we investigated the effect of LEAAs on muscle protein synthesis and muscle soreness after eccentric contractions (EC). Male Sprague–Dawley rats (9–11 weeks old) were administered an LEAA solution (AminoL40; containing 40 % leucine and 60 % other Essential Amino Acids) at 1 g/kg body weight or distilled water (control) 30 min before and 10 min after EC. Tibialis anterior (TA) muscle was exposed to 500 EC by electrical stimulation under anesthesia. The fractional synthesis rate (FSR; %/h) in the TA muscle was measured by incorporating l-[ring-2H5] phenylalanine into skeletal muscle protein. Muscle soreness was evaluated by the paw withdrawal threshold using the Randal–Selitto test with some modifications from 1 to 3 days after EC. The FSR in the EC-control group (0.147 ± 0.016 %/h) was significantly lower than in the sedentary group (0.188 ± 0.016 %/h, p < 0.05). AminoL40 administration significantly mitigated the EC-induced impairment of the FSR (0.172 ± 0.018 %/h). EC decreased the paw withdrawal threshold at 1 and 2 days after EC, which indicated that EC induced muscle soreness. Furthermore, AminoL40 administration alleviated the decreased paw withdrawal threshold. These findings suggest that LEAA supplementation improves the rate of muscle protein synthesis and ameliorates muscle soreness after eccentric exercise.
