The Experts below are selected from a list of 595830 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Mark A. Hanson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evolution, Development and timing of puberty.
Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM, 2005Co-Authors: Peter D. Gluckman, Mark A. HansonAbstract:The age of menarche has fallen as child health has improved. Although there is ample evidence of delayed puberty being associated with poorer childhood nutrition, menarche is also influenced by prenatal factors. In particular, early onset of puberty is reported in children who have migrated from developing to developed countries. Evolutionary perspectives suggest that these effects can be explained by adaptive mechanisms. They also provide an explanation for the human pubertal growth spurt. In the past few decades, as puberty has advanced, biological maturation has come to precede psychosocial maturation significantly for the first time in our Evolutionary history Although this Developmental mismatch has considerable societal implications, care has to be taken not to medicalize contemporary early puberty inappropriately.
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the fetal matrix Evolution Development and disease
2004Co-Authors: Peter D. Gluckman, Mark A. HansonAbstract:New discoveries reveal how crucial interactions which determine our destiny occur before birth, when our genes interact with their environment as the embryo and fetus develop. These processes - in the matrix of the womb - are Evolutionary echoes of mechanisms which allowed our hunter-gatherer ancestors to survive. These exciting insights into predictive adaptive responses suggest new ways of protecting the health of the fetus, infant and adult. If inappropriate they can trigger obesity, diabetes and heart disease, formerly thought to result solely from adult lifestyle. The new concepts in this book are crucial to understanding the daunting public health burden in societies undergoing rapid transition from poverty to affluence. They add an important new dimension to Evolutionary theory. Synthesising Developmental biology, Evolutionary history, medical science, public health and social policy, this is a ground-breaking and fascinating account by two of the world's leading pioneers in this important emerging field.
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The Fetal Matrix: Evolution, Development and Disease: The biology of predictive adaptive responses
The Fetal Matrix: Evolution Development and Disease, 2004Co-Authors: Peter D. Gluckman, Mark A. HansonAbstract:The combination of experimental, clinical and epidemiological data relating an adverse perinatal environment to long-term outcome has one particularly striking feature. That is, despite the variety of models examined, there is a remarkable consistency in the phenotype that emerges in adulthood. The common features include a tendency to insulin resistance, increased blood pressure, vascular endothelial dysfunction, altered lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, a tendency to obesity and small muscle mass. We have termed this the survival phenotype for reasons that are discussed below. This raises two important questions. First, why is it so easy to produce a consistent phenotype from such a variety of prenatal environments? Second, what is the biological basis for the Development of this phenotype? The answers to these questions need to apply to both humans and animals because the PARs theory applies across species. In turn this leads to the more general question of the fundamental biological mechanisms underpinning PARs. These fundamental mechanisms must be independent of whether the PARs that are induced in utero are subsequently appropriate or inappropriate. They are also likely to be independent of the specific intrauterine situation in which they arose. These questions are the focus of this chapter. Such questions can be asked at several levels. At one level there are a set of issues about the nature of the environmental cues that the embryo and fetus respond to, and secondly about when in Development these cues act.
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Living with the past: Evolution, Development, and patterns of disease
Science (New York N.Y.), 2004Co-Authors: Peter D. Gluckman, Mark A. HansonAbstract:Epidemiological observations have led to the hypothesis that the risk of developing some chronic noncommunicable diseases in adulthood is influenced not only by genetic and adult life-style factors but also by environmental factors acting in early life. Research in Evolutionary biology, Developmental biology, and animal and human physiology provides support for this idea and suggests that environmental processes influencing the propensity to disease in adulthood operate during the periconceptual, fetal, and infant phases of life. This "Developmental origins of health and disease" concept may have important biological, medical, and socioeconomic implications.
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Echoes of the past: Evolution, Development, health and disease.
Discovery medicine, 2004Co-Authors: Peter D. Gluckman, Mark A. HansonAbstract:Abstract Extract: Well over 90% of our existence as a species was prior to the Development of agriculture, which has brought forth many cultural changes. Thus understanding our biology and our capacity to respond to the environment may be enhanced by reference to our own Evolutionary history. Moreover, knowledge from our recent past (i.e., the study of life history), particularly the environmental conditions experienced by our parents and grandparents and from our own early life, provide additional insights. These elements come together - our combined ecological, Evolutionary, and societal histories -- in understanding the concept known as "Developmental origins of adult disease," first described over a decade ago. One genotype (a specific genetic make up) can generate a range of phenotypes (features or characteristics). Much of this diversity is determined by Developmental plasticity, processes by which environmental influences induce irreversible changes in the Developmental path of the organism. Developmental plasticity must be distinguished from Developmental disruption in which an environmental challenge is teratogenic (causes defects in the fetus) and disruptive to the normal pattern of Development.
Peter D. Gluckman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evolution, Development and timing of puberty.
Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM, 2005Co-Authors: Peter D. Gluckman, Mark A. HansonAbstract:The age of menarche has fallen as child health has improved. Although there is ample evidence of delayed puberty being associated with poorer childhood nutrition, menarche is also influenced by prenatal factors. In particular, early onset of puberty is reported in children who have migrated from developing to developed countries. Evolutionary perspectives suggest that these effects can be explained by adaptive mechanisms. They also provide an explanation for the human pubertal growth spurt. In the past few decades, as puberty has advanced, biological maturation has come to precede psychosocial maturation significantly for the first time in our Evolutionary history Although this Developmental mismatch has considerable societal implications, care has to be taken not to medicalize contemporary early puberty inappropriately.
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the fetal matrix Evolution Development and disease
2004Co-Authors: Peter D. Gluckman, Mark A. HansonAbstract:New discoveries reveal how crucial interactions which determine our destiny occur before birth, when our genes interact with their environment as the embryo and fetus develop. These processes - in the matrix of the womb - are Evolutionary echoes of mechanisms which allowed our hunter-gatherer ancestors to survive. These exciting insights into predictive adaptive responses suggest new ways of protecting the health of the fetus, infant and adult. If inappropriate they can trigger obesity, diabetes and heart disease, formerly thought to result solely from adult lifestyle. The new concepts in this book are crucial to understanding the daunting public health burden in societies undergoing rapid transition from poverty to affluence. They add an important new dimension to Evolutionary theory. Synthesising Developmental biology, Evolutionary history, medical science, public health and social policy, this is a ground-breaking and fascinating account by two of the world's leading pioneers in this important emerging field.
-
The Fetal Matrix: Evolution, Development and Disease: The biology of predictive adaptive responses
The Fetal Matrix: Evolution Development and Disease, 2004Co-Authors: Peter D. Gluckman, Mark A. HansonAbstract:The combination of experimental, clinical and epidemiological data relating an adverse perinatal environment to long-term outcome has one particularly striking feature. That is, despite the variety of models examined, there is a remarkable consistency in the phenotype that emerges in adulthood. The common features include a tendency to insulin resistance, increased blood pressure, vascular endothelial dysfunction, altered lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, a tendency to obesity and small muscle mass. We have termed this the survival phenotype for reasons that are discussed below. This raises two important questions. First, why is it so easy to produce a consistent phenotype from such a variety of prenatal environments? Second, what is the biological basis for the Development of this phenotype? The answers to these questions need to apply to both humans and animals because the PARs theory applies across species. In turn this leads to the more general question of the fundamental biological mechanisms underpinning PARs. These fundamental mechanisms must be independent of whether the PARs that are induced in utero are subsequently appropriate or inappropriate. They are also likely to be independent of the specific intrauterine situation in which they arose. These questions are the focus of this chapter. Such questions can be asked at several levels. At one level there are a set of issues about the nature of the environmental cues that the embryo and fetus respond to, and secondly about when in Development these cues act.
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Living with the past: Evolution, Development, and patterns of disease
Science (New York N.Y.), 2004Co-Authors: Peter D. Gluckman, Mark A. HansonAbstract:Epidemiological observations have led to the hypothesis that the risk of developing some chronic noncommunicable diseases in adulthood is influenced not only by genetic and adult life-style factors but also by environmental factors acting in early life. Research in Evolutionary biology, Developmental biology, and animal and human physiology provides support for this idea and suggests that environmental processes influencing the propensity to disease in adulthood operate during the periconceptual, fetal, and infant phases of life. This "Developmental origins of health and disease" concept may have important biological, medical, and socioeconomic implications.
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Echoes of the past: Evolution, Development, health and disease.
Discovery medicine, 2004Co-Authors: Peter D. Gluckman, Mark A. HansonAbstract:Abstract Extract: Well over 90% of our existence as a species was prior to the Development of agriculture, which has brought forth many cultural changes. Thus understanding our biology and our capacity to respond to the environment may be enhanced by reference to our own Evolutionary history. Moreover, knowledge from our recent past (i.e., the study of life history), particularly the environmental conditions experienced by our parents and grandparents and from our own early life, provide additional insights. These elements come together - our combined ecological, Evolutionary, and societal histories -- in understanding the concept known as "Developmental origins of adult disease," first described over a decade ago. One genotype (a specific genetic make up) can generate a range of phenotypes (features or characteristics). Much of this diversity is determined by Developmental plasticity, processes by which environmental influences induce irreversible changes in the Developmental path of the organism. Developmental plasticity must be distinguished from Developmental disruption in which an environmental challenge is teratogenic (causes defects in the fetus) and disruptive to the normal pattern of Development.
Rui Diogo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Muscles Lost in Our Adult Primate Ancestors Still Imprint in Us: on Muscle Evolution, Development, Variations, and Pathologies
Current Molecular Biology Reports, 2020Co-Authors: Eve K. Boyle, Vondel Mahon, Rui DiogoAbstract:The study of Evolutionary Developmental pathologies (Evo-Devo-Path) is an emergent field that relies on comparative anatomy to inform our understanding of the Development and Evolution of normal and abnormal structures in different groups of organisms, with a special focus on humans. Previous research has demonstrated that some muscles that have been lost in our ancestors well before the Evolution of anatomically modern humans occasionally appear as variations in adults within the normal human population or as anomalies in individuals with congenital malformations. Here, we provide the first review of fourteen atavistic muscles/groups of muscles that are only present as variations or anomalies in modern humans but are commonly present in other primate species. Muscles within the head and neck and pectoral girdle and upper limb region include platysma cervicale, mandibulo-auricularis, rhomboideus occipitalis, levator claviculae, dorsoepitrochlearis, panniculus carnosus, epitrochleoanconeus, and contrahentes digitorum manus. Within the lower limb, they include scansorius, ischiofemoralis, contrahentes digitorum pedis, opponens hallucis, abductor metatarsi quinti, and opponens digiti minimi. For each muscle, we describe their synonyms, comparative anatomy among primates, embryonic Development, presentation and prevalence as a variation, and presentation and prevalence as an anomaly. Research on the embryonic origins of six of these muscles has demonstrated that they appear early on in normal human Development but usually disappear before birth. Among the eight muscles in the upper half of the body, mandibulo-auricularis is, to our knowledge, present in humans only as a variation, while the other seven muscles can be present as either a variation or an anomaly. All six muscles of the lower limb are present only as variations, and to our knowledge have not been described in anomalous individuals. Interestingly, although these muscles conform to most definitions of what constitutes an atavism—i.e., they were lost in our adult ancestors and now appear in some adult humans—some of them are seemingly present in more than 2% of the normal population. Therefore, they might actually constitute polymorphisms rather than variations. The research summarized here therefore emphasizes the need of future studies of the Evolution, Development, and prevalence of soft tissue variations and anomalies in humans, not only for the understanding of our Evolutionary history but also of our phenotype and pathologies.
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Radial polydactyly: putting together Evolution, Development and clinical anatomy.
The Journal of hand surgery European volume, 2018Co-Authors: Bríd Crowley, Susan Stevenson, Rui DiogoAbstract:Evolutionary Developmental pathology, a new biological field, connects the study of Evolution, Development and human pathologies. In radial polydactyly, traditional studies have focused mainly on s...
Kunihiko Kaneko - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evolution‐Development congruence in pattern formation dynamics: Bifurcations in gene expression and regulation of networks structures
Journal of experimental zoology. Part B Molecular and developmental evolution, 2015Co-Authors: Takahiro Kohsokabe, Kunihiko KanekoAbstract:Search for possible relationships between phylogeny and ontogeny is important in Evolutionary-Developmental biology. Here we uncover such relationships by numerical Evolution and unveil their origin in terms of dynamical systems theory. By representing Developmental dynamics of spatially located cells with gene expression dynamics with cell-to-cell interaction under external morphogen gradient, gene regulation networks are evolved under mutation and selection with the fitness to approach a prescribed spatial pattern of expressed genes. For most numerical Evolution experiments, Evolution of pattern over generations and Development of pattern by an evolved network exhibit remarkable congruence. Both in the Evolution and Development pattern changes consist of several epochs where stripes are formed in a short time, while for other temporal regimes, pattern hardly changes. In Evolution, these quasi-stationary regimes are generations needed to hit relevant mutations, while in Development, they are due to some gene expression that varies slowly and controls the pattern change. The morphogenesis is regulated by combinations of feedback or feedforward regulations, where the upstream feedforward network reads the external morphogen gradient, and generates a pattern used as a boundary condition for the later patterns. The ordering from up to downstream is common in Evolution and Development, while the successive epochal changes in Development and Evolution are represented as common bifurcations in dynamical-systems theory, which lead to the Evolution-Development congruence. Mechanism of exceptional violation of the congruence is also unveiled. Our results provide a new look on Developmental stages, punctuated equilibrium, Developmental bottlenecks, and Evolutionary acquisition of novelty in morphogenesis.
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Evolution-Development Congruence in Pattern Formation Dynamics: Bifurcations in Gene Expressions and Regulation of Networks Structures
arXiv: Populations and Evolution, 2014Co-Authors: Takahiro Kohsokabe, Kunihiko KanekoAbstract:Search for possible relationships between phylogeny and ontogeny is one of the most important issues in the field of Evolutionary Developmental biology. By representing Developmental dynamics of spatially located cells with gene expression dynamics with cell-to-cell interaction under external morphogen gradient, evolved are gene regulation networks under mutation and selection with the fitness to approach a prescribed spatial pattern of expressed genes. For most of thousands of numerical Evolution experiments, Evolution of pattern over generations and Development of pattern by an evolved network exhibit remarkable congruence. Here, both the pattern dynamics consist of several epochs to form successive stripe formations between quasi-stationary regimes. In Evolution, the regimes are generations needed to hit relevant mutations, while in Development, they are due to the emergence of slowly varying expression that controls the pattern change. Successive pattern changes are thus generated, which are regulated by successive combinations of feedback or feedforward regulations under the upstream feedforward network that reads the morphogen gradient. By using a pattern generated by the upstream feedforward network as a boundary condition, downstream networks form later stripe patterns. These epochal changes in Development and Evolution are represented as same bifurcations in dynamical-systems theory, and this agreement of bifurcations lead to the Evolution-Development congruences. Violation of the Evolution-Development congruence, observed exceptionally, is shown to be originated in alteration of the boundary due to mutation at the upstream feedforward network. Our results provide a new look on Developmental stages, punctuated equilibrium, Developmental bottlenecks, and Evolutionary acquisition of novelty in morphogenesis.
Elena N. Petrovskaya - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Contribution of the Earth’s gravitational potential to variations in orbital motion of short-period comets
Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2016Co-Authors: Valentina M. Chepurova, Nelli V. Kulikova, Elena N. PetrovskayaAbstract:We present simulation results on Evolution Development of orbital motion of short-period comets with the rEvolution period not exceeding 6–7 years, namely comets 21P/Giacobini–Zinner, 26P/Grigg– Skjellerup and 7P/Pons–Winnecke. The calculations cover the range from the date of the object’s discovery to 2100. Variations in the objects’ orbital elements under the action of gravity disturbances, taking Earth’s gravitational potential into account when the small body approaches, are analyzed. Corrected dates of perihelion passages can be used for scheduling observations.
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contribution of the earth s gravitational potential to variations in orbital motion of short period comets
Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2016Co-Authors: Valentina M. Chepurova, Nelli V. Kulikova, Elena N. PetrovskayaAbstract:We present simulation results on Evolution Development of orbital motion of short-period comets with the rEvolution period not exceeding 6–7 years, namely comets 21P/Giacobini–Zinner, 26P/Grigg– Skjellerup and 7P/Pons–Winnecke. The calculations cover the range from the date of the object’s discovery to 2100. Variations in the objects’ orbital elements under the action of gravity disturbances, taking Earth’s gravitational potential into account when the small body approaches, are analyzed. Corrected dates of perihelion passages can be used for scheduling observations.