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Geoffrey W Stevens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of plate wettability on dispersed phase holdup in a pulsed disc and doughnut solvent Extraction Column
Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2017Co-Authors: Teobaldo Grabin, Kathryn H Smith, Kathryn A Mumford, Yong Wang, Geoffrey W StevensAbstract:ABSTRACTThe effect of plate wettability on the dispersed-phase holdup in a pulsed disc-and-doughnut solvent Extraction Column is presented. Teflon, nylon, and stainless steel plates have been used ...
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axial dispersion in a pulsed and nonpulsed disc and doughnut solvent Extraction Column
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017Co-Authors: Yong Wang, Kathryn H Smith, Kathryn A Mumford, Geoffrey W StevensAbstract:In solvent Extraction Columns mechanical agitation is usually introduced to improve the Extraction efficiency. However, some industrial Columns have been found to have higher Extraction efficiency while running with no pulsation. In this study, axial dispersion coefficients in the continuous phase were measured under pulsing and nonpulsing conditions using a 72.5 mm diameter disc and doughnut solvent Extraction Column. The axial dispersion coefficients were measured using the unsteady tracer injection method. Under nonpulsing conditions, the axial dispersion coefficient increased with increasing continuous phase velocity, but it did not change significantly with the increase of the dispersed phase velocity. With increasing pulsation intensity, the axial dispersion coefficient increased. A correlation is proposed to predict the continuous phase axial dispersion coefficient in a pulsing and nonpulsing disc and doughnut solvent Extraction Column.
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hydrodynamic performance of a pulsed solvent Extraction Column with novel ceramic internals holdup and drop size
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017Co-Authors: Yong Wang, Kathryn H Smith, Weiyang Fei, Geoffrey W StevensAbstract:Chloride in the Extraction of lithium from brine in salt lakes and the separation of rare earth elements are both very corrosive to stainless steel Extraction Column internals, which is a significant problem in large scale production. The hydrodynamics of two types of novel anticorrosive ceramic internals, the hybrid ceramic internal and ceramic plate, are designed and tested under pilot plant conditions in order to be considered for application to these industries. The results show that holdup decreases first and then increases with an increase of pulsation intensity. Increasing dispersed phase velocity also increases holdup. Sauter mean diameter, d32, decreases with an increase of pulsation intensity, while superficial velocities of both phases have little effect. A range of correlations for holdup and d32 from literature are compared to the data, and it is shown that new correlations are needed to accurately predict the performance of the two internal types. Characteristic velocity, which is key parame...
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cfd simulation of liquid liquid two phase hydrodynamics and axial dispersion analysis for a non pulsed disc and doughnut solvent Extraction Column
Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2016Co-Authors: Yong Wang, Kathryn H Smith, Weiyang Fei, Geoffrey W StevensAbstract:ABSTRACTA two-phase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation for a non-pulsed disc and doughnut solvent Extraction Column has been developed with commercial CFD software FLUENT. Simulated hydrodynamic results including phase distribution, velocity fields, and holdup are given, which enables predicted holdup to be compared with experimental data. Average absolute relative deviation (AARD) of experimental data and CFD prediction in this study is found to be 10.8%, which is comparable to the estimated error in the experimental data and the predictions from traditional correlations in the literature. To estimate the extent of axial dispersion, a species transport model is used for the continuous phase with a small amount of tracer introduced in the continuous phase, when Sauter mean diameter of the dispersed phase is set to be 3.5 mm. A two-point monitoring method is used to estimate a Peclet number. The tracer concentration distribution in the two-dimensional distance–time space is interpreted with MATL...
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prediction of drop size in a pulsed and non pulsed disc and doughnut solvent Extraction Column
Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 2016Co-Authors: Yong Wang, Kathryn H Smith, Kathryn A Mumford, Lina Wang, Geoffrey W StevensAbstract:Recently a number of industrial scale pulsed disc and doughnut (PDD) solvent Extraction Columns have been operating with no pulsation. However most of the published research studies in the literature that describe and predict the performance of PDD Columns were developed for pulsing conditions. In this study the Sauter-mean drop diameter, d32, was measured and correlated under pulsing and non-pulsing conditions using a 75 mm diameter PDD Column. Under non-pulsing conditions, the results show that the d32 slightly decreased with increasing dispersed phase velocity, while there was no noticeable change in d32 with continuous phase velocity. Under pulsing conditions, the d32 decreased with increasing pulsation intensity from zero. The cumulative drop size distribution in disc and doughnut Columns was found to be predicted well using the Weibull function. A new unified correlation was proposed in this study to predict the experimental d32 data of the PDD Column used in this study, as well as published experimental data which was obtained using different systems and Column geometries, over a wide range of pulsation rates including no pulsation.
Yong Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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study on dispersed phase axial dispersion in an agitated pulsed solvent Extraction Column with a step tracer injection technique
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2021Co-Authors: Boren Tan, Yanlin Zhang, Yong WangAbstract:In this work, the residence time distribution (RTD) of the dispersed phase (aqueous phase) and continuous phase (organic phase) in an agitated-pulsed Extraction Column (APC) was measured online with a step tracer injection technique and the axial dispersion was subsequently calculated via RTD analysis. It was found that both the agitation speed and the pulsation intensity had noticeable effects on the axial dispersion of the dispersed phase, which escalates with the increase in the agitation speed and this is especially authentic at high pulsation intensity. The dispersed-phase axial dispersion coefficient also becomes higher with the increase in the dispersed-phase velocity. Compared with the dispersed-phase axial dispersion in the APC, the continuous-phase axial dispersion is 2-3 times higher. Empirical equations have been proposed to correlate the dispersed- and continuous-phase axial dispersion coefficients for variation of both agitation and pulsation conditions in APC. This study could be valuable for assessing the dispersed-phase axial dispersion in liquid-liquid Extraction Columns.
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comparison of the axial dispersion performance of pulsed solvent Extraction Columns with tenova pulsed Column kinetics internals and standard disc and doughnut internals
Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2018Co-Authors: Yong Wang, Kathryn H Smith, Kathryn A Mumford, Geoff W StevensAbstract:Axial dispersion performance of a 2-m high 76-mm diameter pilot-scale pulsed solvent Extraction Column has been studied using two liquid–liquid systems, Alamine 336/isodecanol/Shellsol 2046...
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effect of plate wettability on dispersed phase holdup in a pulsed disc and doughnut solvent Extraction Column
Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2017Co-Authors: Teobaldo Grabin, Kathryn H Smith, Kathryn A Mumford, Yong Wang, Geoffrey W StevensAbstract:ABSTRACTThe effect of plate wettability on the dispersed-phase holdup in a pulsed disc-and-doughnut solvent Extraction Column is presented. Teflon, nylon, and stainless steel plates have been used ...
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mass transfer in a pulsed and non pulsed disc and doughnut pdd solvent Extraction Column
Chemical Engineering Science, 2017Co-Authors: Yong Wang, Kathryn H Smith, Kathryn A MumfordAbstract:Abstract Mechanical agitation or pulsation is usually introduced to a solvent Extraction Column to improve the efficiency. Recently a number of industrial scale pulsed disc and doughnut (PDD) solvent Extraction Columns have been found to have higher Extraction efficiency while running with non-pulsing. In this study, the mass transfer performance of a PDD Column was measured under pulsing and non-pulsing conditions using a 72.5 mm diameter disc and doughnut Column. The effects of pulsation intensity and dispersed and continuous phase velocity on the mass transfer performance have been investigated. The results show that, under non-pulsing conditions, the overall mass transfer coefficient increased with increasing continuous phase flow rate and slightly decreased with increasing dispersed phase flow rate. With increasing pulsation intensity, the overall mass transfer coefficient decreased at first and then increased. Two correlations are proposed to predict the height of mass transfer unit and overall mass transfer coefficient in a PDD Column including pulsing and non-pulsing conditions.
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axial dispersion in a pulsed and nonpulsed disc and doughnut solvent Extraction Column
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017Co-Authors: Yong Wang, Kathryn H Smith, Kathryn A Mumford, Geoffrey W StevensAbstract:In solvent Extraction Columns mechanical agitation is usually introduced to improve the Extraction efficiency. However, some industrial Columns have been found to have higher Extraction efficiency while running with no pulsation. In this study, axial dispersion coefficients in the continuous phase were measured under pulsing and nonpulsing conditions using a 72.5 mm diameter disc and doughnut solvent Extraction Column. The axial dispersion coefficients were measured using the unsteady tracer injection method. Under nonpulsing conditions, the axial dispersion coefficient increased with increasing continuous phase velocity, but it did not change significantly with the increase of the dispersed phase velocity. With increasing pulsation intensity, the axial dispersion coefficient increased. A correlation is proposed to predict the continuous phase axial dispersion coefficient in a pulsing and nonpulsing disc and doughnut solvent Extraction Column.
Jaber Safdari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Study of holdup and slip velocity in an L-shaped pulsed sieve-plate Extraction Column
International Journal of Industrial Chemistry, 2019Co-Authors: Elham Mohammadi, Jaber Safdari, Jafar Towfighi, Mohammad H. MallahAbstract:High-end applications require a very tall vertical Extraction Column in some cases which deteriorates protection against radiation and cannot be employed for indoor applications. On the other hand, horizontal Extraction Columns offer higher efficiency and pretension, but lower maximum throughput. In order to address this issue, the L-shaped pulsed Extraction Column is a new type of extractors which were recently introduced for such applications with area constraints. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of operating parameters and physical properties on the variation of holdup and slip velocity in this type of extractors for three liquid systems including toluene–water, butyl acetate–water and n butanol–water without and under mass transfer condition. A comprehensive investigation on the determination of predictive ability of available correlations for the holdup and slip velocity in pulsed plate Columns has been conducted. Finally, new correlations are proposed for prediction of these parameters regarding operational conditions and physical properties.
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investigation of mass transfer performance in an l shaped pulsed sieve plate Extraction Column using axial dispersion model
Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 2017Co-Authors: Vahid Rafiei, Jaber Safdari, Sadegh Moradi, Pouria Amani, Mohammad Hassan MallahAbstract:Abstract This research revolves studying the mass transfer performance of an L-shaped pulsed sieve-plate Extraction Column using the axial dispersion model (ADM) for two chemical systems: water–acetone–toluene and water–acetone-butyl acetate with mass transfer d → c direction. The effects of operating parameters including pulsation intensity and flow rates of the dispersed and the continuous phases on the mass transfer performance are evaluated. According to the results, incrementing pulsation intensity increases the volumetric overall mass transfer coefficients in the horizontal section, whereas it slightly decreases the mass transfer coefficients in the vertical section. Furthermore, the axial dispersion coefficient of each phase is found to be mainly affected by the pulsation intensity and the flow rate of the phase itself. The continuous phase axial dispersion is found to be significantly higher than that of the dispersed phase. Finally, new empirical correlations are proposed for predicting the overall mass transfer and axial dispersion coefficients.
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a comparison between drop size distributions derived from the probability distribution functions and maximum entropy principle case study pilot plant scheibel Extraction Column
Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 2017Co-Authors: Mehdi Asadollahzadeh, Meisam Torabmostaedi, Rezvan Torkaman, Jaber SafdariAbstract:Abstract A new model for prediction of drop size distribution is proposed in an eleven stage Scheibel Extraction Column by the maximum entropy density approximation technique. In addition, the conventional probability distribution functions (Gamma, Inverse Gaussian, Weibull) have already been applied to estimate the drop size distribution. The experimental procedures were carried out by three different systems such as toluene–water, n -butyl acetate–water and n -butanol–water. The drop size distribution was measured with an image analysis technique as a function of the operating conditions and physical properties of the liquid–liquid systems. The results show that the agitation speed has the main effect on the drop size distribution in the Column. However, the effects of phase flow rates are not significant. An empirical correlation is proposed for estimation of the Sauter mean drop diameter in terms of operating variables, Column geometry and physical properties. The results show that the maximum entropy function describes the drop size distribution better than the conventional probability distribution functions. The Shannon maximum entropy method provided a novel prediction method for the drop size distributions in the liquid–liquid Extraction Columns. The latter that could be used for modeling approaches.
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a new model for prediction of drop size distribution in a liquid liquid Extraction Column
RSC Advances, 2016Co-Authors: Mehdi Asadollahzadeh, Meisam Torabmostaedi, Jaber Safdari, Rezvan TorkamanAbstract:In this study, a new model for prediction of drop size distribution is proposed in the asymmetric rotating disc pilot plant Column (ARDC) by the maximum entropy density approximation technique. The liquid Extraction systems including toluene–water, n-butyl acetate–water and n-butanol–water were used with this Column. An image analysis technique was applied to determine the drop size distribution as a function of operating parameters and physical properties. By applying abrupt changes of the operating parameters, the drop behaviors in the Column were investigated. The results show that the agitation speed has a main effect on the drop size distribution in the Column. However, the effects of phase flow rates are not significant. The empirical correlations are proposed to describe Lagrange multipliers in the maximum entropy function in terms of operating variables and physical properties of the systems. Except for these findings, an empirical correlation is proposed for estimation of the Sauter mean drop diameter in terms of operating variables, Column geometry and physical properties. The proposed correlations are evaluated based on the goodness of fit statistics, namely, χ2, R2 and RMSE. The fitting results by the maximum entropy principle method seem to be fairly accurate and reasonable on the basis of the experimental data. These completed sets of data could be used for modeling approaches in the liquid–liquid Extraction Columns.
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axial mixing and mass transfer investigation in a pulsed packed liquid liquid Extraction Column using plug flow and axial dispersion models
Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 2012Co-Authors: Auob Safari, Jaber Safdari, Hossein Abolghasemi, Mostafa Forughi, Mahnaz MoghaddamAbstract:Abstract In this research work, the volumetric overall mass transfer coefficient based on continuous-phase (Koca) and axial dispersion coefficients of phases (Ec, Ed) in a pilot Pulsed Packed Liquid Extraction Column (PPLEC) have been studied using plug flow model (PFM) and axial dispersion model (ADM). Experiments have been carried out using standard systems of water/acetone/toluene and water/acetone/n-butyl–acetate. Values of Koca evaluated by ADM are greater than those of PFM by about 20% indicating that the axial mixing lowers the performance of PPLEC. It was found that the drop-size distribution is the main cause of the axial mixing in PPLEC. Increase in dispersed phase flow rate (Qd), increases all Koca, Ed and Ec and the minimum values of both Ed and Ec and the maximum values of Koca are in pulse intensity ranges of 0.8–1 cm/s. Finally, three empirical correlations are proposed for the prediction of these parameters which are in good agreement with the experimental data.
Mehdi Asadollahzadeh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Stochastic Comparisons of Probability Distribution Functions with Experimental Data in a Liquid-Liquid Extraction Column for Determination of Drop Size Distributions
2017Co-Authors: Sh. Houshyar, Meisam Torab-mostaedi, Seyed Mohammad Ali Moosavian, Seyed Hamed Mousavi, Mehdi AsadollahzadehAbstract:The droplet size distribution in the Column is usually represented as the average volume to surface area, known as the Sauter mean drop diameter. It is a key variable in the Extraction Column design. A study of the drop size distribution and Sauter-mean drop diameter for a liquid-liquid Extraction Column has been presented for a range of operating conditions and three different liquid-liquid systems. The effects of rotor speed, and dispersed and continuous phase velocities on drop size are investigated. Drop size distribution are appropriately described using the normal and log-normal probability density functions. The mathematical approach is used to determine the constant parameters in these functions and to provide the fit of the experimental data with them. and empirical expressions are derived to predict the parameters of the distribution curve as a function of operating variables, and physical properties of the systems. Good agreement between the prediction and experiments was achieved for all investigated operating conditions. An empirical correlation is also proposed to predict the Sauter-mean drop diameter with mean deviation of 9.8%.
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reactive Extraction of cobalt sulfate solution with d2ehpa tbp extractants in the pilot plant oldshue rushton Column
Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 2017Co-Authors: Rezvan Torkaman, Meisam Torabmostaedi, Mehdi Asadollahzadeh, Mohammad Ghanadi MaraghehAbstract:Abstract In this study, a pilot plant Oldshue–Rushton Extraction Column has been proposed to extract and recover cobalt from sulfuric acid leach solution. The effect of D2EHPA and TBP concentration, initial aqueous pH and stripping solvent on the Co(II) Extraction was investigated in the batch experiment. The results from batch experiments showed that the D2EHPA/TBP mixed extractant is a suitable choice for cobalt Extraction from sulfate solution. In continuous experiments, the effects of variables such as rotor speed, dispersed and continuous phase velocities on holdup, mean drop sizes, Extraction and stripping efficiencies were studied. Empirical correlations for prediction of the dispersed phase holdup and mean drop sizes in the literature were compared with the experimental results, and the modified correlations were proposed with reaction condition in the Oldshue–Rushton Extraction Column. The results of cobalt Extraction with D2EHPA/TBP in the Extraction Column, showed the feasibility of the Column for cobalt separation from sulfuric acid leach solution with Extraction efficiency of 93% and stripping efficiency of 91.5% at high rotor speed (220 rpm).
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a comparison between drop size distributions derived from the probability distribution functions and maximum entropy principle case study pilot plant scheibel Extraction Column
Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 2017Co-Authors: Mehdi Asadollahzadeh, Meisam Torabmostaedi, Rezvan Torkaman, Jaber SafdariAbstract:Abstract A new model for prediction of drop size distribution is proposed in an eleven stage Scheibel Extraction Column by the maximum entropy density approximation technique. In addition, the conventional probability distribution functions (Gamma, Inverse Gaussian, Weibull) have already been applied to estimate the drop size distribution. The experimental procedures were carried out by three different systems such as toluene–water, n -butyl acetate–water and n -butanol–water. The drop size distribution was measured with an image analysis technique as a function of the operating conditions and physical properties of the liquid–liquid systems. The results show that the agitation speed has the main effect on the drop size distribution in the Column. However, the effects of phase flow rates are not significant. An empirical correlation is proposed for estimation of the Sauter mean drop diameter in terms of operating variables, Column geometry and physical properties. The results show that the maximum entropy function describes the drop size distribution better than the conventional probability distribution functions. The Shannon maximum entropy method provided a novel prediction method for the drop size distributions in the liquid–liquid Extraction Columns. The latter that could be used for modeling approaches.
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a new model for prediction of drop size distribution in a liquid liquid Extraction Column
RSC Advances, 2016Co-Authors: Mehdi Asadollahzadeh, Meisam Torabmostaedi, Jaber Safdari, Rezvan TorkamanAbstract:In this study, a new model for prediction of drop size distribution is proposed in the asymmetric rotating disc pilot plant Column (ARDC) by the maximum entropy density approximation technique. The liquid Extraction systems including toluene–water, n-butyl acetate–water and n-butanol–water were used with this Column. An image analysis technique was applied to determine the drop size distribution as a function of operating parameters and physical properties. By applying abrupt changes of the operating parameters, the drop behaviors in the Column were investigated. The results show that the agitation speed has a main effect on the drop size distribution in the Column. However, the effects of phase flow rates are not significant. The empirical correlations are proposed to describe Lagrange multipliers in the maximum entropy function in terms of operating variables and physical properties of the systems. Except for these findings, an empirical correlation is proposed for estimation of the Sauter mean drop diameter in terms of operating variables, Column geometry and physical properties. The proposed correlations are evaluated based on the goodness of fit statistics, namely, χ2, R2 and RMSE. The fitting results by the maximum entropy principle method seem to be fairly accurate and reasonable on the basis of the experimental data. These completed sets of data could be used for modeling approaches in the liquid–liquid Extraction Columns.
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Mass transfer coefficients in a Kühni Extraction Column
Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2015Co-Authors: Alireza Hemmati, Meisam Torab-mostaedi, Mehdi AsadollahzadehAbstract:Abstract Mass transfer performance has been presented for a 117 diameter Kuhni Extraction Column using axial diffusion model for two different liquid–liquid systems. The influence of operating variables including the rotor speed as well as the continuous and dispersed phase flowrates on the volumetric overall mass transfer coefficients is investigated. Effective diffusivity is substituted for molecular diffusivity in the Grober equation for prediction of dispersed phase overall mass transfer coefficients. The enhancement factor is determined experimentally and there from an empirical correlation is derived for prediction of enhancement factor in terms of Reynolds number and dispersed phase holdup. The prediction of overall mass transfer coefficients from the presented equation is in good agreement with experimental data.
Kathryn A Mumford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparison of the axial dispersion performance of pulsed solvent Extraction Columns with tenova pulsed Column kinetics internals and standard disc and doughnut internals
Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2018Co-Authors: Yong Wang, Kathryn H Smith, Kathryn A Mumford, Geoff W StevensAbstract:Axial dispersion performance of a 2-m high 76-mm diameter pilot-scale pulsed solvent Extraction Column has been studied using two liquid–liquid systems, Alamine 336/isodecanol/Shellsol 2046...
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effect of plate wettability on dispersed phase holdup in a pulsed disc and doughnut solvent Extraction Column
Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2017Co-Authors: Teobaldo Grabin, Kathryn H Smith, Kathryn A Mumford, Yong Wang, Geoffrey W StevensAbstract:ABSTRACTThe effect of plate wettability on the dispersed-phase holdup in a pulsed disc-and-doughnut solvent Extraction Column is presented. Teflon, nylon, and stainless steel plates have been used ...
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mass transfer in a pulsed and non pulsed disc and doughnut pdd solvent Extraction Column
Chemical Engineering Science, 2017Co-Authors: Yong Wang, Kathryn H Smith, Kathryn A MumfordAbstract:Abstract Mechanical agitation or pulsation is usually introduced to a solvent Extraction Column to improve the efficiency. Recently a number of industrial scale pulsed disc and doughnut (PDD) solvent Extraction Columns have been found to have higher Extraction efficiency while running with non-pulsing. In this study, the mass transfer performance of a PDD Column was measured under pulsing and non-pulsing conditions using a 72.5 mm diameter disc and doughnut Column. The effects of pulsation intensity and dispersed and continuous phase velocity on the mass transfer performance have been investigated. The results show that, under non-pulsing conditions, the overall mass transfer coefficient increased with increasing continuous phase flow rate and slightly decreased with increasing dispersed phase flow rate. With increasing pulsation intensity, the overall mass transfer coefficient decreased at first and then increased. Two correlations are proposed to predict the height of mass transfer unit and overall mass transfer coefficient in a PDD Column including pulsing and non-pulsing conditions.
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axial dispersion in a pulsed and nonpulsed disc and doughnut solvent Extraction Column
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017Co-Authors: Yong Wang, Kathryn H Smith, Kathryn A Mumford, Geoffrey W StevensAbstract:In solvent Extraction Columns mechanical agitation is usually introduced to improve the Extraction efficiency. However, some industrial Columns have been found to have higher Extraction efficiency while running with no pulsation. In this study, axial dispersion coefficients in the continuous phase were measured under pulsing and nonpulsing conditions using a 72.5 mm diameter disc and doughnut solvent Extraction Column. The axial dispersion coefficients were measured using the unsteady tracer injection method. Under nonpulsing conditions, the axial dispersion coefficient increased with increasing continuous phase velocity, but it did not change significantly with the increase of the dispersed phase velocity. With increasing pulsation intensity, the axial dispersion coefficient increased. A correlation is proposed to predict the continuous phase axial dispersion coefficient in a pulsing and nonpulsing disc and doughnut solvent Extraction Column.
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prediction of drop size in a pulsed and non pulsed disc and doughnut solvent Extraction Column
Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 2016Co-Authors: Yong Wang, Kathryn H Smith, Kathryn A Mumford, Lina Wang, Geoffrey W StevensAbstract:Recently a number of industrial scale pulsed disc and doughnut (PDD) solvent Extraction Columns have been operating with no pulsation. However most of the published research studies in the literature that describe and predict the performance of PDD Columns were developed for pulsing conditions. In this study the Sauter-mean drop diameter, d32, was measured and correlated under pulsing and non-pulsing conditions using a 75 mm diameter PDD Column. Under non-pulsing conditions, the results show that the d32 slightly decreased with increasing dispersed phase velocity, while there was no noticeable change in d32 with continuous phase velocity. Under pulsing conditions, the d32 decreased with increasing pulsation intensity from zero. The cumulative drop size distribution in disc and doughnut Columns was found to be predicted well using the Weibull function. A new unified correlation was proposed in this study to predict the experimental d32 data of the PDD Column used in this study, as well as published experimental data which was obtained using different systems and Column geometries, over a wide range of pulsation rates including no pulsation.
