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Ray Ming - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparison of the mitochondrial genome sequences of six annulohypoxylon stygium isolates suggests short fragment insertions as a potential factor leading to larger genomic size
Frontiers in Microbiology, 2018Co-Authors: Youjin Deng, Tom Hsiang, Longji Lin, Qingfu Wang, Qinghe Chen, Baogui Xie, Ray MingAbstract:Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a core non-nuclear genetic material found in all eukaryotic organisms, the size of which varies extensively in the Eumycota, even within species. In this study, mitochondrial genomes of six isolates of Annulohypoxylon stygium (Lev.) were assembled from raw reads from PacBio and Illumina sequencing. The diversity of genomic structures, conserved genes, intergenic regions and introns were analyzed and compared. Genome sizes ranged from 132 to 147 kb and contained the same sets of conserved protein-coding, tRNA and rRNA genes and shared the same gene arrangements and orientation. In addition, most intergenic regions were homogeneous and had similar sizes except for the region between cytochrome b (cob) and cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) genes which ranged from 2,998 to 8,039 bp among the six isolates. Sixty-five intron insertion sites and 99 different introns were detected in these genomes. Each genome contained 45 or more introns, which varied in distribution and content. Introns from homologous insertion sites also showed high diversity in size, type and content. Comparison of introns at the same loci showed some complex introns, such as twintrons and ORF-less introns. There were 44 short fragment insertions detected within introns, intergenic regions, or as introns, some of them located at conserved domain regions of homing endonuclease genes. Insertions of short fragments such as small inverted repeats might affect or hinder the movement of introns, and these allowed for intron accumulation in the mitochondrial genomes analyzed, and enlarged their size. This study showed that the evolution of fungal mitochondrial introns is complex, and the results suggest short fragment insertions as a potential factor leading to larger mitochondrial genomes in A. stygium.
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Table_1_Comparison of the Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Six Annulohypoxylon stygium Isolates Suggests Short Fragment Insertions as a Potential Factor Leading to Larger Genomic Size.docx
2018Co-Authors: Youjin Deng, Tom Hsiang, Longji Lin, Qingfu Wang, Qinghe Chen, Baogui Xie, Ray MingAbstract:Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a core non-nuclear genetic material found in all eukaryotic organisms, the size of which varies extensively in the Eumycota, even within species. In this study, mitochondrial genomes of six isolates of Annulohypoxylon stygium (Lév.) were assembled from raw reads from PacBio and Illumina sequencing. The diversity of genomic structures, conserved genes, intergenic regions and introns were analyzed and compared. Genome sizes ranged from 132 to 147 kb and contained the same sets of conserved protein-coding, tRNA and rRNA genes and shared the same gene arrangements and orientation. In addition, most intergenic regions were homogeneous and had similar sizes except for the region between cytochrome b (cob) and cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) genes which ranged from 2,998 to 8,039 bp among the six isolates. Sixty-five intron insertion sites and 99 different introns were detected in these genomes. Each genome contained 45 or more introns, which varied in distribution and content. Introns from homologous insertion sites also showed high diversity in size, type and content. Comparison of introns at the same loci showed some complex introns, such as twintrons and ORF-less introns. There were 44 short fragment insertions detected within introns, intergenic regions, or as introns, some of them located at conserved domain regions of homing endonuclease genes. Insertions of short fragments such as small inverted repeats might affect or hinder the movement of introns, and these allowed for intron accumulation in the mitochondrial genomes analyzed, and enlarged their size. This study showed that the evolution of fungal mitochondrial introns is complex, and the results suggest short fragment insertions as a potential factor leading to larger mitochondrial genomes in A. stygium.
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Comparison of the Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Six Annulohypoxylon stygium Isolates Suggests Short Fragment Insertions as a Potential Factor Leading to Larger Genomic Size
Frontiers Media S.A., 2018Co-Authors: Youjin Deng, Tom Hsiang, Longji Lin, Qingfu Wang, Qinghe Chen, Baogui Xie, Ray MingAbstract:Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a core non-nuclear genetic material found in all eukaryotic organisms, the size of which varies extensively in the Eumycota, even within species. In this study, mitochondrial genomes of six isolates of Annulohypoxylon stygium (Lév.) were assembled from raw reads from PacBio and Illumina sequencing. The diversity of genomic structures, conserved genes, intergenic regions and introns were analyzed and compared. Genome sizes ranged from 132 to 147 kb and contained the same sets of conserved protein-coding, tRNA and rRNA genes and shared the same gene arrangements and orientation. In addition, most intergenic regions were homogeneous and had similar sizes except for the region between cytochrome b (cob) and cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) genes which ranged from 2,998 to 8,039 bp among the six isolates. Sixty-five intron insertion sites and 99 different introns were detected in these genomes. Each genome contained 45 or more introns, which varied in distribution and content. Introns from homologous insertion sites also showed high diversity in size, type and content. Comparison of introns at the same loci showed some complex introns, such as twintrons and ORF-less introns. There were 44 short fragment insertions detected within introns, intergenic regions, or as introns, some of them located at conserved domain regions of homing endonuclease genes. Insertions of short fragments such as small inverted repeats might affect or hinder the movement of introns, and these allowed for intron accumulation in the mitochondrial genomes analyzed, and enlarged their size. This study showed that the evolution of fungal mitochondrial introns is complex, and the results suggest short fragment insertions as a potential factor leading to larger mitochondrial genomes in A. stygium
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Image_2_Comparison of the Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Six Annulohypoxylon stygium Isolates Suggests Short Fragment Insertions as a Potential Factor Leading to Larger Genomic Size.JPEG
2018Co-Authors: Youjin Deng, Tom Hsiang, Longji Lin, Qingfu Wang, Qinghe Chen, Baogui Xie, Ray MingAbstract:Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a core non-nuclear genetic material found in all eukaryotic organisms, the size of which varies extensively in the Eumycota, even within species. In this study, mitochondrial genomes of six isolates of Annulohypoxylon stygium (Lév.) were assembled from raw reads from PacBio and Illumina sequencing. The diversity of genomic structures, conserved genes, intergenic regions and introns were analyzed and compared. Genome sizes ranged from 132 to 147 kb and contained the same sets of conserved protein-coding, tRNA and rRNA genes and shared the same gene arrangements and orientation. In addition, most intergenic regions were homogeneous and had similar sizes except for the region between cytochrome b (cob) and cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) genes which ranged from 2,998 to 8,039 bp among the six isolates. Sixty-five intron insertion sites and 99 different introns were detected in these genomes. Each genome contained 45 or more introns, which varied in distribution and content. Introns from homologous insertion sites also showed high diversity in size, type and content. Comparison of introns at the same loci showed some complex introns, such as twintrons and ORF-less introns. There were 44 short fragment insertions detected within introns, intergenic regions, or as introns, some of them located at conserved domain regions of homing endonuclease genes. Insertions of short fragments such as small inverted repeats might affect or hinder the movement of introns, and these allowed for intron accumulation in the mitochondrial genomes analyzed, and enlarged their size. This study showed that the evolution of fungal mitochondrial introns is complex, and the results suggest short fragment insertions as a potential factor leading to larger mitochondrial genomes in A. stygium.
Qinghe Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparison of the mitochondrial genome sequences of six annulohypoxylon stygium isolates suggests short fragment insertions as a potential factor leading to larger genomic size
Frontiers in Microbiology, 2018Co-Authors: Youjin Deng, Tom Hsiang, Longji Lin, Qingfu Wang, Qinghe Chen, Baogui Xie, Ray MingAbstract:Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a core non-nuclear genetic material found in all eukaryotic organisms, the size of which varies extensively in the Eumycota, even within species. In this study, mitochondrial genomes of six isolates of Annulohypoxylon stygium (Lev.) were assembled from raw reads from PacBio and Illumina sequencing. The diversity of genomic structures, conserved genes, intergenic regions and introns were analyzed and compared. Genome sizes ranged from 132 to 147 kb and contained the same sets of conserved protein-coding, tRNA and rRNA genes and shared the same gene arrangements and orientation. In addition, most intergenic regions were homogeneous and had similar sizes except for the region between cytochrome b (cob) and cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) genes which ranged from 2,998 to 8,039 bp among the six isolates. Sixty-five intron insertion sites and 99 different introns were detected in these genomes. Each genome contained 45 or more introns, which varied in distribution and content. Introns from homologous insertion sites also showed high diversity in size, type and content. Comparison of introns at the same loci showed some complex introns, such as twintrons and ORF-less introns. There were 44 short fragment insertions detected within introns, intergenic regions, or as introns, some of them located at conserved domain regions of homing endonuclease genes. Insertions of short fragments such as small inverted repeats might affect or hinder the movement of introns, and these allowed for intron accumulation in the mitochondrial genomes analyzed, and enlarged their size. This study showed that the evolution of fungal mitochondrial introns is complex, and the results suggest short fragment insertions as a potential factor leading to larger mitochondrial genomes in A. stygium.
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Table_1_Comparison of the Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Six Annulohypoxylon stygium Isolates Suggests Short Fragment Insertions as a Potential Factor Leading to Larger Genomic Size.docx
2018Co-Authors: Youjin Deng, Tom Hsiang, Longji Lin, Qingfu Wang, Qinghe Chen, Baogui Xie, Ray MingAbstract:Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a core non-nuclear genetic material found in all eukaryotic organisms, the size of which varies extensively in the Eumycota, even within species. In this study, mitochondrial genomes of six isolates of Annulohypoxylon stygium (Lév.) were assembled from raw reads from PacBio and Illumina sequencing. The diversity of genomic structures, conserved genes, intergenic regions and introns were analyzed and compared. Genome sizes ranged from 132 to 147 kb and contained the same sets of conserved protein-coding, tRNA and rRNA genes and shared the same gene arrangements and orientation. In addition, most intergenic regions were homogeneous and had similar sizes except for the region between cytochrome b (cob) and cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) genes which ranged from 2,998 to 8,039 bp among the six isolates. Sixty-five intron insertion sites and 99 different introns were detected in these genomes. Each genome contained 45 or more introns, which varied in distribution and content. Introns from homologous insertion sites also showed high diversity in size, type and content. Comparison of introns at the same loci showed some complex introns, such as twintrons and ORF-less introns. There were 44 short fragment insertions detected within introns, intergenic regions, or as introns, some of them located at conserved domain regions of homing endonuclease genes. Insertions of short fragments such as small inverted repeats might affect or hinder the movement of introns, and these allowed for intron accumulation in the mitochondrial genomes analyzed, and enlarged their size. This study showed that the evolution of fungal mitochondrial introns is complex, and the results suggest short fragment insertions as a potential factor leading to larger mitochondrial genomes in A. stygium.
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Comparison of the Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Six Annulohypoxylon stygium Isolates Suggests Short Fragment Insertions as a Potential Factor Leading to Larger Genomic Size
Frontiers Media S.A., 2018Co-Authors: Youjin Deng, Tom Hsiang, Longji Lin, Qingfu Wang, Qinghe Chen, Baogui Xie, Ray MingAbstract:Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a core non-nuclear genetic material found in all eukaryotic organisms, the size of which varies extensively in the Eumycota, even within species. In this study, mitochondrial genomes of six isolates of Annulohypoxylon stygium (Lév.) were assembled from raw reads from PacBio and Illumina sequencing. The diversity of genomic structures, conserved genes, intergenic regions and introns were analyzed and compared. Genome sizes ranged from 132 to 147 kb and contained the same sets of conserved protein-coding, tRNA and rRNA genes and shared the same gene arrangements and orientation. In addition, most intergenic regions were homogeneous and had similar sizes except for the region between cytochrome b (cob) and cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) genes which ranged from 2,998 to 8,039 bp among the six isolates. Sixty-five intron insertion sites and 99 different introns were detected in these genomes. Each genome contained 45 or more introns, which varied in distribution and content. Introns from homologous insertion sites also showed high diversity in size, type and content. Comparison of introns at the same loci showed some complex introns, such as twintrons and ORF-less introns. There were 44 short fragment insertions detected within introns, intergenic regions, or as introns, some of them located at conserved domain regions of homing endonuclease genes. Insertions of short fragments such as small inverted repeats might affect or hinder the movement of introns, and these allowed for intron accumulation in the mitochondrial genomes analyzed, and enlarged their size. This study showed that the evolution of fungal mitochondrial introns is complex, and the results suggest short fragment insertions as a potential factor leading to larger mitochondrial genomes in A. stygium
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Image_2_Comparison of the Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Six Annulohypoxylon stygium Isolates Suggests Short Fragment Insertions as a Potential Factor Leading to Larger Genomic Size.JPEG
2018Co-Authors: Youjin Deng, Tom Hsiang, Longji Lin, Qingfu Wang, Qinghe Chen, Baogui Xie, Ray MingAbstract:Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a core non-nuclear genetic material found in all eukaryotic organisms, the size of which varies extensively in the Eumycota, even within species. In this study, mitochondrial genomes of six isolates of Annulohypoxylon stygium (Lév.) were assembled from raw reads from PacBio and Illumina sequencing. The diversity of genomic structures, conserved genes, intergenic regions and introns were analyzed and compared. Genome sizes ranged from 132 to 147 kb and contained the same sets of conserved protein-coding, tRNA and rRNA genes and shared the same gene arrangements and orientation. In addition, most intergenic regions were homogeneous and had similar sizes except for the region between cytochrome b (cob) and cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) genes which ranged from 2,998 to 8,039 bp among the six isolates. Sixty-five intron insertion sites and 99 different introns were detected in these genomes. Each genome contained 45 or more introns, which varied in distribution and content. Introns from homologous insertion sites also showed high diversity in size, type and content. Comparison of introns at the same loci showed some complex introns, such as twintrons and ORF-less introns. There were 44 short fragment insertions detected within introns, intergenic regions, or as introns, some of them located at conserved domain regions of homing endonuclease genes. Insertions of short fragments such as small inverted repeats might affect or hinder the movement of introns, and these allowed for intron accumulation in the mitochondrial genomes analyzed, and enlarged their size. This study showed that the evolution of fungal mitochondrial introns is complex, and the results suggest short fragment insertions as a potential factor leading to larger mitochondrial genomes in A. stygium.
Youjin Deng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparison of the mitochondrial genome sequences of six annulohypoxylon stygium isolates suggests short fragment insertions as a potential factor leading to larger genomic size
Frontiers in Microbiology, 2018Co-Authors: Youjin Deng, Tom Hsiang, Longji Lin, Qingfu Wang, Qinghe Chen, Baogui Xie, Ray MingAbstract:Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a core non-nuclear genetic material found in all eukaryotic organisms, the size of which varies extensively in the Eumycota, even within species. In this study, mitochondrial genomes of six isolates of Annulohypoxylon stygium (Lev.) were assembled from raw reads from PacBio and Illumina sequencing. The diversity of genomic structures, conserved genes, intergenic regions and introns were analyzed and compared. Genome sizes ranged from 132 to 147 kb and contained the same sets of conserved protein-coding, tRNA and rRNA genes and shared the same gene arrangements and orientation. In addition, most intergenic regions were homogeneous and had similar sizes except for the region between cytochrome b (cob) and cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) genes which ranged from 2,998 to 8,039 bp among the six isolates. Sixty-five intron insertion sites and 99 different introns were detected in these genomes. Each genome contained 45 or more introns, which varied in distribution and content. Introns from homologous insertion sites also showed high diversity in size, type and content. Comparison of introns at the same loci showed some complex introns, such as twintrons and ORF-less introns. There were 44 short fragment insertions detected within introns, intergenic regions, or as introns, some of them located at conserved domain regions of homing endonuclease genes. Insertions of short fragments such as small inverted repeats might affect or hinder the movement of introns, and these allowed for intron accumulation in the mitochondrial genomes analyzed, and enlarged their size. This study showed that the evolution of fungal mitochondrial introns is complex, and the results suggest short fragment insertions as a potential factor leading to larger mitochondrial genomes in A. stygium.
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Table_1_Comparison of the Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Six Annulohypoxylon stygium Isolates Suggests Short Fragment Insertions as a Potential Factor Leading to Larger Genomic Size.docx
2018Co-Authors: Youjin Deng, Tom Hsiang, Longji Lin, Qingfu Wang, Qinghe Chen, Baogui Xie, Ray MingAbstract:Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a core non-nuclear genetic material found in all eukaryotic organisms, the size of which varies extensively in the Eumycota, even within species. In this study, mitochondrial genomes of six isolates of Annulohypoxylon stygium (Lév.) were assembled from raw reads from PacBio and Illumina sequencing. The diversity of genomic structures, conserved genes, intergenic regions and introns were analyzed and compared. Genome sizes ranged from 132 to 147 kb and contained the same sets of conserved protein-coding, tRNA and rRNA genes and shared the same gene arrangements and orientation. In addition, most intergenic regions were homogeneous and had similar sizes except for the region between cytochrome b (cob) and cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) genes which ranged from 2,998 to 8,039 bp among the six isolates. Sixty-five intron insertion sites and 99 different introns were detected in these genomes. Each genome contained 45 or more introns, which varied in distribution and content. Introns from homologous insertion sites also showed high diversity in size, type and content. Comparison of introns at the same loci showed some complex introns, such as twintrons and ORF-less introns. There were 44 short fragment insertions detected within introns, intergenic regions, or as introns, some of them located at conserved domain regions of homing endonuclease genes. Insertions of short fragments such as small inverted repeats might affect or hinder the movement of introns, and these allowed for intron accumulation in the mitochondrial genomes analyzed, and enlarged their size. This study showed that the evolution of fungal mitochondrial introns is complex, and the results suggest short fragment insertions as a potential factor leading to larger mitochondrial genomes in A. stygium.
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Comparison of the Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Six Annulohypoxylon stygium Isolates Suggests Short Fragment Insertions as a Potential Factor Leading to Larger Genomic Size
Frontiers Media S.A., 2018Co-Authors: Youjin Deng, Tom Hsiang, Longji Lin, Qingfu Wang, Qinghe Chen, Baogui Xie, Ray MingAbstract:Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a core non-nuclear genetic material found in all eukaryotic organisms, the size of which varies extensively in the Eumycota, even within species. In this study, mitochondrial genomes of six isolates of Annulohypoxylon stygium (Lév.) were assembled from raw reads from PacBio and Illumina sequencing. The diversity of genomic structures, conserved genes, intergenic regions and introns were analyzed and compared. Genome sizes ranged from 132 to 147 kb and contained the same sets of conserved protein-coding, tRNA and rRNA genes and shared the same gene arrangements and orientation. In addition, most intergenic regions were homogeneous and had similar sizes except for the region between cytochrome b (cob) and cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) genes which ranged from 2,998 to 8,039 bp among the six isolates. Sixty-five intron insertion sites and 99 different introns were detected in these genomes. Each genome contained 45 or more introns, which varied in distribution and content. Introns from homologous insertion sites also showed high diversity in size, type and content. Comparison of introns at the same loci showed some complex introns, such as twintrons and ORF-less introns. There were 44 short fragment insertions detected within introns, intergenic regions, or as introns, some of them located at conserved domain regions of homing endonuclease genes. Insertions of short fragments such as small inverted repeats might affect or hinder the movement of introns, and these allowed for intron accumulation in the mitochondrial genomes analyzed, and enlarged their size. This study showed that the evolution of fungal mitochondrial introns is complex, and the results suggest short fragment insertions as a potential factor leading to larger mitochondrial genomes in A. stygium
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Image_2_Comparison of the Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Six Annulohypoxylon stygium Isolates Suggests Short Fragment Insertions as a Potential Factor Leading to Larger Genomic Size.JPEG
2018Co-Authors: Youjin Deng, Tom Hsiang, Longji Lin, Qingfu Wang, Qinghe Chen, Baogui Xie, Ray MingAbstract:Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a core non-nuclear genetic material found in all eukaryotic organisms, the size of which varies extensively in the Eumycota, even within species. In this study, mitochondrial genomes of six isolates of Annulohypoxylon stygium (Lév.) were assembled from raw reads from PacBio and Illumina sequencing. The diversity of genomic structures, conserved genes, intergenic regions and introns were analyzed and compared. Genome sizes ranged from 132 to 147 kb and contained the same sets of conserved protein-coding, tRNA and rRNA genes and shared the same gene arrangements and orientation. In addition, most intergenic regions were homogeneous and had similar sizes except for the region between cytochrome b (cob) and cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) genes which ranged from 2,998 to 8,039 bp among the six isolates. Sixty-five intron insertion sites and 99 different introns were detected in these genomes. Each genome contained 45 or more introns, which varied in distribution and content. Introns from homologous insertion sites also showed high diversity in size, type and content. Comparison of introns at the same loci showed some complex introns, such as twintrons and ORF-less introns. There were 44 short fragment insertions detected within introns, intergenic regions, or as introns, some of them located at conserved domain regions of homing endonuclease genes. Insertions of short fragments such as small inverted repeats might affect or hinder the movement of introns, and these allowed for intron accumulation in the mitochondrial genomes analyzed, and enlarged their size. This study showed that the evolution of fungal mitochondrial introns is complex, and the results suggest short fragment insertions as a potential factor leading to larger mitochondrial genomes in A. stygium.
Nancy P Keller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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paradigm shifts in fungal secondary metabolite research
Fungal Biology, 2008Co-Authors: Marc Stadler, Nancy P KellerAbstract:The 8th International Mycological Congress (IMC8; Cairns, Australia) hosted several plenary lectures, poster presentations, and even entire symposia dedicated to fungal secondary metabolites (extrolites). These advances, presented in this special issue, together demonstrated how the impact of molecular biology and genomics and the availability of sophisticated methods of analytical chemistry has resulted in paradigm shifts in our understanding of fungal secondary metabolism and its key role in fungal biology. Rather than focus on classical topics such as discovery of novel drug candidates and identification of toxins, here we address two major themes in this special issue: (1) the utility and importance of secondary metabolites and their genes in polyphasic taxonomy, phylogeny, and evolutionary history of kingdom Fungi (syn. Eumycota); and (2) the genetic processes regulating secondary metabolite biosynthesis. The history of fungal chemotaxonomy and some important classes of secondary metabolites are reviewed.
Argumedo Delira Rosalba - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Respuesta fisiológica de miembros del género Trichoderma a hidrocarburos poliaromáticos.
Colegio de Postgraduados (COLPOS), 2011Co-Authors: Argumedo Delira RosalbaAbstract:Las especies del género Trichoderma representan un grupo de hongos filamentosos que pertenecen al Reino Mycetae (Fungi), División Eumycota, Subdivisión Ascomycotina, Clase Euascomycetes, Orden Hypocreales, Familia Hypocraceae y Género Trichoderma e Hypocrea. Estos hongos se caracterizan por predominar en los ecosistemas terrestres y acuáticos. Los miembros del género Trichoderma tienen el potencial de sintetizar y liberar diversas enzimas que se han aprovechado en procesos industriales. Además, este grupo fúngico es importante para las plantas, al contribuir en el control de organismos fitopatógenos ya que poseen propiedades micoparasíticas y antibióticas. Por otro lado, las especies del género Trichoderma son capaces de acumular metales pesados, degradar cianuro, hidrocarburos de petróleo, colorantes, plaguicidas, compuestos organoclorados, etc. Sin embargo estos estudios son mínimos y en la mayoría de los casos se desconocen los mecanismos de destoxificación y los procesos enzimáticos involucrados. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo general identificar algunos de los mecanismos que emplean los hongos del género Trichoderma para la destoxificación de hidrocarburos poliaromáticos (HPA). Para cumplir con este objetivo, se plantearon diferentes fases experimentales: 1) identificar morfológicamente y molecularmente las once cepas de Trichoderma utilizadas en la investigación, 2) seleccionar las cepas de Trichoderma altamente tolerantes a petróleo crudo, naftaleno, fenantreno y benzo[a]pireno, 3) evaluar la eficiencia de degradación de dos cepas de Trichoderma seleccionadas en la prueba de tolerancia a la presencia de naftaleno, fenantreno y benzo[a]pireno, 4) evaluar el efecto de naftaleno y fenantreno en el metabolismo secundario de dos cepas de Trichoderma y finalmente, 5) evaluar la expresión del citocromo P450 en dos cepas de Trichoderma expuestas a naftaleno, fenantreno y benzo[a]pireno. De los once aislamientos fúngicos, cuatro pertenecen a T. virens, tres a T. viride, dos a T. koningii, uno a T. harzianum y uno a T. atroviride. Las once cepas de Trichoderma difirieron en su tolerancia y crecimiento en medio de cultivo contaminado con petróleo crudo, naftaleno, fenantreno y/o benzo[a]pireno. La exposición de los hongos a dosis crecientes de naftaleno inhibió el crecimiento de todas las cepas de Trichoderma en comparación con los efectos provocados por dosis crecientes de fenantreno y benzo[a]pireno. Se encontraron cuatro cepas prominentes de Trichoderma: CP1 (T. virens), CP4 (T. viride), CP37 (T. virens), y CPX (T. atroviride) con alta tolerancia a compuestos poliaromáticos. La cepa fúngica CP4 (T. viride) mostró mayores porcentajes de degradación de HPA en comparación con la cepa fúngica CP1 (T. virens). La degradación de naftaleno fue de 55 y 40%, la degradación de fenantreno fue de 39 y 31% y la degradación de benzo[a]pireno fue de 61 y 31% por las cepas CP4 y CP1, respectivamente. El naftaleno y fenantreno modificaron la producción de metabolitos secundarios en la cepa CP4, mientras que la cepa CP1 no presentó muchos cambios. La expresión del citocromo P450 varió en función del HPA, concentración y tiempo de evaluación en la cepa fúngica CP1 (T. virens). Los resultados muestran algunos mecanismos de destoxificación de dos cepas de Trichoderma (CP1 y CP4) frente a HPA, además de su aplicación potencial en biotecnologías de biorremediación de sitios contaminados con hidrocarburos poliaromáticos. _______________ PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF MEMBERS OF THE TRICHODERMA GENUS TO POLYAROMATIC. ABSTRACT: The species of Trichoderma are a group of filamentous fungi belonging to Mycetae Kingdom (Fungi), Eumycota Division, Ascomycotina Subdivision, Euascomycete Class, Hypocreales Order, Hypocraceae Family, and Trichoderma or Hypocrea genera. These fungi are predominant in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The member of the genus Trichoderma has the potential to synthesize and release several enzymes for industrial utilization. Besides, this fungal group is important for plants since they may contribute on the control of plant pathogens due to its mycoparasitic and antibiotic capabilities. On the other hand, Trichoderma species are able to accumulate heavy metals, and to degrade cyanide, petroleum hydrocarbons, dyes, pesticides, chlorinated compounds, etc. However, those studies are scarce and in most of the cases, the involved detoxification mechanisms and the enzymatic processes remain unknown. The aim of this research was to identify some mechanisms utilized by Trichoderma fungal species for detoxifying polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Thus, five experimental phases were set: 1) Morphological and molecular identification of the eleven fungal strains used in this research; 2) Selection of Trichoderma strains with high tolerance to crude oil, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and benzo[a]pyrene; 3) Evaluation of two selected Trichoderma strains on their efficiency for degrading either naphthalene, phenanthrene, or benzo[a]pyrene; 4) Evaluation of the influence of naphthalene and phenanthrene on the secondary metabolism of two selected fungal strains; and 5) Evaluation of the cytochrome P-450 expression in two Trichoderma strains exposed to naphthalene, phenanthrene, and benzo[a]pyrene. From the eleven fungal strains, four of them belonged to Trichoderma virens, three to T. viride, two to T. koningii, one to T. harzianum, and one to T. atroviride. The eleven fungal strains showed variation on their tolerance and growth under contaminated-culture media with crude oil, naphthalene, phenanthrene, or benzo[a]pyrene. The exposure to increasing doses of naphthalene resulted in growth inhibition for all Trichoderma strains in comparison to the effects due to increasing doses of phenanthrene or benzo[a]pyrene. Four Trichoderma strains with high tolerance to the three PAH were characterized: CP1 (T. virens), CP4 (T. viride), CP37 (T. virens), and CPX (T. atroviride). The fungal strain CP4 (T. viride) showed higher degradation percentages of PAH than the strain CP1 (T. virens): naphthalene degradation was 55 and 40%, respectively, while degradation of phenanthrene was 39 and 31%, and for benzo[a]pyrene was 61 and 31%, respectively. The secondary metabolism of the CP4 strain was significantly modified by naphthalene or phenanthrene when compared to the CP1 strain. The expression of the cytochrome P450 for the CP1 strain (T. virens) depended on the type, dose and exposure time of PAH. Results show some detoxifying mechanisms for two Trichoderma strains (CP1 and CP4), and their potential application in bioremediation technologies directed to contaminated sites with PAH
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Respuesta fisiológica de miembros del género Trichoderma a hidrocarburos poliaromáticos.
Colegio de Postgraduados (COLPOS), 2011Co-Authors: Argumedo Delira RosalbaAbstract:Las especies del género Trichoderma representan un grupo de hongos filamentosos que pertenecen al Reino Mycetae (Fungi), División Eumycota, Subdivisión Ascomycotina, Clase Euascomycetes, Orden Hypocreales, Familia Hypocraceae y Género Trichoderma e Hypocrea. Estos hongos se caracterizan por predominar en los ecosistemas terrestres y acuáticos. Los miembros del género Trichoderma tienen el potencial de sintetizar y liberar diversas enzimas que se han aprovechado en procesos industriales. Además, este grupo fúngico es importante para las plantas, al contribuir en el control de organismos fitopatógenos ya que poseen propiedades micoparasíticas y antibióticas. Por otro lado, las especies del género Trichoderma son capaces de acumular metales pesados, degradar cianuro, hidrocarburos de petróleo, colorantes, plaguicidas, compuestos organoclorados, etc. Sin embargo estos estudios son mínimos y en la mayoría de los casos se desconocen los mecanismos de destoxificación y los procesos enzimáticos involucrados. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo general identificar algunos de los mecanismos que emplean los hongos del género Trichoderma para la destoxificación de hidrocarburos poliaromáticos (HPA). Para cumplir con este objetivo, se plantearon diferentes fases experimentales: 1) identificar morfológicamente y molecularmente las once cepas de Trichoderma utilizadas en la investigación, 2) seleccionar las cepas de Trichoderma altamente tolerantes a petróleo crudo, naftaleno, fenantreno y benzo[a]pireno, 3) evaluar la eficiencia de degradación de dos cepas de Trichoderma seleccionadas en la prueba de tolerancia a la presencia de naftaleno, fenantreno y benzo[a]pireno, 4) evaluar el efecto de naftaleno y fenantreno en el metabolismo secundario de dos cepas de Trichoderma y finalmente, 5) evaluar la expresión del citocromo P450 en dos cepas de Trichoderma expuestas a naftaleno, fenantreno y benzo[a]pireno. De los once aislamientos fúngicos, cuatro pertenecen a T. virens, tres a T. viride, dos a T. koningii, uno a T. harzianum y uno a T. atroviride. Las once cepas de Trichoderma difirieron en su tolerancia y crecimiento en medio de cultivo contaminado con petróleo crudo, naftaleno, fenantreno y/o benzo[a]pireno. La exposición de los hongos a dosis crecientes de naftaleno inhibió el crecimiento de todas las cepas de Trichoderma en comparación con los efectos provocados por dosis crecientes de fenantreno y benzo[a]pireno. Se encontraron cuatro cepas prominentes de Trichoderma: CP1 (T. virens), CP4 (T. viride), CP37 (T. virens), y CPX (T. atroviride) con alta tolerancia a compuestos poliaromáticos. La cepa fúngica CP4 (T. viride) mostró mayores porcentajes de degradación de HPA en comparación con la cepa fúngica CP1 (T. virens). La degradación de naftaleno fue de 55 y 40%, la degradación de fenantreno fue de 39 y 31% y la degradación de benzo[a]pireno fue de 61 y 31% por las cepas CP4 y CP1, respectivamente. El naftaleno y fenantreno modificaron la producción de metabolitos secundarios en la cepa CP4, mientras que la cepa CP1 no presentó muchos cambios. La expresión del citocromo P450 varió en función del HPA, concentración y tiempo de evaluación en la cepa fúngica CP1 (T. virens). Los resultados muestran algunos mecanismos de destoxificación de dos cepas de Trichoderma (CP1 y CP4) frente a HPA, además de su aplicación potencial en biotecnologías de biorremediación de sitios contaminados con hidrocarburos poliaromáticos. _______________ PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF MEMBERS OF THE TRICHODERMA GENUS TO POLYAROMATIC. ABSTRACT: The species of Trichoderma are a group of filamentous fungi belonging to Mycetae Kingdom (Fungi), Eumycota Division, Ascomycotina Subdivision, Euascomycete Class, Hypocreales Order, Hypocraceae Family, and Trichoderma or Hypocrea genera. These fungi are predominant in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The member of the genus Trichoderma has the potential to synthesize and release several enzymes for industrial utilization. Besides, this fungal group is important for plants since they may contribute on the control of plant pathogens due to its mycoparasitic and antibiotic capabilities. On the other hand, Trichoderma species are able to accumulate heavy metals, and to degrade cyanide, petroleum hydrocarbons, dyes, pesticides, chlorinated compounds, etc. However, those studies are scarce and in most of the cases, the involved detoxification mechanisms and the enzymatic processes remain unknown. The aim of this research was to identify some mechanisms utilized by Trichoderma fungal species for detoxifying polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Thus, five experimental phases were set: 1) Morphological and molecular identification of the eleven fungal strains used in this research; 2) Selection of Trichoderma strains with high tolerance to crude oil, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and benzo[a]pyrene; 3) Evaluation of two selected Trichoderma strains on their efficiency for degrading either naphthalene, phenanthrene, or benzo[a]pyrene; 4) Evaluation of the influence of naphthalene and phenanthrene on the secondary metabolism of two selected fungal strains; and 5) Evaluation of the cytochrome P-450 expression in two Trichoderma strains exposed to naphthalene, phenanthrene, and benzo[a]pyrene. From the eleven fungal strains, four of them belonged to Trichoderma virens, three to T. viride, two to T. koningii, one to T. harzianum, and one to T. atroviride. The eleven fungal strains showed variation on their tolerance and growth under contaminated-culture media with crude oil, naphthalene, phenanthrene, or benzo[a]pyrene. The exposure to increasing doses of naphthalene resulted in growth inhibition for all Trichoderma strains in comparison to the effects due to increasing doses of phenanthrene or benzo[a]pyrene. Four Trichoderma strains with high tolerance to the three PAH were characterized: CP1 (T. virens), CP4 (T. viride), CP37 (T. virens), and CPX (T. atroviride). The fungal strain CP4 (T. viride) showed higher degradation percentages of PAH than the strain CP1 (T. virens): naphthalene degradation was 55 and 40%, respectively, while degradation of phenanthrene was 39 and 31%, and for benzo[a]pyrene was 61 and 31%, respectively. The secondary metabolism of the CP4 strain was significantly modified by naphthalene or phenanthrene when compared to the CP1 strain. The expression of the cytochrome P450 for the CP1 strain (T. virens) depended on the type, dose and exposure time of PAH. Results show some detoxifying mechanisms for two Trichoderma strains (CP1 and CP4), and their potential application in bioremediation technologies directed to contaminated sites with PAH.Tesis (Doctorado en Ciencias, especialista en Edafología).- Colegio de Postgraduados, 2011.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT). SUBNARGEM
