The Experts below are selected from a list of 46725 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
H. J. Mccloskey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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peter singer and non voluntary Euthanasia tripping down the slippery slope
Journal of Applied Philosophy, 1992Co-Authors: Suzanne Uniacke, H. J. MccloskeyAbstract:This article discusses the nature of Euthanasia, and the way in which redevelopment of the concept of Euthanasia in some influential recent philosophical writing has led to morally less discriminating killing/letting die/not saving being misdescribed as Euthanasia. Peter Singer's defence of non-voluntary ‘Euthanasia’of defective infants in his influential book Practical Ethics is critically evaluated. We argue that Singer's pseudo-Euthanasia arguments in Practical Ethics are unsatisfactory as approaches to determining the legitimacy of killing, and that these arguments present a total utilitarian improvement policy—not a case for non-voluntary Euthanasia.
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Peter Singer and Non‐Voluntary ‘Euthanasia’: tripping down the slippery slope
Journal of Applied Philosophy, 1992Co-Authors: Suzanne Uniacke, H. J. MccloskeyAbstract:This article discusses the nature of Euthanasia, and the way in which redevelopment of the concept of Euthanasia in some influential recent philosophical writing has led to morally less discriminating killing/letting die/not saving being misdescribed as Euthanasia. Peter Singer's defence of non-voluntary ‘Euthanasia’of defective infants in his influential book Practical Ethics is critically evaluated. We argue that Singer's pseudo-Euthanasia arguments in Practical Ethics are unsatisfactory as approaches to determining the legitimacy of killing, and that these arguments present a total utilitarian improvement policy—not a case for non-voluntary Euthanasia.
Suzanne Uniacke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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peter singer and non voluntary Euthanasia tripping down the slippery slope
Journal of Applied Philosophy, 1992Co-Authors: Suzanne Uniacke, H. J. MccloskeyAbstract:This article discusses the nature of Euthanasia, and the way in which redevelopment of the concept of Euthanasia in some influential recent philosophical writing has led to morally less discriminating killing/letting die/not saving being misdescribed as Euthanasia. Peter Singer's defence of non-voluntary ‘Euthanasia’of defective infants in his influential book Practical Ethics is critically evaluated. We argue that Singer's pseudo-Euthanasia arguments in Practical Ethics are unsatisfactory as approaches to determining the legitimacy of killing, and that these arguments present a total utilitarian improvement policy—not a case for non-voluntary Euthanasia.
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Peter Singer and Non‐Voluntary ‘Euthanasia’: tripping down the slippery slope
Journal of Applied Philosophy, 1992Co-Authors: Suzanne Uniacke, H. J. MccloskeyAbstract:This article discusses the nature of Euthanasia, and the way in which redevelopment of the concept of Euthanasia in some influential recent philosophical writing has led to morally less discriminating killing/letting die/not saving being misdescribed as Euthanasia. Peter Singer's defence of non-voluntary ‘Euthanasia’of defective infants in his influential book Practical Ethics is critically evaluated. We argue that Singer's pseudo-Euthanasia arguments in Practical Ethics are unsatisfactory as approaches to determining the legitimacy of killing, and that these arguments present a total utilitarian improvement policy—not a case for non-voluntary Euthanasia.
Luc Deliens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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How accurately is Euthanasia reported on death certificates in a country with legal Euthanasia: a population-based study
European Journal of Epidemiology, 2018Co-Authors: Joachim Cohen, Luc Deliens, Sigrid Dierickx, Yolanda W. H. Penders, Kenneth ChambaereAbstract:Background Death certificates are the main source of information on the incidence of the direct and underlying causes of death, but may be unsuitable for monitoring the practice of medical assistance in dying, e.g. Euthanasia, due to possible underreporting. This study examines the accuracy of certification of Euthanasia. Methods Mortality follow-back survey using a random sample of death certificates (N = 6871). For all cases identified as Euthanasia we checked whether Euthanasia was reported as a cause of death on the death certificate. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to evaluate whether reporting varied according to patient and decision-making characteristics. Results Through the death certificates, 0.7% of all deaths were identified as Euthanasia, compared with 4.6% through the mortality follow-back survey. Only 16.2% of the cases identified from the survey were reported on the death certificate. Euthanasia was more likely to be reported on the death certificate where death was from cancer (14% covered), neurological diseases (22%) and stroke (28%) than from cardiovascular disease (7%). Even when the recommended drugs were used or the physician self-labelled the end-of-life decision as Euthanasia, Euthanasia was only reported on the death certificate in 24% of cases. Conclusions Death certificates substantially underestimate the frequency of Euthanasia as a cause of death in Belgium. Mortality follow-back studies are essential complementary instruments to examine and monitor the practice of Euthanasia more accurately. Death certificate forms may need to be modified and clear guidelines provided to physicians about recording Euthanasia to ensure more accurate certification.
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Attitudes and Experiences of Belgian Physicians Regarding Euthanasia Practice and the Euthanasia Law
Journal of pain and symptom management, 2010Co-Authors: Tinne Smets, Johan Bilsen, Joachim Cohen, Mette L. Rurup, Yanna Van Wesemael, Luc DeliensAbstract:Abstract Context Since the legalization of Euthanasia, physicians in Belgium may, under certain conditions, administer life-ending drugs at the explicit request of a patient. Objectives To study the attitudes of Belgian physicians toward the use of life-ending drugs and Euthanasia law, factors predicting attitudes, and factors predicting whether a physician has ever performed Euthanasia. Methods In 2009, we sent a questionnaire to a representative sample of 3006 Belgian physicians who, because of their specialty, were likely to be involved in the care of the dying. Results Response rate was 34%. Ninety percent of physicians studied were accepting of Euthanasia for terminal patients who had extreme uncontrollable pain/symptoms. Sixty-six percent agreed that the Euthanasia law contributes to the carefulness of physicians' end-of-life behavior; 10% agreed that the law impedes the development of palliative care. Religious beliefs and geographic region were strong determinants of attitude. Training in palliative care did not influence attitudes regarding Euthanasia, but trained physicians were less likely to agree that the Euthanasia law impedes the development of palliative care than were nontrained physicians. One in five physicians had performed Euthanasia; they were more likely to be nonreligious, older, specialist, trained in palliative care, and to have had more experience in treating the dying. Conclusion Most physicians studied support Euthanasia for terminal patients with extreme uncontrollable pain/symptoms and agree that Euthanasia can be part of good end-of-life care. Although physicians had little involvement in the process of legalizing Euthanasia, they now generally endorse the Euthanasia law.
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reporting of Euthanasia in medical practice in flanders belgium cross sectional analysis of reported and unreported cases
BMJ, 2010Co-Authors: Tinne Smets, Johan Bilsen, Joachim Cohen, Mette L. Rurup, Freddy Mortier, Luc DeliensAbstract:Objectives To estimate the rate of reporting of Euthanasia cases to the Federal Control and Evaluation Committee and to compare the characteristics of reported and unreported cases of Euthanasia. Design Cross sectional analysis. Setting Flanders, Belgium. Participants A stratified at random sample was drawn of people who died between 1 June 2007 and 30 November 2007. The certifying physician of each death was sent a questionnaire on end of life decision making in the death concerned. Main outcome measures The rate of Euthanasia cases reported to the Federal Control and Evaluation Committee; physicians’ reasons for not reporting cases of Euthanasia; the relation between reporting and non-reporting and the characteristics of the physician and patient; the time by which life was shortened according to the physician; the labelling of the end of life decision by the physician involved; and differences in characteristics of due care between reported and unreported Euthanasia cases. Results The survey response rate was 58.4% (3623/6202 eligible cases). The estimated total number of cases of Euthanasia in Flanders in 2007 was 1040 (95% CI 970 to 1109), thus the incidence of Euthanasia was estimated as 1.9% of all deaths (95% CI 1.6% to 2.3%). Approximately half (549/1040 (52.8%, 95% CI 43.9% to 60.5%)) of all estimated cases of Euthanasia were reported to the Federal Control and Evaluation Committee. Physicians who perceived their case as Euthanasia reported it in 93.1% (67/72) of cases. Cases of Euthanasia were reported less often when the time by which life was shortened was less than one week compared with when the perceived life shortening was greater (37.3% v 74.1%; P Conclusions One out of two Euthanasia cases is reported to the Federal Control and Evaluation Committee. Most non-reporting physicians do not perceive their act as Euthanasia. Countries debating legalisation of Euthanasia should simultaneously consider developing a policy facilitating the due care and reporting obligations of physicians.
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Legal Euthanasia in Belgium: Characteristics of All Reported Euthanasia Cases
Medical care, 2010Co-Authors: Tinne Smets, Johan Bilsen, Joachim Cohen, Mette L. Rurup, Luc DeliensAbstract:Objectives: To study the reported medical practice of Euthanasia in Belgium since implementation of the Euthanasia law. Research Design: Analysis of the anonymous database of all Euthanasia cases reported to the Federal Control and Evaluation Committee Euthanasia. Subjects: All Euthanasia cases reported by physicians for review between implementation of the Euthanasia law on September 22nd, 2002 and December 31, 2007 (n 1917). Measures: Frequency of reported Euthanasia cases, characteristics of patients and the decision for Euthanasia, drugs used in Euthanasia cases, and trends in reported cases over time. Results: The number of reported Euthanasia cases increased every year from 0.23% of all deaths in 2002 to 0.49% in 2007. Compared with all deaths in the population, patients who died by Euthanasia were more often younger (82.1% of patients who received Euthanasia compared with 49.8% of all deaths were younger than 80, P 0.001), men (52.7% vs. 49.5%, P 0.005), cancer patients (82.5% vs. 23.5%, P 0.001), and more often died at home (42.2% vs. 22.4%, P 0.001). Euthanasia was most often performed with a barbiturate, sometimes in combination with neuromuscular relaxants (92.4%) and seldom with morphine (0.9%). In almost all patients, unbearable physical (95.6%) and/or psychological suffering (68%) were reported. A small minority of cases (6.6%) concerned nonterminal patients, mainly suffering from neuromuscular diseases. Conclusions: The frequency of reported Euthanasia cases has increased every year since legalization. Euthanasia is most often chosen as a last resort at the end of life by younger patients, patients with cancer, and seldom by nonterminal patients.
Joachim Cohen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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How accurately is Euthanasia reported on death certificates in a country with legal Euthanasia: a population-based study
European Journal of Epidemiology, 2018Co-Authors: Joachim Cohen, Luc Deliens, Sigrid Dierickx, Yolanda W. H. Penders, Kenneth ChambaereAbstract:Background Death certificates are the main source of information on the incidence of the direct and underlying causes of death, but may be unsuitable for monitoring the practice of medical assistance in dying, e.g. Euthanasia, due to possible underreporting. This study examines the accuracy of certification of Euthanasia. Methods Mortality follow-back survey using a random sample of death certificates (N = 6871). For all cases identified as Euthanasia we checked whether Euthanasia was reported as a cause of death on the death certificate. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to evaluate whether reporting varied according to patient and decision-making characteristics. Results Through the death certificates, 0.7% of all deaths were identified as Euthanasia, compared with 4.6% through the mortality follow-back survey. Only 16.2% of the cases identified from the survey were reported on the death certificate. Euthanasia was more likely to be reported on the death certificate where death was from cancer (14% covered), neurological diseases (22%) and stroke (28%) than from cardiovascular disease (7%). Even when the recommended drugs were used or the physician self-labelled the end-of-life decision as Euthanasia, Euthanasia was only reported on the death certificate in 24% of cases. Conclusions Death certificates substantially underestimate the frequency of Euthanasia as a cause of death in Belgium. Mortality follow-back studies are essential complementary instruments to examine and monitor the practice of Euthanasia more accurately. Death certificate forms may need to be modified and clear guidelines provided to physicians about recording Euthanasia to ensure more accurate certification.
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Attitudes and Experiences of Belgian Physicians Regarding Euthanasia Practice and the Euthanasia Law
Journal of pain and symptom management, 2010Co-Authors: Tinne Smets, Johan Bilsen, Joachim Cohen, Mette L. Rurup, Yanna Van Wesemael, Luc DeliensAbstract:Abstract Context Since the legalization of Euthanasia, physicians in Belgium may, under certain conditions, administer life-ending drugs at the explicit request of a patient. Objectives To study the attitudes of Belgian physicians toward the use of life-ending drugs and Euthanasia law, factors predicting attitudes, and factors predicting whether a physician has ever performed Euthanasia. Methods In 2009, we sent a questionnaire to a representative sample of 3006 Belgian physicians who, because of their specialty, were likely to be involved in the care of the dying. Results Response rate was 34%. Ninety percent of physicians studied were accepting of Euthanasia for terminal patients who had extreme uncontrollable pain/symptoms. Sixty-six percent agreed that the Euthanasia law contributes to the carefulness of physicians' end-of-life behavior; 10% agreed that the law impedes the development of palliative care. Religious beliefs and geographic region were strong determinants of attitude. Training in palliative care did not influence attitudes regarding Euthanasia, but trained physicians were less likely to agree that the Euthanasia law impedes the development of palliative care than were nontrained physicians. One in five physicians had performed Euthanasia; they were more likely to be nonreligious, older, specialist, trained in palliative care, and to have had more experience in treating the dying. Conclusion Most physicians studied support Euthanasia for terminal patients with extreme uncontrollable pain/symptoms and agree that Euthanasia can be part of good end-of-life care. Although physicians had little involvement in the process of legalizing Euthanasia, they now generally endorse the Euthanasia law.
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reporting of Euthanasia in medical practice in flanders belgium cross sectional analysis of reported and unreported cases
BMJ, 2010Co-Authors: Tinne Smets, Johan Bilsen, Joachim Cohen, Mette L. Rurup, Freddy Mortier, Luc DeliensAbstract:Objectives To estimate the rate of reporting of Euthanasia cases to the Federal Control and Evaluation Committee and to compare the characteristics of reported and unreported cases of Euthanasia. Design Cross sectional analysis. Setting Flanders, Belgium. Participants A stratified at random sample was drawn of people who died between 1 June 2007 and 30 November 2007. The certifying physician of each death was sent a questionnaire on end of life decision making in the death concerned. Main outcome measures The rate of Euthanasia cases reported to the Federal Control and Evaluation Committee; physicians’ reasons for not reporting cases of Euthanasia; the relation between reporting and non-reporting and the characteristics of the physician and patient; the time by which life was shortened according to the physician; the labelling of the end of life decision by the physician involved; and differences in characteristics of due care between reported and unreported Euthanasia cases. Results The survey response rate was 58.4% (3623/6202 eligible cases). The estimated total number of cases of Euthanasia in Flanders in 2007 was 1040 (95% CI 970 to 1109), thus the incidence of Euthanasia was estimated as 1.9% of all deaths (95% CI 1.6% to 2.3%). Approximately half (549/1040 (52.8%, 95% CI 43.9% to 60.5%)) of all estimated cases of Euthanasia were reported to the Federal Control and Evaluation Committee. Physicians who perceived their case as Euthanasia reported it in 93.1% (67/72) of cases. Cases of Euthanasia were reported less often when the time by which life was shortened was less than one week compared with when the perceived life shortening was greater (37.3% v 74.1%; P Conclusions One out of two Euthanasia cases is reported to the Federal Control and Evaluation Committee. Most non-reporting physicians do not perceive their act as Euthanasia. Countries debating legalisation of Euthanasia should simultaneously consider developing a policy facilitating the due care and reporting obligations of physicians.
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Legal Euthanasia in Belgium: Characteristics of All Reported Euthanasia Cases
Medical care, 2010Co-Authors: Tinne Smets, Johan Bilsen, Joachim Cohen, Mette L. Rurup, Luc DeliensAbstract:Objectives: To study the reported medical practice of Euthanasia in Belgium since implementation of the Euthanasia law. Research Design: Analysis of the anonymous database of all Euthanasia cases reported to the Federal Control and Evaluation Committee Euthanasia. Subjects: All Euthanasia cases reported by physicians for review between implementation of the Euthanasia law on September 22nd, 2002 and December 31, 2007 (n 1917). Measures: Frequency of reported Euthanasia cases, characteristics of patients and the decision for Euthanasia, drugs used in Euthanasia cases, and trends in reported cases over time. Results: The number of reported Euthanasia cases increased every year from 0.23% of all deaths in 2002 to 0.49% in 2007. Compared with all deaths in the population, patients who died by Euthanasia were more often younger (82.1% of patients who received Euthanasia compared with 49.8% of all deaths were younger than 80, P 0.001), men (52.7% vs. 49.5%, P 0.005), cancer patients (82.5% vs. 23.5%, P 0.001), and more often died at home (42.2% vs. 22.4%, P 0.001). Euthanasia was most often performed with a barbiturate, sometimes in combination with neuromuscular relaxants (92.4%) and seldom with morphine (0.9%). In almost all patients, unbearable physical (95.6%) and/or psychological suffering (68%) were reported. A small minority of cases (6.6%) concerned nonterminal patients, mainly suffering from neuromuscular diseases. Conclusions: The frequency of reported Euthanasia cases has increased every year since legalization. Euthanasia is most often chosen as a last resort at the end of life by younger patients, patients with cancer, and seldom by nonterminal patients.
Leslie Burkholder - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Nancy B and Nancy F
Journal of applied philosophy, 2001Co-Authors: Leslie BurkholderAbstract:In this article I provide a virtuous slippery slope argument which shows that there is no morally significant difference between passive and active Euthanasia. At the top of the slope is an example of passive Euthanasia; at the bottom, an example of active Euthanasia. For each pair of cases down the slope there is nothing that sensibly makes a morally significant difference between the pair of cases. Thus, there is no morally significant difference between passive Euthanasia and active Euthanasia.
