The Experts below are selected from a list of 318 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
T F A Bishop - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
catchment scale 3d mapping of depth to Soil Sodicity constraints through combining public and on farm Soil databases a potential tool for on farm management
Geoderma, 2020Co-Authors: Patrick Filippi, Edward J Jones, T F A BishopAbstract:Abstract There has been much recent effort in creating digital Soil maps across large areas, but these products are rarely used by farmers and those managing the land. This is due to a variety of reasons; few maps represent Soil properties of agronomic relevance, the spatial resolution and depth intervals are often too coarse, and there is limited confidence in the quality of the predicted maps. This study attempted to overcome these pitfalls by creating maps of the depth to a Soil Sodicity constraint across the Namoi River Catchment, a 42,000 km2 area in eastern Australia. The maps were produced at a fine vertical support (1 cm) and horizontal resolution (30 m) using a single random forest model to a depth of 100 cm. Different exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) thresholds of 6%, 10% and 15% were explored to define a constraint. Various publicly available spatial datasets were used as covariates, including satellite imagery, terrain attributes, climate, and geophysical data. The Soil data used for modelling were collated from a national Soil database, various Soil surveys, as well as data collected on case study farms. The model could predict Soil ESP across the catchment with a Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC) of 0.56 when tested with 10-fold cross-validation based on whole-profiles. The value of including Soil data collected on-farm with regional databases was clearly demonstrated to produce maps for an individual farm, resulting in considerable improvements in model prediction accuracy. The utility of the maps for farm management was assessed by comparing with cotton and grain crop yield maps for individual paddocks on case study farms. The depth to Soil Sodicity constraint maps proved valuable for understanding yield variability, with constraints shallow in the Soil profile generally resulting in lower yields, however, this fluctuated by crop type, and seasonal conditions. Future work should create depth-to-constraint maps for several important Soil constraints, which may lead to a better understanding of variation in crop yields. An operational framework where farmers are able to add their own Soil data to neighbouring and regional Soil databases could have considerable benefits for broadacre agricultural industries in Australia.
-
Catchment-scale 3D mapping of depth to Soil Sodicity constraints through combining public and on-farm Soil databases – A potential tool for on-farm management
Geoderma, 2020Co-Authors: Patrick Filippi, Edward J Jones, T F A BishopAbstract:Abstract There has been much recent effort in creating digital Soil maps across large areas, but these products are rarely used by farmers and those managing the land. This is due to a variety of reasons; few maps represent Soil properties of agronomic relevance, the spatial resolution and depth intervals are often too coarse, and there is limited confidence in the quality of the predicted maps. This study attempted to overcome these pitfalls by creating maps of the depth to a Soil Sodicity constraint across the Namoi River Catchment, a 42,000 km2 area in eastern Australia. The maps were produced at a fine vertical support (1 cm) and horizontal resolution (30 m) using a single random forest model to a depth of 100 cm. Different exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) thresholds of 6%, 10% and 15% were explored to define a constraint. Various publicly available spatial datasets were used as covariates, including satellite imagery, terrain attributes, climate, and geophysical data. The Soil data used for modelling were collated from a national Soil database, various Soil surveys, as well as data collected on case study farms. The model could predict Soil ESP across the catchment with a Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC) of 0.56 when tested with 10-fold cross-validation based on whole-profiles. The value of including Soil data collected on-farm with regional databases was clearly demonstrated to produce maps for an individual farm, resulting in considerable improvements in model prediction accuracy. The utility of the maps for farm management was assessed by comparing with cotton and grain crop yield maps for individual paddocks on case study farms. The depth to Soil Sodicity constraint maps proved valuable for understanding yield variability, with constraints shallow in the Soil profile generally resulting in lower yields, however, this fluctuated by crop type, and seasonal conditions. Future work should create depth-to-constraint maps for several important Soil constraints, which may lead to a better understanding of variation in crop yields. An operational framework where farmers are able to add their own Soil data to neighbouring and regional Soil databases could have considerable benefits for broadacre agricultural industries in Australia.
Patrick Filippi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
catchment scale 3d mapping of depth to Soil Sodicity constraints through combining public and on farm Soil databases a potential tool for on farm management
Geoderma, 2020Co-Authors: Patrick Filippi, Edward J Jones, T F A BishopAbstract:Abstract There has been much recent effort in creating digital Soil maps across large areas, but these products are rarely used by farmers and those managing the land. This is due to a variety of reasons; few maps represent Soil properties of agronomic relevance, the spatial resolution and depth intervals are often too coarse, and there is limited confidence in the quality of the predicted maps. This study attempted to overcome these pitfalls by creating maps of the depth to a Soil Sodicity constraint across the Namoi River Catchment, a 42,000 km2 area in eastern Australia. The maps were produced at a fine vertical support (1 cm) and horizontal resolution (30 m) using a single random forest model to a depth of 100 cm. Different exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) thresholds of 6%, 10% and 15% were explored to define a constraint. Various publicly available spatial datasets were used as covariates, including satellite imagery, terrain attributes, climate, and geophysical data. The Soil data used for modelling were collated from a national Soil database, various Soil surveys, as well as data collected on case study farms. The model could predict Soil ESP across the catchment with a Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC) of 0.56 when tested with 10-fold cross-validation based on whole-profiles. The value of including Soil data collected on-farm with regional databases was clearly demonstrated to produce maps for an individual farm, resulting in considerable improvements in model prediction accuracy. The utility of the maps for farm management was assessed by comparing with cotton and grain crop yield maps for individual paddocks on case study farms. The depth to Soil Sodicity constraint maps proved valuable for understanding yield variability, with constraints shallow in the Soil profile generally resulting in lower yields, however, this fluctuated by crop type, and seasonal conditions. Future work should create depth-to-constraint maps for several important Soil constraints, which may lead to a better understanding of variation in crop yields. An operational framework where farmers are able to add their own Soil data to neighbouring and regional Soil databases could have considerable benefits for broadacre agricultural industries in Australia.
-
Catchment-scale 3D mapping of depth to Soil Sodicity constraints through combining public and on-farm Soil databases – A potential tool for on-farm management
Geoderma, 2020Co-Authors: Patrick Filippi, Edward J Jones, T F A BishopAbstract:Abstract There has been much recent effort in creating digital Soil maps across large areas, but these products are rarely used by farmers and those managing the land. This is due to a variety of reasons; few maps represent Soil properties of agronomic relevance, the spatial resolution and depth intervals are often too coarse, and there is limited confidence in the quality of the predicted maps. This study attempted to overcome these pitfalls by creating maps of the depth to a Soil Sodicity constraint across the Namoi River Catchment, a 42,000 km2 area in eastern Australia. The maps were produced at a fine vertical support (1 cm) and horizontal resolution (30 m) using a single random forest model to a depth of 100 cm. Different exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) thresholds of 6%, 10% and 15% were explored to define a constraint. Various publicly available spatial datasets were used as covariates, including satellite imagery, terrain attributes, climate, and geophysical data. The Soil data used for modelling were collated from a national Soil database, various Soil surveys, as well as data collected on case study farms. The model could predict Soil ESP across the catchment with a Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC) of 0.56 when tested with 10-fold cross-validation based on whole-profiles. The value of including Soil data collected on-farm with regional databases was clearly demonstrated to produce maps for an individual farm, resulting in considerable improvements in model prediction accuracy. The utility of the maps for farm management was assessed by comparing with cotton and grain crop yield maps for individual paddocks on case study farms. The depth to Soil Sodicity constraint maps proved valuable for understanding yield variability, with constraints shallow in the Soil profile generally resulting in lower yields, however, this fluctuated by crop type, and seasonal conditions. Future work should create depth-to-constraint maps for several important Soil constraints, which may lead to a better understanding of variation in crop yields. An operational framework where farmers are able to add their own Soil data to neighbouring and regional Soil databases could have considerable benefits for broadacre agricultural industries in Australia.
-
monitoring changes in Soil salinity and Sodicity to depth at a decadal scale in a semiarid irrigated region of australia
Soil Research, 2018Co-Authors: Patrick Filippi, Matthew Pringle, Stephen R. Cattle, T F A Bishop, Edward J JonesAbstract:Soil salinity and Sodicity are two of the most limiting constraints for agriculture in arid and semiarid landscapes, but long-term studies are scarce, and most solely focus on the topSoil. This study monitors the change in Soil electrical conductivity (EC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) to 1.2 m depth with bivariate linear mixed models between 2002 and 2015 in a semiarid, irrigated cotton-growing region of south-west New South Wales, Australia. In this work, the impacts of shifts in rainfall, variability of irrigation water quantity and quality, and agricultural land uses, on Soil salinity and Sodicity are analysed. The study area possessed generally low levels of Soil salinity, and shifts in EC were detected over time, but only isolated areas of the various sampling depths experienced statistically significant changes in EC. Some areas under irrigated cotton production experienced a desalination trend, whereas Soil EC under irrigated perennial horticulture increased over time. This increase was attributed to the use of fertilisers that contain salts, and the varying quantity and quality of applied irrigation water. Sodicity was low to moderate in the upper 0.5 m of the Soil profile but high in deeper layers, with a trend of increasing Soil Sodicity through time. Most of the statistically significant increases in ESP occurred in areas under irrigated cotton and horticulture, with this likely due to the continued addition of sodium to the Soil system. This study also demonstrates that visible near infrared spectroscopy can be used in to predict Soil ESP values to reasonable accuracy.
Mohsen Jalali - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the combination of geostatistics and geochemical simulation for the site specific management of Soil salinity and Sodicity
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2016Co-Authors: Faranak Ranjbar, Mohsen JalaliAbstract:Clay and silt contents showed a moderate spatial dependency.Soil chemical properties were strongly spatially dependent.Changes in the chemical quality of a saline-sodic Soil were simulated by PHREEQC.The ESP remained unchanged after long-term irrigation with saline-sodic water.The cultivation of sugar beet was not significant in reducing Soil Sodicity. The spatial variability of Soil parameters such as salinity and Sodicity is very effective in determining the suitable areal cropping pattern and appropriate management of agricultural lands. To conduct this study, a grid sampling at 100m was carried out in an agricultural area of 30ha located in Tajarak of Hamedan, western Iran. After physicochemical analyses of Soil samples, Soil properties which had significant correlations with the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) were identified using the statistical analysis. The ESP was significantly positively correlated with the clay content, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), while it showed a significant negative correlation with the silt content. The spatial variability of ESP and its related parameters investigated by the geostatistical analysis showed that pH, EC, CEC, SAR, and ESP were strongly spatially dependent, while the clay and silt contents had a moderate spatial dependency. The distribution maps indicated that most Soils in the study area did not have a Sodicity problem, while ESP of Soils in some parts was more than 15%. The long-term impact of the application of saline-sodic and non-saline-sodic irrigation waters on some chemical properties of a saline sodic Soil under 20years of the continuous cultivation of wheat and alternate cultivation of wheat and sugar beet was simulated using the geochemical PHREEQC program. The results showed that the chemical quality of the Soil was significantly improved after 20years of irrigation with non-saline-sodic water. On the other hand, the problem of the Soil salinity was accelerated after 20years of irrigation with saline-sodic water, while ESP remained unchanged. Due to the high water requirement of sugar beet, the effect of its cultivation was not significant in reducing Soil Sodicity despite the removal of Na+ from the Soil by this crop. Therefore, it is recommended that the cropping pattern should be changed by planting crops with low water requirements or rainfed crops if sodic irrigation water is applied.
-
effects of plant residues and calcite amendments on Soil Sodicity
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2011Co-Authors: Faranak Ranjbar, Mohsen JalaliAbstract:The effects of wheat, potato, sunflower, and rape residues and calcite were evaluated in Soil that received sodic water. These materials were added to a sandy-loam Soil at a rate of 5%, after which the treated Soils were incubated for 1 month at field-capacity moisture and a temperature of 25°C–30°C. Column leaching experiments using treated Soils were then conducted under saturated conditions using water with three sodium-adsorption ratios (SAR) (0, 10, 40) with a constant ionic strength (50mmol L–1). The results indicated that the application of plant residues to Soils caused an increase in cation-exchange capacity and exchangeable cations. Leaching experiments indicated that the addition of plant amendments led to increased Na+ leaching and decrease in exchangeable-sodium percentage (ESP). The ESP of the control Soil, after leaching with solutions with an SAR of 10 and 40, increased significantly, but the level of sodification in Soils treated with plant residue was lower. Such decreases of Soil ESP were greatly affected by the type of plant residues, with the order of: potato-treated Soil > sunflower-treated Soil > rapetreated Soil > wheat-treated Soil > calcite-treated Soil > control Soil.
-
effects of sodic water on Soil Sodicity and nutrient leaching in poultry and sheep manure amended Soils
Geoderma, 2009Co-Authors: Mohsen Jalali, Faranak RanjbarAbstract:Abstract The need to use saline and sodic waters for irrigating agricultural lands has increased due to a shortage of fresh water resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. One way to decrease undesirable effects of sodic waters on the physical and chemical properties of Soils is to apply organic and chemical amendments. In this study, the effects of two organic fertilizers (poultry and sheep manure), and gypsum were evaluated in Soil that received sodic water. These materials were added to a sandy loam Soil at the rate of 5%, after which the treated Soils and a control sample were incubated for one month at field capacity at 25–30 °C. Column leaching experiments using treated Soils were then conducted under saturated conditions using two types of NaCl–CaCl 2 solutions and three sodium adsorption ratios (SAR) (0, 10, 40) with a constant ionic strength (50 mmol l − 1 ). The results indicated that the application of sheep and poultry manure to Soils caused an increase in cation exchange capacity (CEC) and greater adsorption of cations such as calcium, magnesium and potassium than sodium (Na + ). Conversely, the addition of organic amendments led to increased Na + leaching and a lower exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). The ESP of the control Soil after leaching with solutions with SAR of 10 and 40 increased significantly, but the level of sodification in treated Soils was lower. The ESP of the poultry and sheep manures treated Soils after leaching with solution with SAR 40 was significantly lower than control Soil. Specifically, the rate of Soil sodification in the treated Soils declined in the following order: control Soil > sheep manure treated Soil > poultry manure treated Soil > gypsum treated Soil. Finally, the effects of gypsum on the sodification of Soil by SAR 10 solution were the same as the effects of poultry manure, whereas the loss of cations and anions from poultry and sheep manure treated Soils was greater than the loss from gypsum treated and control Soils.
-
effects of wastewater irrigation on Soil Sodicity and nutrient leaching in calcareous Soils
Agricultural Water Management, 2008Co-Authors: Mohsen Jalali, H Merikhpour, M J KaledhonkarAbstract:Abstract Soil column studies were conducted with two Soils to assess the effects of irrigation with wastewater on Soil and groundwater quality. Upon the application of wastewater, exchange occurred between solution sodium (Na+) and exchangeable cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+), whereby these cations were released into solution. The average exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of the Soils increased during leaching from 9 to 21 and 28.8 to 29.7 after applying 5.0 and 3.5 l (about 7 and 6 pore volumes) of wastewater to the Soils columns, respectively. Adverse effect of high Na+ concentration in the wastewater on raising ESP was less pronounced in the Soil having initial high ESP than in the Soil with low initial ESP. Salinity of the Soils was also increased with the application of wastewater and Mg2+ and K+ were leached from the Soils. These losses would be more severe on Soils having a low cation exchange capacity and if, uncorrected could lead eventually to their deficiencies for plant growth. When the Soil columns were leached with distilled water the flow rate of one Soil decreased to zero after 2.2 pore volume indicating damage to Soil structure. Irrigation with wastewater, which is generally more sodic and saline than regional groundwater, increases the rate of Soil sodification of shallow groundwater. A relatively simple chromatographic model was used to estimate final ESP profiles in the Soils assuming the condition of local equilibrium. This approach had a limited success for one of the Soil. Since the final leached concentrations are in good agreement with those of wastewater, we attribute these differences to non-uniform flow through the column. In terms of practical Soil and water management, our study reveals that relatively simple means can be useful to predict the water quality in Soils, their discharge to ground water, and the hazard of Soil structure deterioration.
Edward J Jones - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
catchment scale 3d mapping of depth to Soil Sodicity constraints through combining public and on farm Soil databases a potential tool for on farm management
Geoderma, 2020Co-Authors: Patrick Filippi, Edward J Jones, T F A BishopAbstract:Abstract There has been much recent effort in creating digital Soil maps across large areas, but these products are rarely used by farmers and those managing the land. This is due to a variety of reasons; few maps represent Soil properties of agronomic relevance, the spatial resolution and depth intervals are often too coarse, and there is limited confidence in the quality of the predicted maps. This study attempted to overcome these pitfalls by creating maps of the depth to a Soil Sodicity constraint across the Namoi River Catchment, a 42,000 km2 area in eastern Australia. The maps were produced at a fine vertical support (1 cm) and horizontal resolution (30 m) using a single random forest model to a depth of 100 cm. Different exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) thresholds of 6%, 10% and 15% were explored to define a constraint. Various publicly available spatial datasets were used as covariates, including satellite imagery, terrain attributes, climate, and geophysical data. The Soil data used for modelling were collated from a national Soil database, various Soil surveys, as well as data collected on case study farms. The model could predict Soil ESP across the catchment with a Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC) of 0.56 when tested with 10-fold cross-validation based on whole-profiles. The value of including Soil data collected on-farm with regional databases was clearly demonstrated to produce maps for an individual farm, resulting in considerable improvements in model prediction accuracy. The utility of the maps for farm management was assessed by comparing with cotton and grain crop yield maps for individual paddocks on case study farms. The depth to Soil Sodicity constraint maps proved valuable for understanding yield variability, with constraints shallow in the Soil profile generally resulting in lower yields, however, this fluctuated by crop type, and seasonal conditions. Future work should create depth-to-constraint maps for several important Soil constraints, which may lead to a better understanding of variation in crop yields. An operational framework where farmers are able to add their own Soil data to neighbouring and regional Soil databases could have considerable benefits for broadacre agricultural industries in Australia.
-
Catchment-scale 3D mapping of depth to Soil Sodicity constraints through combining public and on-farm Soil databases – A potential tool for on-farm management
Geoderma, 2020Co-Authors: Patrick Filippi, Edward J Jones, T F A BishopAbstract:Abstract There has been much recent effort in creating digital Soil maps across large areas, but these products are rarely used by farmers and those managing the land. This is due to a variety of reasons; few maps represent Soil properties of agronomic relevance, the spatial resolution and depth intervals are often too coarse, and there is limited confidence in the quality of the predicted maps. This study attempted to overcome these pitfalls by creating maps of the depth to a Soil Sodicity constraint across the Namoi River Catchment, a 42,000 km2 area in eastern Australia. The maps were produced at a fine vertical support (1 cm) and horizontal resolution (30 m) using a single random forest model to a depth of 100 cm. Different exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) thresholds of 6%, 10% and 15% were explored to define a constraint. Various publicly available spatial datasets were used as covariates, including satellite imagery, terrain attributes, climate, and geophysical data. The Soil data used for modelling were collated from a national Soil database, various Soil surveys, as well as data collected on case study farms. The model could predict Soil ESP across the catchment with a Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC) of 0.56 when tested with 10-fold cross-validation based on whole-profiles. The value of including Soil data collected on-farm with regional databases was clearly demonstrated to produce maps for an individual farm, resulting in considerable improvements in model prediction accuracy. The utility of the maps for farm management was assessed by comparing with cotton and grain crop yield maps for individual paddocks on case study farms. The depth to Soil Sodicity constraint maps proved valuable for understanding yield variability, with constraints shallow in the Soil profile generally resulting in lower yields, however, this fluctuated by crop type, and seasonal conditions. Future work should create depth-to-constraint maps for several important Soil constraints, which may lead to a better understanding of variation in crop yields. An operational framework where farmers are able to add their own Soil data to neighbouring and regional Soil databases could have considerable benefits for broadacre agricultural industries in Australia.
-
monitoring changes in Soil salinity and Sodicity to depth at a decadal scale in a semiarid irrigated region of australia
Soil Research, 2018Co-Authors: Patrick Filippi, Matthew Pringle, Stephen R. Cattle, T F A Bishop, Edward J JonesAbstract:Soil salinity and Sodicity are two of the most limiting constraints for agriculture in arid and semiarid landscapes, but long-term studies are scarce, and most solely focus on the topSoil. This study monitors the change in Soil electrical conductivity (EC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) to 1.2 m depth with bivariate linear mixed models between 2002 and 2015 in a semiarid, irrigated cotton-growing region of south-west New South Wales, Australia. In this work, the impacts of shifts in rainfall, variability of irrigation water quantity and quality, and agricultural land uses, on Soil salinity and Sodicity are analysed. The study area possessed generally low levels of Soil salinity, and shifts in EC were detected over time, but only isolated areas of the various sampling depths experienced statistically significant changes in EC. Some areas under irrigated cotton production experienced a desalination trend, whereas Soil EC under irrigated perennial horticulture increased over time. This increase was attributed to the use of fertilisers that contain salts, and the varying quantity and quality of applied irrigation water. Sodicity was low to moderate in the upper 0.5 m of the Soil profile but high in deeper layers, with a trend of increasing Soil Sodicity through time. Most of the statistically significant increases in ESP occurred in areas under irrigated cotton and horticulture, with this likely due to the continued addition of sodium to the Soil system. This study also demonstrates that visible near infrared spectroscopy can be used in to predict Soil ESP values to reasonable accuracy.
Raul S Lavado - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The effects of Soil Sodicity on emergence, growth, development and yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus)
The Journal of Agricultural Science, 1996Co-Authors: F. H. Gutiérrez Boem, Raul S LavadoAbstract:SUMMARYThe effects of exchangeable sodium on emergence, growth, development and yield composition of oilseed rape were investigated at Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1992. A pot experiment was performed using five exchangeable sodium levels, expressed as Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR: 12, 20, 27, 34 and 44). Soil with nine different exchangeable sodium contents (SAR from 0·5 to 50) and seven different particle size distributions (from sandy loam to clay) were used in a parallel trial to study the effect of Soil crusting on oilseed rape emergence. Soil crusts were made using a rainfall simulator after seeds were sown. Both experiments showed that the direct effect of sodium on emergence occurred with SAR values higher than those which caused clay dispersion (SAR > 20). Oilseed rape seedlings could penetrate crusts having a resistance of < 230 kPa. At SAR values > 20, main stem growth and yield decreased significantly (P < 0·05). These reductions were counterbalanced by an increase in the number of secondary stems. At SAR levels > 34, stem number, grain number per pod on the main stem, as well as pod number on both main stem and secondary stems, were reduced, leading to a marked reduction in total yield. The most important agronomic effect of Soil sodium on oilseed rape would be at emergence stage, due to Soil crusting.
-
the effects of Soil Sodicity on emergence growth development and yield of oilseed rape brassica napus
The Journal of Agricultural Science, 1996Co-Authors: F Gutierrez H Boem, Raul S LavadoAbstract:The effects of exchangeable sodium on emergence, growth, development and yield composition of oilseed rape were investigated at Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1992. A pot experiment was performed using five exchangeable sodium levels, expressed as Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR: 12, 20, 27, 34 and 44). Soil with nine different exchangeable sodium contents (SAR from 0.5 to 50) and seven different particle size distributions (from sandy loam to clay) were used in a parallel trial to study the effect of Soil crusting on oilseed rape emergence. Soil crusts were made using a rainfall simulator after seeds were sown. Both experiments showed that the direct effect of sodium on emergence occurred with SAR values higher than those which caused clay dispersion (SAR > 20). Oilseed rape seedlings could penetrate crusts having a resistance of 20, main stem growth and yield decreased significantly (P 34, stem number, grain number per pod on the main stem, as well as pod number on both main stem and secondary stems, were reduced, leading to a marked reduction in total yield. The most important agronomic effect of Soil sodium on oilseed rape would be at emergence stage, due to Soil crusting.
