The Experts below are selected from a list of 300 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Keith Rayner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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distributional effects of word frequency on Eye Fixation durations
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2010Co-Authors: Adrian Staub, Sarah J White, Denis Drieghe, Elizabeth C Hollway, Keith RaynerAbstract:Recent research using word recognition paradigms, such as lexical decision and speeded pronunciation, has investigated how a range of variables affect the location and shape of response time distributions, using both parametric and non-parametric techniques. In this article, we explore the distributional effects of a word frequency manipulation on Fixation durations in normal reading, making use of data from two recent Eye movement experiments (Drieghe, Rayner, & Pollatsek, 2008; White, 2008). The ex-Gaussian distribution provided a good fit to the shape of individual subjects' distributions in both experiments. The frequency manipulation affected both the shift and skew of the distributions, in both experiments, and this conclusion was supported by the nonparametric vincentizing technique. Finally, a new experiment demonstrated that White's (2008) frequency manipulation also affects both shift and skew in response-time distributions in the lexical decision task. These results argue against models of Eye movement control in reading that propose that word frequency influences only a subset of Fixations and support models in which there is a tight connection between Eye movement control and the progress of lexical processing.
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the role of age of acquisition and word frequency in reading evidence from Eye Fixation durations
Visual Cognition, 2006Co-Authors: Barbara J. Juhasz, Keith RaynerAbstract:Over the past several decades, many researchers have examined how a word's age of acquisition (AoA) contributes to word recognition. Most of these studies, however, have used word-in-isolation experiments. At the same time, many studies have utilized Eye tracking techniques to investigate the word frequency effect during reading. The present experiments sought to tie these two types of research together by investigating the influence of AoA and frequency on word processing. Specifically, Eye movements were recorded as participants read sentences. The first experiment orthogonally manipulated frequency and AoA. In Experiment 2, participants read sentences that contained target words that varied in AoA but were controlled on various measures of word frequency. The same participants also read sentences containing high and low frequency words that were controlled on AoA. Results from these two experiments converged to demonstrate that both frequency and AoA affect Eye Fixation durations during sentence reading.
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Investigating the effects of a set of intercorrelated variables on Eye Fixation durations in reading.
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning memory and cognition, 2003Co-Authors: Barbara J. Juhasz, Keith RaynerAbstract:The present experiment investigated the influence of 5 intercorrelated variables on word recognition using a multiple regression analysis. The 5 variables were word frequency, subjective familiarity, word length, concreteness, and age of acquisition (AoA). Target words were embedded in sentences and Eye tracking methodology was used to investigate the predictive power of these variables. All 5 variables were found to influence reading time. However, the time course of these variables differed. Both word frequency and familiarity showed an early but lasting influence on Eye Fixation durations. Word length only significantly predicted Fixation durations after reFixations on the target words were taken into account. This is the 1st experiment to demonstrate concreteness and AoA effects on Eye Fixations.
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Comparing naming, lexical decision, and Eye Fixation times: word frequency effects and individual differences.
Memory & cognition, 1998Co-Authors: Hildur E. H. Schilling, Keith Rayner, James I. ChumbleyAbstract:Performance on three different tasks was compared: naming, lexical decision, and reading (with Eye Fixation times on a target word measured). We examined the word frequency effect for a common set of words for each task and each subject. Naming and reading (particularly gaze duration) yielded similar frequency effects for the target words. The frequency effect found in lexical decision was greater than that found in naming and in Eye Fixation times. In all tasks, there was a correlation between the frequency effect and average response time. In general, the results suggest that both the naming and the lexical decision tasks yield data about word recognition processes that are consistent with effects found in Eye Fixations during silent reading.
Ghassan Alregib - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Understanding spatial correlation in Eye-Fixation maps for visual attention in videos
arXiv: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2019Co-Authors: Tariq Alshawi, Zhiling Long, Ghassan AlregibAbstract:In this paper, we present an analysis of recorded Eye-Fixation data from human subjects viewing video sequences. The purpose is to better understand visual attention for videos. Utilizing the Eye-Fixation data provided in the CRCNS (Collaborative Research in Computational Neuroscience) dataset, this paper focuses on the relation between the saliency of a pixel and that of its direct neighbors, without making any assumption about the structure of the Eye-Fixation maps. By employing some basic concepts from information theory, the analysis shows substantial correlation between the saliency of a pixel and the saliency of its neighborhood. The analysis also provides insights into the structure and dynamics of the Eye-Fixation maps, which can be very useful in understanding video saliency and its applications.
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ICME - Understanding spatial correlation in Eye-Fixation maps for visual attention in videos
2016 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), 2016Co-Authors: Tariq Alshawi, Zhiling Long, Ghassan AlregibAbstract:In this paper, we present an analysis of recorded Eye-Fixation data from human subjects viewing video sequences. The purpose is to better understand visual attention for videos. Utilizing the Eye-Fixation data provided in the CRCNS (Collaborative Research in Computational Neuroscience) dataset, this paper focuses on the relation between the saliency of a pixel and that of its direct neighbors, without making any assumption about the structure of the Eye-Fixation maps. By employing some basic concepts from information theory, the analysis shows substantial correlation between the saliency of a pixel and the saliency of its neighborhood. The analysis also provides insights into the structure and dynamics of the Eye-Fixation maps, which can be very useful in understanding video saliency and its applications.
Sumio Ishiai - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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What do Eye-Fixation patterns tell us about unilateral spatial neglect?
Restorative neurology and neuroscience, 2006Co-Authors: Sumio IshiaiAbstract:Purpose: Eye-Fixation patterns, which include ocular searching and Fixation, may change with tasks, stimuli, and instructions. This article reviews our studies over 18 years on Eye-Fixation patterns of neglect patients and aims to elucidate the visuospatial processing of unilateral spatial neglect. Methods: We recorded Eye-Fixation patterns when patients with neglect bisected a line in various conditions. Results: Patients with neglect rarely searched to the left side when bisecting a line of the ordinary length (e.g., 200 mm). They persisted in fixating a right-side point, at which they later marked the subjective midpoint. They made no effective comparison between the leftward and rightward extents not only for a whole line but also for its explored right segment. Where they 'favored' to fixate as the subjective midpoint depended strongly upon the location of the right endpoint in space. Their representational image of a line was also estimated with modified line bisection tasks performed on a touch-panel display. Conclusions: For patients with neglect, the representational image of a line may be formed on the basis of the attended segment between the right endpoint and the favored point of Fixation. The line bisection task, if combined with recording of Eye-Fixation, would further contribute to elucidation of the mechanisms underlying neglect.
Jaana Simola - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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affective processing in natural scene viewing valence and arousal interactions in Eye Fixation related potentials
NeuroImage, 2015Co-Authors: Jaana Simola, Thierry Baccino, Kevin Le Fevre, Jari TorniainenAbstract:Abstract Attention is drawn to emotionally salient stimuli. The present study investigates processing of emotionally salient regions during free viewing of emotional scenes that were categorized according to the two-dimensional model comprising of valence (unpleasant, pleasant) and arousal (high, low). Recent studies have reported interactions between these dimensions, indicative of stimulus-evoked approach or withdrawal tendencies. We addressed the valence and arousal effects when emotional items were embedded in complex real-world scenes by analyzing both Eye movement behavior and Eye-Fixation-related potentials (EFRPs) time-locked to the critical event of fixating the emotionally salient items for the first time. Both data sets showed an interaction between the valence and arousal dimensions. First, the Fixation rates and gaze durations on emotionally salient regions were enhanced for unpleasant versus pleasant images in the high arousal condition. In the low arousal condition, both measures were enhanced for pleasant versus unpleasant images. Second, the EFRP results at 140–170 ms [P2] over the central site showed stronger responses for high versus low arousing images in the unpleasant condition. In addition, the parietal LPP responses at 400–500 ms post-Fixation were enhanced for stimuli reflecting congruent stimulus dimensions, that is, stronger responses for high versus low arousing images in the unpleasant condition and stronger responses for low versus high arousing images in the pleasant condition. The present findings support the interactive two-dimensional approach, according to which the integration of valence and arousal recruits brain regions associated with action tendencies of approach or withdrawal.
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Right visual field advantage in parafoveal processing: Evidence from Eye-Fixation-related potentials
Brain and Language, 2009Co-Authors: Jaana Simola, Kenneth Holmqvist, Magnus LindgrenAbstract:Abstract Readers acquire information outside the current Eye Fixation. Previous research indicates that having only the fixated word available slows reading, but when the next word is visible, reading is almost as fast as when the whole line is seen. Parafoveal-on-foveal effects are interpreted to reflect that the characteristics of a parafoveal word can influence Fixation on a current word. Prior studies also show that words presented to the right visual field (RVF) are processed faster and more accurately than words in the left visual field (LVF). This asymmetry results either from an attentional bias, reading direction, or the cerebral asymmetry of language processing. We used Eye-Fixation-related potentials (EFRP), a technique that combines Eye-tracking and electroencephalography, to investigate visual field differences in parafoveal-on-foveal effects. After a central Fixation, a prime word appeared in the middle of the screen together with a parafoveal target that was presented either to the LVF or to the RVF. Both hemifield presentations included three semantic conditions: the words were either semantically associated, non-associated, or the target was a non-word. The participants began reading from the prime and then made a saccade towards the target, subsequently they judged the semantic association. Between 200 and 280 ms from the Fixation onset, an occipital P2 EFRP-component differentiated between parafoveal word and non-word stimuli when the parafoveal word appeared in the RVF. The results suggest that the extraction of parafoveal information is affected by attention, which is oriented as a function of reading direction.
Tariq Alshawi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Understanding spatial correlation in Eye-Fixation maps for visual attention in videos
arXiv: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2019Co-Authors: Tariq Alshawi, Zhiling Long, Ghassan AlregibAbstract:In this paper, we present an analysis of recorded Eye-Fixation data from human subjects viewing video sequences. The purpose is to better understand visual attention for videos. Utilizing the Eye-Fixation data provided in the CRCNS (Collaborative Research in Computational Neuroscience) dataset, this paper focuses on the relation between the saliency of a pixel and that of its direct neighbors, without making any assumption about the structure of the Eye-Fixation maps. By employing some basic concepts from information theory, the analysis shows substantial correlation between the saliency of a pixel and the saliency of its neighborhood. The analysis also provides insights into the structure and dynamics of the Eye-Fixation maps, which can be very useful in understanding video saliency and its applications.
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ICME - Understanding spatial correlation in Eye-Fixation maps for visual attention in videos
2016 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), 2016Co-Authors: Tariq Alshawi, Zhiling Long, Ghassan AlregibAbstract:In this paper, we present an analysis of recorded Eye-Fixation data from human subjects viewing video sequences. The purpose is to better understand visual attention for videos. Utilizing the Eye-Fixation data provided in the CRCNS (Collaborative Research in Computational Neuroscience) dataset, this paper focuses on the relation between the saliency of a pixel and that of its direct neighbors, without making any assumption about the structure of the Eye-Fixation maps. By employing some basic concepts from information theory, the analysis shows substantial correlation between the saliency of a pixel and the saliency of its neighborhood. The analysis also provides insights into the structure and dynamics of the Eye-Fixation maps, which can be very useful in understanding video saliency and its applications.
