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William F. Bleam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Assessment of soil response to Exchangeable Sodium percentage by consistence and water retention properties
Geoderma, 2020Co-Authors: Hans Klopp, Francisco J. Arriaga, William F. BleamAbstract:Abstract The use of low-quality water for irrigation is expected to keep increasing worldwide, which increases the risk of soil degradation. The response of soil to irrigation waters with excessive Sodium depends on the soil clay behavior. Soil physical properties that can distinguish smectitic soils from non-smectitic soils could identify soils that are sensitive to Exchangeable Sodium. This study explores the use of Atterberg limits, coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) and soil water retention as possible properties to determine if a soil is sensitive to Exchangeable Sodium. Soils used were synthetic soils prepared from mixtures of silt and clay minerals, and six natural soils. Atterberg limits, COLE and soil water retention was measured at ESP values of 0, 50 and 100% on these soils. Multiple linear regression functions were developed to predict soil liquid limit, plasticity index, COLE, and soil water retention at −336 cm H2O. The liquid limit, and COLE increased as the amount of Sodium-saturated smectite increased in the synthetic soils. The liquid limit, COLE and water retention at matric potentials greater than −336 cm of H2O increased on smectite clay dominant soils when elevated ESP was combined with low salinity. The liquid limit increased from 49 to 67 on average and −336 H2O water content increased from 38 to 70% on average between 0 and 100% ESP treatments on the four smectitic soils. On a kaolinitic soil liquid limit decreased from 56.1 to 51.8 and −336 H2O water content increased from 33.7 to 35.9% between the ESP 0 and 100% treatment. Liquid limit increased from 188 to 679 and COLE increased from 0.47 to 1.19 mm mm−1 between calcium smectite (fullers earth) and Sodium smectite (Wyoming bentonite), whereas liquid limit decreased from 56 to 39 and COLE decreased from 0.195 to 0.104 mm mm−1 between calcium and Sodium saturated kaolinite. Plasticity index increased by 75% between the ESP 0 and ESP 100 treatments on the smectitic soils, whereas there was a 260% increase in plasticity index between fullers earth and bentonite. The root mean squared error that liquid limit could be predicted with was 3.3 plastic limit was 2.4, COLE was 0.036 mm mm−1, and 1/3rd bar water content was 2.2 × 10−3 g g−1. Smectitic soils had increases in soil swelling related properties, whereas non-smectitic clay soils had no changes in swelling related properties from ESP. Liquid limit and water retention at water potentials of −1/10th and −1/3rd bar were the properties that best distinguished soils that respond to ESP from soils that do not respond to ESP. Soil consistence properties and water retention can determine soils that contain smectite clay which is the clay mineral that is most sensitive to soil ESP.
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atterberg limits and shrink swell capacity of soil as indicators for Sodium sensitivity within a gradient of soil Exchangeable Sodium percentage and salinity
Geoderma, 2019Co-Authors: Hans W. Klopp, Francisco J. Arriaga, William J. Likos, William F. BleamAbstract:Abstract Soil sodification and salinization present a global soil degradation risk to agricultural production since they affect soil hydraulic properties. Soils containing smectite clays have been found to be most sensitive to sodicity although little research exists directly relating sodicity to clay swelling under varying levels of salinity and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP). The goal of this study is to determine whether soil swelling related measurements can be a proxy to determine soil sensitivity to Exchangeable Sodium. This study examined the response of three smectitic soils treated with salt solutions having concentrations ranging between 5 and 40 mmolc dm−3 and ESP levels between 0 and 50% to create differing degrees of sodicity. Whole soil Atterberg limits and the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) were measured prior to and after treatments. Liquid limit, plasticity index and the coefficient of linear extensibility increased for all three soils after treatment with a salt concentration of 5 mmolc dm−3 at an ESP of 25 and 50% and 10 mmolc dm−3 at an ESP of 50%. Comparing liquid limit of low salinity treatment at 50% ESP to low salinity 0% ESP revealed the presence of swelling smectite clay and the sensitivity of the soils to sodicity and a soil measurement to identify soil sodicity risk.
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Atterberg limits and shrink/swell capacity of soil as indicators for Sodium sensitivity within a gradient of soil Exchangeable Sodium percentage and salinity
Geoderma, 2019Co-Authors: Hans W. Klopp, Francisco J. Arriaga, William J. Likos, William F. BleamAbstract:Abstract Soil sodification and salinization present a global soil degradation risk to agricultural production since they affect soil hydraulic properties. Soils containing smectite clays have been found to be most sensitive to sodicity although little research exists directly relating sodicity to clay swelling under varying levels of salinity and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP). The goal of this study is to determine whether soil swelling related measurements can be a proxy to determine soil sensitivity to Exchangeable Sodium. This study examined the response of three smectitic soils treated with salt solutions having concentrations ranging between 5 and 40 mmolc dm−3 and ESP levels between 0 and 50% to create differing degrees of sodicity. Whole soil Atterberg limits and the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) were measured prior to and after treatments. Liquid limit, plasticity index and the coefficient of linear extensibility increased for all three soils after treatment with a salt concentration of 5 mmolc dm−3 at an ESP of 25 and 50% and 10 mmolc dm−3 at an ESP of 50%. Comparing liquid limit of low salinity treatment at 50% ESP to low salinity 0% ESP revealed the presence of swelling smectite clay and the sensitivity of the soils to sodicity and a soil measurement to identify soil sodicity risk.
Anitha Kunhikrishnan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of gypsum on Exchangeable Sodium percentage and electrical conductivity in the daeho reclaimed tidal land soil in korea a field scale study
Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2018Co-Authors: Anitha KunhikrishnanAbstract:Purpose A reclaimed tidal land along the shore has poor soil properties such as high Exchangeable Sodium percentage (ESP), and electrical conductivity (EC) due to excess Sodium (Na) content. Therefore, Na content should be decreased to improve the land productivity, and for this, gypsum has been widely used. The objective of this study was to determine the changes in ESP and EC of the gypsum-treated reclaimed tidal soil in a field scale.
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Effect of gypsum on Exchangeable Sodium percentage and electrical conductivity in the Daeho reclaimed tidal land soil in Korea—a field scale study
Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2016Co-Authors: Hyuck Soo Kim, Anitha Kunhikrishnan, Kwon-rae Kim, Seung-heon Lee, Won-il Kim, Kye-hoon KimAbstract:Purpose A reclaimed tidal land along the shore has poor soil properties such as high Exchangeable Sodium percentage (ESP), and electrical conductivity (EC) due to excess Sodium (Na) content. Therefore, Na content should be decreased to improve the land productivity, and for this, gypsum has been widely used. The objective of this study was to determine the changes in ESP and EC of the gypsum-treated reclaimed tidal soil in a field scale.
Hans W. Klopp - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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atterberg limits and shrink swell capacity of soil as indicators for Sodium sensitivity within a gradient of soil Exchangeable Sodium percentage and salinity
Geoderma, 2019Co-Authors: Hans W. Klopp, Francisco J. Arriaga, William J. Likos, William F. BleamAbstract:Abstract Soil sodification and salinization present a global soil degradation risk to agricultural production since they affect soil hydraulic properties. Soils containing smectite clays have been found to be most sensitive to sodicity although little research exists directly relating sodicity to clay swelling under varying levels of salinity and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP). The goal of this study is to determine whether soil swelling related measurements can be a proxy to determine soil sensitivity to Exchangeable Sodium. This study examined the response of three smectitic soils treated with salt solutions having concentrations ranging between 5 and 40 mmolc dm−3 and ESP levels between 0 and 50% to create differing degrees of sodicity. Whole soil Atterberg limits and the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) were measured prior to and after treatments. Liquid limit, plasticity index and the coefficient of linear extensibility increased for all three soils after treatment with a salt concentration of 5 mmolc dm−3 at an ESP of 25 and 50% and 10 mmolc dm−3 at an ESP of 50%. Comparing liquid limit of low salinity treatment at 50% ESP to low salinity 0% ESP revealed the presence of swelling smectite clay and the sensitivity of the soils to sodicity and a soil measurement to identify soil sodicity risk.
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Atterberg limits and shrink/swell capacity of soil as indicators for Sodium sensitivity within a gradient of soil Exchangeable Sodium percentage and salinity
Geoderma, 2019Co-Authors: Hans W. Klopp, Francisco J. Arriaga, William J. Likos, William F. BleamAbstract:Abstract Soil sodification and salinization present a global soil degradation risk to agricultural production since they affect soil hydraulic properties. Soils containing smectite clays have been found to be most sensitive to sodicity although little research exists directly relating sodicity to clay swelling under varying levels of salinity and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP). The goal of this study is to determine whether soil swelling related measurements can be a proxy to determine soil sensitivity to Exchangeable Sodium. This study examined the response of three smectitic soils treated with salt solutions having concentrations ranging between 5 and 40 mmolc dm−3 and ESP levels between 0 and 50% to create differing degrees of sodicity. Whole soil Atterberg limits and the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) were measured prior to and after treatments. Liquid limit, plasticity index and the coefficient of linear extensibility increased for all three soils after treatment with a salt concentration of 5 mmolc dm−3 at an ESP of 25 and 50% and 10 mmolc dm−3 at an ESP of 50%. Comparing liquid limit of low salinity treatment at 50% ESP to low salinity 0% ESP revealed the presence of swelling smectite clay and the sensitivity of the soils to sodicity and a soil measurement to identify soil sodicity risk.
Francisco J. Arriaga - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Assessment of soil response to Exchangeable Sodium percentage by consistence and water retention properties
Geoderma, 2020Co-Authors: Hans Klopp, Francisco J. Arriaga, William F. BleamAbstract:Abstract The use of low-quality water for irrigation is expected to keep increasing worldwide, which increases the risk of soil degradation. The response of soil to irrigation waters with excessive Sodium depends on the soil clay behavior. Soil physical properties that can distinguish smectitic soils from non-smectitic soils could identify soils that are sensitive to Exchangeable Sodium. This study explores the use of Atterberg limits, coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) and soil water retention as possible properties to determine if a soil is sensitive to Exchangeable Sodium. Soils used were synthetic soils prepared from mixtures of silt and clay minerals, and six natural soils. Atterberg limits, COLE and soil water retention was measured at ESP values of 0, 50 and 100% on these soils. Multiple linear regression functions were developed to predict soil liquid limit, plasticity index, COLE, and soil water retention at −336 cm H2O. The liquid limit, and COLE increased as the amount of Sodium-saturated smectite increased in the synthetic soils. The liquid limit, COLE and water retention at matric potentials greater than −336 cm of H2O increased on smectite clay dominant soils when elevated ESP was combined with low salinity. The liquid limit increased from 49 to 67 on average and −336 H2O water content increased from 38 to 70% on average between 0 and 100% ESP treatments on the four smectitic soils. On a kaolinitic soil liquid limit decreased from 56.1 to 51.8 and −336 H2O water content increased from 33.7 to 35.9% between the ESP 0 and 100% treatment. Liquid limit increased from 188 to 679 and COLE increased from 0.47 to 1.19 mm mm−1 between calcium smectite (fullers earth) and Sodium smectite (Wyoming bentonite), whereas liquid limit decreased from 56 to 39 and COLE decreased from 0.195 to 0.104 mm mm−1 between calcium and Sodium saturated kaolinite. Plasticity index increased by 75% between the ESP 0 and ESP 100 treatments on the smectitic soils, whereas there was a 260% increase in plasticity index between fullers earth and bentonite. The root mean squared error that liquid limit could be predicted with was 3.3 plastic limit was 2.4, COLE was 0.036 mm mm−1, and 1/3rd bar water content was 2.2 × 10−3 g g−1. Smectitic soils had increases in soil swelling related properties, whereas non-smectitic clay soils had no changes in swelling related properties from ESP. Liquid limit and water retention at water potentials of −1/10th and −1/3rd bar were the properties that best distinguished soils that respond to ESP from soils that do not respond to ESP. Soil consistence properties and water retention can determine soils that contain smectite clay which is the clay mineral that is most sensitive to soil ESP.
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atterberg limits and shrink swell capacity of soil as indicators for Sodium sensitivity within a gradient of soil Exchangeable Sodium percentage and salinity
Geoderma, 2019Co-Authors: Hans W. Klopp, Francisco J. Arriaga, William J. Likos, William F. BleamAbstract:Abstract Soil sodification and salinization present a global soil degradation risk to agricultural production since they affect soil hydraulic properties. Soils containing smectite clays have been found to be most sensitive to sodicity although little research exists directly relating sodicity to clay swelling under varying levels of salinity and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP). The goal of this study is to determine whether soil swelling related measurements can be a proxy to determine soil sensitivity to Exchangeable Sodium. This study examined the response of three smectitic soils treated with salt solutions having concentrations ranging between 5 and 40 mmolc dm−3 and ESP levels between 0 and 50% to create differing degrees of sodicity. Whole soil Atterberg limits and the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) were measured prior to and after treatments. Liquid limit, plasticity index and the coefficient of linear extensibility increased for all three soils after treatment with a salt concentration of 5 mmolc dm−3 at an ESP of 25 and 50% and 10 mmolc dm−3 at an ESP of 50%. Comparing liquid limit of low salinity treatment at 50% ESP to low salinity 0% ESP revealed the presence of swelling smectite clay and the sensitivity of the soils to sodicity and a soil measurement to identify soil sodicity risk.
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Atterberg limits and shrink/swell capacity of soil as indicators for Sodium sensitivity within a gradient of soil Exchangeable Sodium percentage and salinity
Geoderma, 2019Co-Authors: Hans W. Klopp, Francisco J. Arriaga, William J. Likos, William F. BleamAbstract:Abstract Soil sodification and salinization present a global soil degradation risk to agricultural production since they affect soil hydraulic properties. Soils containing smectite clays have been found to be most sensitive to sodicity although little research exists directly relating sodicity to clay swelling under varying levels of salinity and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP). The goal of this study is to determine whether soil swelling related measurements can be a proxy to determine soil sensitivity to Exchangeable Sodium. This study examined the response of three smectitic soils treated with salt solutions having concentrations ranging between 5 and 40 mmolc dm−3 and ESP levels between 0 and 50% to create differing degrees of sodicity. Whole soil Atterberg limits and the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) were measured prior to and after treatments. Liquid limit, plasticity index and the coefficient of linear extensibility increased for all three soils after treatment with a salt concentration of 5 mmolc dm−3 at an ESP of 25 and 50% and 10 mmolc dm−3 at an ESP of 50%. Comparing liquid limit of low salinity treatment at 50% ESP to low salinity 0% ESP revealed the presence of swelling smectite clay and the sensitivity of the soils to sodicity and a soil measurement to identify soil sodicity risk.
K G M M Alberti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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increased red cell Sodium lithium countertransport activity total Exchangeable Sodium and hormonal control of Sodium balance in normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetes
Diabetic Medicine, 1993Co-Authors: P H Winocour, C Catalano, T H Thomas, R Wilkinson, K G M M AlbertiAbstract:The relationship between erythrocyte Sodium lithium countertransport activity (SLC), total Exchangeable Sodium (NaE), and hormonal control of renal function was examined in 40 normotensive, normoalbuminuric, non-neuropathic Type 1 diabetic subjects, of whom 8 had elevated SLC (> 0.40 mmol Li h-1l-1 rbc). Eleven health controls with normal SLC, who were of comparable age, body mass, and blood pressure were also studied. By contrast with healthy controls, SLC in Type 1 diabetes was not associated with plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone, systolic blood pressure or lean body mass. SLC was also unrelated to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (Type 1 diabetes only) and NaE. NaE was not correlated with any other variables. The relationships between PRA and aldosterone in healthy controls were retained in Type 1 diabetes (R2 0.37 supine, p = 0.00001, and 0.27 ambulant, p = 0.0005), as were respective direct and inverse relations between vasopressin and ANP and both PRA (rs 0.54 to 0.57, rs -0.43 to -0.53), and aldosterone (rs 0.78 to 0.80, rs -0.71 to -0.80). Fasting free serum insulin and vasopressin were both inversely related to ANP (rs -0.91 and -0.71, respectively). In the absence of autonomic dysfunction, hypertension or early nephropathy in Type 1 diabetes, increased SLC or Exchangeable Sodium were unrelated to each other or with hormonal control of Sodium balance, but the homeostatic factors controlling hormonal interaction appear to be maintained. The interaction between insulin and hormonal control of Sodium and water balance may be modified by circulating free insulin concentrations.
