The Experts below are selected from a list of 12582 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Philip R. Reilly - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Eugenics and involuntary sterilization 1907 2015
    Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 2015
    Co-Authors: Philip R. Reilly
    Abstract:

    In England during the late nineteenth century, intellectuals, especially Francis Galton, called for a variety of eugenic policies aimed at ensuring the health of the human species. In the United States, members of the Progressive movement embraced eugenic ideas, especially immigration restriction and sterilization. Indiana enacted the first eugenic sterilization law in 1907, and the US Supreme Court upheld such laws in 1927. State programs targeted institutionalized, mentally disabled women. Beginning in the late 1930s, proponents rationalized involuntary sterilization as protecting vulnerable women from unwanted pregnancy. By World War II, programs in the United States had sterilized approximately 60,000 persons. After the horrific revelations concerning Nazi Eugenics (German Hereditary Health Courts approved at least 400,000 sterilization operations in less than a decade), eugenic sterilization programs in the United States declined rapidly. Simplistic eugenic thinking has faded, but coerced sterilizati...

  • Eugenics and Involuntary Sterilization: 1907–2015
    Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 2015
    Co-Authors: Philip R. Reilly
    Abstract:

    In England during the late nineteenth century, intellectuals, especially Francis Galton, called for a variety of eugenic policies aimed at ensuring the health of the human species. In the United States, members of the Progressive movement embraced eugenic ideas, especially immigration restriction and sterilization. Indiana enacted the first eugenic sterilization law in 1907, and the US Supreme Court upheld such laws in 1927. State programs targeted institutionalized, mentally disabled women. Beginning in the late 1930s, proponents rationalized involuntary sterilization as protecting vulnerable women from unwanted pregnancy. By World War II, programs in the United States had sterilized approximately 60,000 persons. After the horrific revelations concerning Nazi Eugenics (German Hereditary Health Courts approved at least 400,000 sterilization operations in less than a decade), eugenic sterilization programs in the United States declined rapidly. Simplistic eugenic thinking has faded, but coerced sterilization remains widespread, especially in China and India. In many parts of the world, involuntary sterilization is still intermittently used against minority groups.

Marius Turda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Towards National Eugenics
    Eugenics and Nation in Early 20th Century Hungary, 2020
    Co-Authors: Marius Turda
    Abstract:

    One Hungarian eugenicist, even more devotedly than others, actively rejoiced in the progress of eugenic thinking in Hungary discussed in the previous chapter. His name was Istvân Apathy. As he understood it, Eugenics was essential not only to reinforce scientific norms of health and hygiene, but to the very survival — let alone strength — of races and nations. It was this commitment to preserving racial individuality, which Apathy shared with other Hungarian eugenicists, that nourished the emergence of a distinct and exclusive body of eugenic knowledge, and ultimately the transformation of Eugenics into a national science with its own organization and dedicated members.

  • Eugenics and Biopolitics, 1933–1940
    Modernism and Eugenics, 2020
    Co-Authors: Marius Turda
    Abstract:

    The approach to the diffusion of eugenic ideas across the European continent pursued in this book also illuminates the relationship between Eugenics and one of its most significant contemporaries: modern biopolitics. The biological reconfiguration of state-wielded powers over the individual was an important consequence of this transformation. Especially after 1933 the boundary between private and public spheres was increasingly blurred, with the idea of collective responsibility for the nation and race dominating both. In Germany, Eugenics seemed to have finally found its grandiose role, as the bridge between science and politics. Other European countries and the US were admonished to learn about the practical applications of Eugenics by a political regime that claimed to have an answer to the pathological problems represented by Western modernity. It is worth repeating, however, that as the ideology of an innately biological connection between the individual and racial community, sometimes dictating an effacement of the self in relation to the race, something authorising an aggressive attitude towards other members of society categorised as injurious to the race, Nazism was both an assault on Eugenics and submission to it. Eugenics emerged not only as a scientific critique of degenerative modernity, or as a process of political, legal and institutional control over the population contained within a delimited territorial space, but also as the expression of a particular race.

  • Race, Science, and Eugenics in the Twentieth Century
    Oxford Handbooks Online, 2012
    Co-Authors: Marius Turda
    Abstract:

    This article aims to go beyond the existing scholarship on Eugenics and to point out the complex intertwining of visions of racial improvement with eugenic hybrids during the twentieth century. It offers an insight into the convoluted relationship between race and Eugenics. It contributes to the increasingly polarized current discussion about the eternal return of Eugenics. It evaluates the degree and nature of conceptual transfers of eugenic knowledge and ideas and addresses Eugenics' key components. Race is a central component in the eugenic imagination and this centrality provides an insight into a larger debate, known as the nature-nurture debate. The examples of eugenic thinking on race are provided in this article. It illustrates that the study of twentieth-century Eugenics is currently undergoing a remarkable transformation and contributes in new and refreshing ways to our understanding of Eugenics and race.

  • modernism and Eugenics
    2010
    Co-Authors: Marius Turda
    Abstract:

    Acknowledgements Introduction: Context and Methodology The Pathos of Science, 1870-1914 War: The World's Only Hygiene, 1914-1918 Eugenic Technologies of National Improvement, 1918-1933 Eugenics and Biopolitics, 1933-1940 Conclusion: Towards an Epistemology of Eugenic Knowledge Selected Bibliography Index

Johnathan I Kelly - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the nazi physicians as leaders in Eugenics and euthanasia lessons for today
    American Journal of Public Health, 2018
    Co-Authors: Michael A Grodin, Erin Miller, Johnathan I Kelly
    Abstract:

    This article, in commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the Doctors’ Trial at Nuremberg, reflects on the Nazi Eugenics and “euthanasia” programs and their relevance for today. The Nazi doctors used eugenic ideals to justify sterilizations, child and adult “euthanasia,” and, ultimately, genocide.Contemporary euthanasia has experienced a progression from voluntary to nonvoluntary and from passive to active killing. Modern Eugenics has included both positive and negative selective activities.The 70th anniversary of the Doctors’ Trial at Nuremberg provides an important opportunity to reflect on the implications of the Nazi Eugenics and “euthanasia” programs for contemporary health law, bioethics, and human rights. In this article, we will examine the role that health practitioners played in the promotion and implementation of State-sponsored Eugenics and “euthanasia” in Nazi Germany, followed by an exploration of contemporary parallels and debates in modern bioethics.1

Saul Lerner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Preaching Eugenics: Religious Leaders and the American Eugenics Movement (review)
    Shofar, 2006
    Co-Authors: Saul Lerner
    Abstract:

    Preaching Eugenics: Religious Leaders and the American Eugenics Movement, by Christine Rosen. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 286 pp. $37.50. In her very interesting book, Preaching Eugenics: Religious Leaders and the American Eugenics Movement, Christine Rosen has written an important, detailed, and rather frightening account of how the American religious community of the early 20th century came to support the Eugenics movement. She specifically documents how Protestant, Jewish, and a limited number of Catholic religious leaders contributed to making American Eugenics the foremost Eugenics movement in the world by the 1920s and sought the creation of a "good society" in America by means of those methods that the Eugenics movement advocated: sterilization, immigration restriction, incarceration, intelligence testing, and statistical analysis applied to the racial/ethnic/genetic backgrounds of families. Underlying the assumptions on which American Eugenics rested were racism, bigotry, pseudo-science masquerading as science, the assumption that many immigrants and lower socio-economic level Americans could not be assimilated into U.S. society, and a quasi-religious zeal to inflict Eugenics on the people of the United States and, thereby, create a master race in America. The American Eugenics movement became the model used by Adolf Hitler and the Nazis, who turned their zealousness for Eugenics as the means of preserving the health of the nation into, first, the murder of the disabled, and, subsequently, the brutalization and murder of millions of innocent men, women, and children in the final solution. Rosen's book is very much a part of a significant recent interest by the scholarly community in the study of the American Eugenics movement, its influence in the United States, and its world-wide (or European) influence. In the United States, religious leaders, politicians, businessmen, scientists, philanthropic foundations, corporate sponsors, and others supported the effort to create a master race in the United States. All of this is well documented in such accounts as Edwin Black's The War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race (2003). Rosen's book adds much to the Black book and other accounts by describing in detail religious support of Eugenics, a matter to which Black gives much less attention. As strong advocates of the importance of ethical behavior, according to Rosen, liberal religious leaders were significantly influenced by the growing importance of the concept of "charity" in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and by the development of the "Social Gospel" movement. Committed to religious charity, they participated in many social reform and progressive activities in this period. Many were also troubled by foreign immigrants flooding to U.S. shores and raising fears and deep concerns on the part of America's political, cultural, economic, and religious leaders. As supporters of modernity, seeking to make their respective religions relevant to the twentieth century, liberal clergymen also became advocates of science and believed that science, including evolutionary biology, could help in bringing human progress and perfectibility. The Reverend Oscar Carleton McCullough (1843-1891), for example, minister to the Plymouth Congregational Church of Indianapolis, Indiana, produced "one of the first eugenic family studies in the United States and sought the merger of Protestant Social Gospel theology and Eugenics" (p. 27). Moreover, there was a tendency for advocates of Eugenics and its related "branches" to seek biblical support for their particular reform. Almost from the outset of the Eugenics movement in America, there had been an easy association between religion and Eugenics. In 1907, in an attempt to effect God's will while resolving major social problems, the Stare of Indiana passed the first sterilization law in the United States. …

Martin S Pernick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Eugenics and public health in american history
    American Journal of Public Health, 1997
    Co-Authors: Martin S Pernick
    Abstract:

    Supporters of Eugenics, the powerful early 20th-century movement for improving human heredity, often attacked that era's dramatic improvements in public health and medicine for preserving the lives of people they considered hereditarily unfit. Eugenics and public health also battled over whether heredity played a significant role in infectious diseases. However, American public health and Eugenics had much in common as well. Eugenic methods often were modeled on the infection control techniques of public health. The goals, values, and concepts of disease of these two movements also often overlapped. This paper sketches some of the key similarities and differences between Eugenics and public health in the United States, and it examines how their relationship was shaped by the interaction of science and culture. The results demonstrate that Eugenics was not an isolated movement whose significance is confined to the histories of genetics and pseudoscience, but was instead an important and cautionary part of past public health and a general medical history as well.

  • the black stork Eugenics and the death of defective babies in american medicine and motion pictures since 1915
    1996
    Co-Authors: Martin S Pernick
    Abstract:

    PART I: WITHOLDING TREATMENT 1. The Birth of a Controversy 2. Contexts to the Conflict 3. Identifying the Unfit: Biology and Culture in Eugenic Constructions of Hereditary Disease 4. Eliminating the Unfit: Euthanasia and Eugenics 5. Whoe Decides?: The Ironies of Professional Power PART II: PUBLICITY 6. Mass Media Medicine 7. Eugenics of Film 8. The Black Stork 9. Medicine, Media, and Memory