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Svetlana V Svyatko - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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modern freshwater reservoir offsets in the Eurasian Steppe implications for archaeology
Radiocarbon, 2017Co-Authors: Svetlana V Svyatko, Paula J Reimer, Rick SchultingAbstract:This paper presents the results of the first broad-scale study of modern freshwater reservoir effects (FREs) in various regions of the Eurasian Steppe, associated with archaeological sites. The aim of this work was not only to demonstrate the widespread variability of modern FREs in the region, but also to draw the attention of specialists working in the area to the necessity of taking into account this important and still not fully understood factor involving radiocarbon dating of human and some faunal remains from archaeological sites. To identify modern FREs, modern fish of different species from 10 regions of Siberia and Kazakhstan have been subjected to accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS 14C) dating and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, and the results are compared with the existing data from previous research. Freshwater reservoir offsets have been detected in all analyzed regions, with the exception of Kharga Lake (Buryatia, Russia) and Kyzylkoi River (central Kazakhstan), varying not only between, but also within regions depending on fish species. The most significant offset in this study has been recorded for the Chuya River basin (Altai Mountains, 1097±40 14C yr), though not as high as observed in previous research for the Caspian lowlands (1477±52 and 1037±52 14C yr) and Upper Lena River basin (Lake Baikal area, 1981±30 14C yr). Both δ13C and δ15N values have been measured with the majority of samples reflecting C3 ecology of local reservoirs and δ15N depending on the diet of particular species, with predatory species such as pike, perch, and burbot demonstrating the highest δ15N. No general relationship has been observed between freshwater reservoir offsets and either δ13C or δ15N values of the samples.
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stable isotope analysis outline of methodology and a review of studies in siberia and the Eurasian Steppe
Archaeology Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, 2016Co-Authors: Svetlana V SvyatkoAbstract:Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis is one of the main techniques for assessing various aspects of life of the prehistoric populations including diet and economy. Here, we present the theoretical background of the method, and review the major stable isotope paleodietary studies relating to the Eurasian Steppe and available by the end of 2013. Existing data show that the diet of various Chalcolithic to Early Iron Age populations in the region varied in time and space and included substantial amounts of fi sh. Variations in diet and economy between groups associated with the same archaeological culture were likely caused by adaptations to local environments and climates. Millet appeared in the area (in the Minusinsk Basin) only in the 14th century BC. The Minusinsk Basin thereby became one of the fi rst centres of millet cultivation in Siberia. The impact of climate, specifi cally precipitation, on the isotopic values of human bone tissue has also been recorded. Although studies of ancient Siberian and Eurasian Steppe groups are numerous, paleodietary research using stable isotope analysis is still at the data acquisition stage. One of the main criteria of modern research in the region is a systematic and well-designed approach to the isotopic analysis of various archaeological populations. This analysis must include not only human bone samples, but also those relating to all potential dietary components such as terrestrial and aquatic animals as well as samples of associated plants.
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freshwater reservoir effect on redating of Eurasian Steppe cultures first results for eneolithic and early bronze age northeast kazakhstan
Radiocarbon, 2015Co-Authors: Svetlana V Svyatko, Ilya V Mertz, Paula J ReimerAbstract:Freshwater reservoir effects (FRE) can cause problems when radiocarbon dating human skeletal material from the Eurasian Steppe. This article presents the first results of research into the extent of the FRE in the sites of Borly 4 (Eneolithic) and Shauke 1 and 8b (Early Bronze Age), northeastern Kazakhstan. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14 C dating and stable isotope (δ 13 C, δ 15 N) analysis of associated groups of samples (32 samples, 11 groups in total) demonstrate the following: (a) the diet of the humans and fauna analyzed was based on the C 3 foodchain with no evidence of a C 4 plant (such as millet) contribution; aquatic resources apparently were a continuous dietary feature for the humans; (b) the first 14 C dates obtained for the Upper and Middle Irtysh River region attribute the Eneolithic period of the area to the 34th to 30th centuries BC, and the Early Bronze Age to the 25th to 20th centuries BC, with a ~450-yr hiatus between the two periods; (c) the maximum fish-herbivore freshwater reservoir offset observed equals 301 ± 47 14 C yr. As such, 14 C dates from aquatic and human samples from the area need to be interpreted with caution as they are likely to be affected by the offset (i.e. appear older). The article also discusses the effect of a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) wash on δ 13 C, δ 15 N, C:N atomic levels and collagen yields of the bone samples. Our results indicate a minor but significant effect of NaOH treatment only on C:N atomic ratios of the samples. DOI: 10.2458/azu_rc.57.18431
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stable isotope dietary analysis of prehistoric populations from the minusinsk basin southern siberia russia a new chronological framework for the introduction of millet to the eastern Eurasian Steppe
Journal of Archaeological Science, 2013Co-Authors: Svetlana V Svyatko, Eileen Murphy, Rick Schulting, Yuri Chistov, Paula J Reimer, J P Mallory, Valeriy I Khartanovich, Mikhail V SablinAbstract:Abstract We report the results of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of 354 human and faunal samples from five archaeological cultures of the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia – Afanasyevo, Okunevo, Andronovo, Karasuk and Tagar (ca. 2700–1 BC) – a key location in Eurasia due to its position on a northern corridor linking China and central Eurasia. The results indicate that the diet of Eneolithic to Middle Bronze Age (Afanasyevo to Andronovo) populations was primarily C3-based, with C4 plants only becoming an important component of the diet in the Late Bronze Age Karasuk and Early Iron Age Tagar cultures. Freshwater fish seems to have been an important constituent of the diets in all groups. The findings constitute the earliest concrete evidence for the substantial use of millet in the eastern Eurasian Steppe. We propose that it was probably introduced from Northwestern China during the Karasuk culture at the start of the Late Bronze Age, ca. 1500 BC. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for the nature of pastoralist economies on the Steppes.
Rick Schulting - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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modern freshwater reservoir offsets in the Eurasian Steppe implications for archaeology
Radiocarbon, 2017Co-Authors: Svetlana V Svyatko, Paula J Reimer, Rick SchultingAbstract:This paper presents the results of the first broad-scale study of modern freshwater reservoir effects (FREs) in various regions of the Eurasian Steppe, associated with archaeological sites. The aim of this work was not only to demonstrate the widespread variability of modern FREs in the region, but also to draw the attention of specialists working in the area to the necessity of taking into account this important and still not fully understood factor involving radiocarbon dating of human and some faunal remains from archaeological sites. To identify modern FREs, modern fish of different species from 10 regions of Siberia and Kazakhstan have been subjected to accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS 14C) dating and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, and the results are compared with the existing data from previous research. Freshwater reservoir offsets have been detected in all analyzed regions, with the exception of Kharga Lake (Buryatia, Russia) and Kyzylkoi River (central Kazakhstan), varying not only between, but also within regions depending on fish species. The most significant offset in this study has been recorded for the Chuya River basin (Altai Mountains, 1097±40 14C yr), though not as high as observed in previous research for the Caspian lowlands (1477±52 and 1037±52 14C yr) and Upper Lena River basin (Lake Baikal area, 1981±30 14C yr). Both δ13C and δ15N values have been measured with the majority of samples reflecting C3 ecology of local reservoirs and δ15N depending on the diet of particular species, with predatory species such as pike, perch, and burbot demonstrating the highest δ15N. No general relationship has been observed between freshwater reservoir offsets and either δ13C or δ15N values of the samples.
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stable isotope dietary analysis of prehistoric populations from the minusinsk basin southern siberia russia a new chronological framework for the introduction of millet to the eastern Eurasian Steppe
Journal of Archaeological Science, 2013Co-Authors: Svetlana V Svyatko, Eileen Murphy, Rick Schulting, Yuri Chistov, Paula J Reimer, J P Mallory, Valeriy I Khartanovich, Mikhail V SablinAbstract:Abstract We report the results of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of 354 human and faunal samples from five archaeological cultures of the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia – Afanasyevo, Okunevo, Andronovo, Karasuk and Tagar (ca. 2700–1 BC) – a key location in Eurasia due to its position on a northern corridor linking China and central Eurasia. The results indicate that the diet of Eneolithic to Middle Bronze Age (Afanasyevo to Andronovo) populations was primarily C3-based, with C4 plants only becoming an important component of the diet in the Late Bronze Age Karasuk and Early Iron Age Tagar cultures. Freshwater fish seems to have been an important constituent of the diets in all groups. The findings constitute the earliest concrete evidence for the substantial use of millet in the eastern Eurasian Steppe. We propose that it was probably introduced from Northwestern China during the Karasuk culture at the start of the Late Bronze Age, ca. 1500 BC. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for the nature of pastoralist economies on the Steppes.
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iron age pastoral nomadism and agriculture in the eastern Eurasian Steppe implications from dental palaeopathology and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes
Journal of Archaeological Science, 2013Co-Authors: Eileen Murphy, Rick Schulting, Nick Beer, Yuri Chistov, Alexey Kasparov, Margarita PshenitsynaAbstract:Iron Age societies of the eastern Eurasian Steppe are traditionally viewed as nomadic pastoralists. However, recent archaeological and anthropological research in Kazakhstan has reminded us that pastoralist economies can be highly complex and involve agriculture. This paper explores the nature of the pastoralist economies in two Early Iron Age populations from the burial grounds of Ai-Dai and Aymyrlyg in Southern Siberia. These populations represent two cultural groups of the Scythian World – the Tagar Culture of the Minusinsk Basin and the Uyuk Culture of Tuva. Analysis of dental palaeopathology and carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes suggests that domesticated cereals, particularly millet, and fish formed a major component of the diet of both groups. The findings contribute to the emerging picture of the nuances of Early Iron Age subsistence strategies on the eastern Steppe.
Paula J Reimer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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modern freshwater reservoir offsets in the Eurasian Steppe implications for archaeology
Radiocarbon, 2017Co-Authors: Svetlana V Svyatko, Paula J Reimer, Rick SchultingAbstract:This paper presents the results of the first broad-scale study of modern freshwater reservoir effects (FREs) in various regions of the Eurasian Steppe, associated with archaeological sites. The aim of this work was not only to demonstrate the widespread variability of modern FREs in the region, but also to draw the attention of specialists working in the area to the necessity of taking into account this important and still not fully understood factor involving radiocarbon dating of human and some faunal remains from archaeological sites. To identify modern FREs, modern fish of different species from 10 regions of Siberia and Kazakhstan have been subjected to accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS 14C) dating and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, and the results are compared with the existing data from previous research. Freshwater reservoir offsets have been detected in all analyzed regions, with the exception of Kharga Lake (Buryatia, Russia) and Kyzylkoi River (central Kazakhstan), varying not only between, but also within regions depending on fish species. The most significant offset in this study has been recorded for the Chuya River basin (Altai Mountains, 1097±40 14C yr), though not as high as observed in previous research for the Caspian lowlands (1477±52 and 1037±52 14C yr) and Upper Lena River basin (Lake Baikal area, 1981±30 14C yr). Both δ13C and δ15N values have been measured with the majority of samples reflecting C3 ecology of local reservoirs and δ15N depending on the diet of particular species, with predatory species such as pike, perch, and burbot demonstrating the highest δ15N. No general relationship has been observed between freshwater reservoir offsets and either δ13C or δ15N values of the samples.
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freshwater reservoir effect on redating of Eurasian Steppe cultures first results for eneolithic and early bronze age northeast kazakhstan
Radiocarbon, 2015Co-Authors: Svetlana V Svyatko, Ilya V Mertz, Paula J ReimerAbstract:Freshwater reservoir effects (FRE) can cause problems when radiocarbon dating human skeletal material from the Eurasian Steppe. This article presents the first results of research into the extent of the FRE in the sites of Borly 4 (Eneolithic) and Shauke 1 and 8b (Early Bronze Age), northeastern Kazakhstan. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14 C dating and stable isotope (δ 13 C, δ 15 N) analysis of associated groups of samples (32 samples, 11 groups in total) demonstrate the following: (a) the diet of the humans and fauna analyzed was based on the C 3 foodchain with no evidence of a C 4 plant (such as millet) contribution; aquatic resources apparently were a continuous dietary feature for the humans; (b) the first 14 C dates obtained for the Upper and Middle Irtysh River region attribute the Eneolithic period of the area to the 34th to 30th centuries BC, and the Early Bronze Age to the 25th to 20th centuries BC, with a ~450-yr hiatus between the two periods; (c) the maximum fish-herbivore freshwater reservoir offset observed equals 301 ± 47 14 C yr. As such, 14 C dates from aquatic and human samples from the area need to be interpreted with caution as they are likely to be affected by the offset (i.e. appear older). The article also discusses the effect of a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) wash on δ 13 C, δ 15 N, C:N atomic levels and collagen yields of the bone samples. Our results indicate a minor but significant effect of NaOH treatment only on C:N atomic ratios of the samples. DOI: 10.2458/azu_rc.57.18431
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stable isotope dietary analysis of prehistoric populations from the minusinsk basin southern siberia russia a new chronological framework for the introduction of millet to the eastern Eurasian Steppe
Journal of Archaeological Science, 2013Co-Authors: Svetlana V Svyatko, Eileen Murphy, Rick Schulting, Yuri Chistov, Paula J Reimer, J P Mallory, Valeriy I Khartanovich, Mikhail V SablinAbstract:Abstract We report the results of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of 354 human and faunal samples from five archaeological cultures of the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia – Afanasyevo, Okunevo, Andronovo, Karasuk and Tagar (ca. 2700–1 BC) – a key location in Eurasia due to its position on a northern corridor linking China and central Eurasia. The results indicate that the diet of Eneolithic to Middle Bronze Age (Afanasyevo to Andronovo) populations was primarily C3-based, with C4 plants only becoming an important component of the diet in the Late Bronze Age Karasuk and Early Iron Age Tagar cultures. Freshwater fish seems to have been an important constituent of the diets in all groups. The findings constitute the earliest concrete evidence for the substantial use of millet in the eastern Eurasian Steppe. We propose that it was probably introduced from Northwestern China during the Karasuk culture at the start of the Late Bronze Age, ca. 1500 BC. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for the nature of pastoralist economies on the Steppes.
Eileen Murphy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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stable isotope dietary analysis of prehistoric populations from the minusinsk basin southern siberia russia a new chronological framework for the introduction of millet to the eastern Eurasian Steppe
Journal of Archaeological Science, 2013Co-Authors: Svetlana V Svyatko, Eileen Murphy, Rick Schulting, Yuri Chistov, Paula J Reimer, J P Mallory, Valeriy I Khartanovich, Mikhail V SablinAbstract:Abstract We report the results of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of 354 human and faunal samples from five archaeological cultures of the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia – Afanasyevo, Okunevo, Andronovo, Karasuk and Tagar (ca. 2700–1 BC) – a key location in Eurasia due to its position on a northern corridor linking China and central Eurasia. The results indicate that the diet of Eneolithic to Middle Bronze Age (Afanasyevo to Andronovo) populations was primarily C3-based, with C4 plants only becoming an important component of the diet in the Late Bronze Age Karasuk and Early Iron Age Tagar cultures. Freshwater fish seems to have been an important constituent of the diets in all groups. The findings constitute the earliest concrete evidence for the substantial use of millet in the eastern Eurasian Steppe. We propose that it was probably introduced from Northwestern China during the Karasuk culture at the start of the Late Bronze Age, ca. 1500 BC. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for the nature of pastoralist economies on the Steppes.
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iron age pastoral nomadism and agriculture in the eastern Eurasian Steppe implications from dental palaeopathology and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes
Journal of Archaeological Science, 2013Co-Authors: Eileen Murphy, Rick Schulting, Nick Beer, Yuri Chistov, Alexey Kasparov, Margarita PshenitsynaAbstract:Iron Age societies of the eastern Eurasian Steppe are traditionally viewed as nomadic pastoralists. However, recent archaeological and anthropological research in Kazakhstan has reminded us that pastoralist economies can be highly complex and involve agriculture. This paper explores the nature of the pastoralist economies in two Early Iron Age populations from the burial grounds of Ai-Dai and Aymyrlyg in Southern Siberia. These populations represent two cultural groups of the Scythian World – the Tagar Culture of the Minusinsk Basin and the Uyuk Culture of Tuva. Analysis of dental palaeopathology and carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes suggests that domesticated cereals, particularly millet, and fish formed a major component of the diet of both groups. The findings contribute to the emerging picture of the nuances of Early Iron Age subsistence strategies on the eastern Steppe.
Yizhao Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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contrasting policy shifts influence the pattern of vegetation production and c sequestration over pasture systems a regional scale comparison in temperate Eurasian Steppe
Agricultural Systems, 2019Co-Authors: Yizhao Chen, Zhengguo Sun, Xinran Fei, Pavel Ya Groisman, Jianan Zhang, Zhihao QinAbstract:Abstract Socio-economical conditions profoundly influence terrestrial ecosystems, especially the agroecosystems. However, the effects of large-scale “top-down” socio-economical changes on patterns of vegetation production and C sequestration in pastures remain largely unclear. The contrasting institutional and policy shifts in 1990s over the two sub-region of Temperate Eurasian Steppe (TES), i.e., the Kazakh Steppe (KS) and the Mongol Steppe (MS), provide a unique opportunity to illustrate the human and natural interactions. Combining multiple information from remote sensing, land model, climate and inventory data, this study investigated how the regional trend and inter-annual variability (IAV) of leaf area index (LAI), net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) were associated with different institutional and policy shifts. From 1997 to 2016, climate is the primary control factor to the IAV of the ecosystem indexes (EIs, i.e., LAI, NPP, NEP) at a regional view. Highly contrasting impacts of human appropriation indexes (HAIs, i.e., livestock number and agricultural GDP) to the EIs were found for the two sub-region. The effect of HAIs on EIs was weak in the MS, but significant negative correlations between HAIs and EIs were found in the KS. Further decomposition into administrative divisions showed that the swift rise of human appropriation in China was accompanied with increases in grassland NPP and NEP, owing to the policy shift to sustainable management. But the institutional shift to market-driven economy and increasing human appropriation generally acted as a negative factor to EIs in various countries over the KS, especially in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Regional evidences revealed the importance of large-scale socio-economic shifts in shaping the pattern of important ecosystem properties of grasslands and emphasized the importance of sustainability development in managing pasture systems.
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modeling the regional grazing impact on vegetation carbon sequestration ability in temperate Eurasian Steppe
Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2017Co-Authors: Yizhao Chen, Zhihao Qin, Pavel Propastin, Zhengguo Sun, Wei Wang, L I Jianlong, Honghua RuanAbstract:Abstract Anthropogenic activities profoundly influence carbon sequestration in the Eurasian Steppe. In particular, grazing has been identified as having a major effect on carbon sequestration. However, the extent to which grazing affects regional patterns or carbon sequestration is unknown. In this study, we evaluated the impact of regional grazing on grassland carbon sequestration using the Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) and the Shiyomi grazing model. Model performances were validated against the results from field measurements and eddy covariance (EC) sites. Model outputs showed that in 2008, the regional net primary productivity (NPP) was 79.5 g C m −2 , and the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) was −6.5 g C m −2 , characterizing the region as a weak carbon source. The Mongol Steppe (MS) was identified as a carbon sink, whereas the Kazakh Steppe (KS) was either carbon neutral or a weak carbon source. The spatial patterns of grazing density are divergent between the MS and the KS. In the MS, livestock was mainly distributed in China with relatively good management, while in the KS livestock was mainly concentrated in the southern countries (especially Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan) with harsh environments and poor management. The consumption percentages of NPP in Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan were 5.3, 3.3 and 1.2%, respectively, whereas the percentages in other countries were lower than 1%. Correspondingly, grazing consumption contributed to the carbon sources of Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan by 11.6, 6.3 and 4.3%, respectively, while it weakened the carbon sink in Inner Mongolia, China and Mongolia by 1.6 and 0.5%. This regional pattern should be affected by different sub-regional characteristics, e.g., the continuous degradation of grassland in the southern part of the KS and the restoration of grassland in Inner Mongolia, China.
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quantitative assessments of water use efficiency in temperate Eurasian Steppe along an aridity gradient
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Yizhao Chen, Honghua Ruan, Zhihao Qin, Yiye Huang, Nasreen Jeelani, Jose Padarian, Pavel PropastinAbstract:Water-use efficiency (WUE), defined as the ratio of net primary productivity (NPP) to evapotranspiration (ET), is an important indicator to represent the trade-off pattern between vegetation productivity and water consumption. Its dynamics under climate change are important to ecohydrology and ecosystem management, especially in the drylands. In this study, we modified and used a late version of Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS), to quantify the WUE in the typical dryland ecosystems, Temperate Eurasian Steppe (TES). The Aridity Index (AI) was used to specify the terrestrial water availability condition. The regional results showed that during the period of 1999-2008, the WUE has a clear decreasing trend in the spatial distribution from arid to humid areas. The highest annual average WUE was in dry and semi-humid sub-region (DSH) with 0.88 gC mm-1 and the lowest was in arid sub-region (AR) with 0.22 gC mm-1. A two-stage pattern of WUE was found in TES. That is, WUE would enhance with lower aridity stress, but decline under the humid environment. Over 65% of the region exhibited increasing WUE. This enhancement, however, could not indicate that the grasslands were getting better because the NPP even slightly decreased. It was mainly attributed to the reduction of ET over 70% of the region, which is closely related to the rainfall decrease. The results also suggested a similar negative spatial correlation between the WUE and the mean annual precipitation (MAP) at the driest and the most humid ends. This regional pattern reflected the different roles of water in regulating the terrestrial ecosystems under different aridity levels. This study could facilitate the understanding of the interactions between terrestrial carbon and water cycles, and thus contribute to a sustainable management of nature resources in the dryland ecosystems.
