The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Gerald Mcgwin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the prevalence of Eye Injury in the united states estimates from a meta analysis
Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2020Co-Authors: Thomas A Swain, Gerald McgwinAbstract:Purpose: The burden of vision impairment and blindness is typically focused on the most common causes of these conditions, namely cataract, macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy....
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Changes in Eye protection behavior following an occupational Eye Injury.
Workplace health & safety, 2012Co-Authors: Justin Blackburn, Emily B. Levitan, Paul A. Maclennan, Cynthia Owsley, Gerald McgwinAbstract:research abstract This study investigated whether workers modify Eye protection behavior following an occupational Eye Injury. Workers treated for work-related Eye injuries were questioned regarding the use of protective Eyewear for the work-month prior to their Eye injuries and again 6 to 12 months later. Workers reported an increase in the proportion of work-time they used Eye protection (from a median of 20% to 100%; p < .0001). The effect appeared to be driven by whether Eye protection was used at the time of the Injury. Most respondents (66%) indicated they were more likely to use Eye protection since their injuries. Workers not using Eye protection at the time of Injury were more likely to use Eye protection in the future. A variety of employer and employee factors may influence this change. Although many workers’ behaviors changed, health care providers should embrace the teachable moment when treating occupational Eye injuries to encourage continued use or more appropriate forms of Eye protection.
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trends in Eye Injury in the united states 1992 2001
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2006Co-Authors: Gerald Mcgwin, Aiyuan Xie, Tyler Andrew Hall, Cynthia OwsleyAbstract:PURPOSE. To report the trends of Eye Injury in the United States from 1992 through 2001. METHODS. The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, and the National Hospital Discharge Survey were used to collect information on Eye injuries from 1992 to 2001. Rates of Eye Injury per 1000 population were calculated according to age, gender, and race. RESULTS. From 1992 through 2001, the overall estimated rate of Eye Injury ranged from 8.2 to 13.0 per 1000 population. During this period the incidence of Eye Injury significantly declined overall, in persons aged 39 years and younger, in both genders, and in the black and white populations (all P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS. From 1992 through 2002, the incidence of Eye Injury in the United States declined overall, in persons aged 39 and younger, in both genders, and in both racial groups. Certain segments of the population, however, continued to be at high risk (i.e., males and persons aged 39 and younger) of Eye Injury and represent those groups toward whom prevention resources should be directed.
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consumer product related Eye Injury in the united states 1998 2002
Journal of Safety Research, 2006Co-Authors: Gerald Mcgwin, Aiyuan Xie, Tyler Andrew Hall, Jason Seale, Cynthia OwsleyAbstract:PROBLEM: Eye Injury is currently a leading cause of visual impairment and monocular blindness in the United States. Information regarding consumer products associated with Eye injuries can have important implications for the prevention of these injuries. METHODS: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was used to describe the types of consumer products associated with emergency department treated Eye injuries in the United States from 1998 through 2002. RESULTS: The leading product type associated with Eye injuries was welding equipment followed by household cleaners, basketball equipment, workshop equipment, and adhesives. Eye injuries attributed to hardware, tools, construction, sports, toys, and lawn equipment were more common among males. In females, Eye injuries attributable to chemicals, housewares, storage and organization, and bed and bath items were more common. Differences were also apparent across the age spectrum. CONCLUSION: This study identified specific products and categories of products frequently associated with Eye Injury and prevention initiatives should focus on these items. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This study has identified consumer products associated with Eye injuries requiring medical treatment in the United States. Manufacturers of these products could be encouraged to add or strengthen safety messages regarding the potential for Eye Injury. Language: en
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glaucoma after ocular contusion a cohort study of the united states Eye Injury registry
Journal of Glaucoma, 2005Co-Authors: Christopher A Girkin, Gerald Mcgwin, Robert Morris, Cherie Long, Ferenc KuhnAbstract:Purpose This cohort study was designed to evaluate risk factors for the development of posttraumatic glaucoma after ocular contusion. Methods Data from the United States Eye Injury Registry (USEIR) were obtained from a total of 6021 patients who experienced blunt ocular contusion. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between these baseline structural and functional ocular characteristics and posttraumatic glaucoma. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were obtained. Results The 6-month incidence of developing posttraumatic glaucoma was 3.39%. The development of glaucoma was independently associated with: advancing age (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.03), visual acuity worse than 20/200 (OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.19, 3.10), iris Injury (OR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.05, 2.44), lens Injury (OR = 1.86; 95% CI = 1.11, 3.11), hyphema (OR = 2.23; 95% CI = 1.40, 3.54), or angle recession (OR = 1.71; 95% CI = 1.00, 2.90). Conclusion This study provides an estimate for the risk of developing glaucoma after ocular contusion in a large cohort of patients and has determined several independently predictive factors that were significantly associated with the development of posttraumatic glaucoma including poor initial visual acuity, advancing age, lens Injury, angle recession, and hyphema.
Ferenc Kuhn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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epidemiology of blinding trauma in the united states Eye Injury registry
Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2006Co-Authors: Ferenc Kuhn, Robert Morris, Douglas C Witherspoon, Loretta MannAbstract:Purpose: To analyze the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of serious Eye injuries leading to legal blindness. Methods: Analysis of information on 11,320 Eyes in the United States Eye Injury Registry (USEIR) database. Legal blindness in this study was defined as visual acuity of worse than 20/200. Results: No less than 27% of Eyes with serious Injury had < 20/200 final vision, although the rate varied greatly with Injury type. Several risk factors were found to statistically significantly increase the chance of Eye trauma resulting in blindness: age over 60 years, Injury by assault, sustained on street/highway, or occurring during fall or by gunshot. Trauma to the left Eye carried a statistically significantly poor prognosis as did two Injury types, rupture and perforating. Involvement of the posterior segment was another factor indicating poor outcome; in particular, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, choroidal rupture, and endophthalmitis were found to increase the risk of blindness. Conver...
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glaucoma after ocular contusion a cohort study of the united states Eye Injury registry
Journal of Glaucoma, 2005Co-Authors: Christopher A Girkin, Gerald Mcgwin, Robert Morris, Cherie Long, Ferenc KuhnAbstract:Purpose This cohort study was designed to evaluate risk factors for the development of posttraumatic glaucoma after ocular contusion. Methods Data from the United States Eye Injury Registry (USEIR) were obtained from a total of 6021 patients who experienced blunt ocular contusion. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between these baseline structural and functional ocular characteristics and posttraumatic glaucoma. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were obtained. Results The 6-month incidence of developing posttraumatic glaucoma was 3.39%. The development of glaucoma was independently associated with: advancing age (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.03), visual acuity worse than 20/200 (OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.19, 3.10), iris Injury (OR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.05, 2.44), lens Injury (OR = 1.86; 95% CI = 1.11, 3.11), hyphema (OR = 2.23; 95% CI = 1.40, 3.54), or angle recession (OR = 1.71; 95% CI = 1.00, 2.90). Conclusion This study provides an estimate for the risk of developing glaucoma after ocular contusion in a large cohort of patients and has determined several independently predictive factors that were significantly associated with the development of posttraumatic glaucoma including poor initial visual acuity, advancing age, lens Injury, angle recession, and hyphema.
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determination of significant parameters for Eye Injury risk from projectiles
Journal of Trauma-injury Infection and Critical Care, 2005Co-Authors: Stefan M. Duma, Eric A. Kennedy, Joel D Stitzel, Ian P Herring, Ferenc KuhnAbstract:BACKGROUND: Eye injuries affect a large proportion of the population and are expensive to treat. This article presents a parametric analysis of experimental data to determine the most significant factors for predicting ocular injuries or tissue lesions. METHODS: Using logistic regression, statistical values were generated to determine significant projectile characteristics for predicting ocular Injury in published studies. Projectiles included BBs, metal rods, and foam particles with velocities ranging from 2 m/s to 122 m/s. RESULTS: A normalized energy (energy per projected area) value was found as the best predictor for ocular Injury. Using this predictor, a 50% Injury risk of corneal abrasion, lens dislocation, hyphema, retinal damage, and globe rupture was found to be 1,503 kg/s(2), 19,194 kg/s(2), 20,188 kg/s(2), 30,351 kg/s(2), and 23,771 kg/s(2), respectively. CONCLUSION: Normalized energy was the most significant predictor of Injury type and tissue lesion. This finding is of great value for history-taking management triaging and as a design aid to minimize the risk of ocular Injury for consumer products. Language: en
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glaucoma following penetrating ocular trauma a cohort study of the united states Eye Injury registry
American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2005Co-Authors: Christopher A Girkin, Gerald Mcgwin, Robert Morris, Ferenc KuhnAbstract:Purpose To evaluate associations between baseline structural and functional ocular characteristics and the risk of developing posttraumatic glaucoma after penetrating ocular Injury. Design Prospective cohort study Methods Data from the United States Eye Injury Registry (USEIR) were obtained from a total of 3,627 patients who experienced penetrating ocular Injury. The risk of posttraumatic glaucoma and associated structural and functional ocular risk factors was estimated. Results The risk of developing posttraumatic glaucoma was 2.67%. The development of glaucoma was independently associated with several baseline characteristics including advancing age (relative risk 1.02/yr 95% confidence interval [1.00, 1.03]), lens Injury (1.56 [1.03, 2.35]), poor baseline visual acuity (2.59 [1.62, 4.14]), and inflammation (3.02 [1.52, 6.02]). Conclusions This study provides an estimate for the risk of developing glaucoma after penetrating ocular Injury in a large cohort of patients and determined several factors that are significantly associated with the development of post-traumatic glaucoma, including advancing age, lens Injury, poor visual acuity, and intraocular inflammation.
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the birmingham Eye trauma terminology system bett
Journal Francais D Ophtalmologie, 2004Co-Authors: Ferenc Kuhn, Robert Morris, C. D. Witherspoon, Viktoria MesterAbstract:Purpose To evaluate the international Eye Injury scene and design a standardized terminology for mechanical Eye injuries. Methods Surveys of practicing ophthalmologists and an extensive review of the international ocular trauma literature. Development of the Birmingham Trauma Terminology (BETT) using a logic-based approach. Results BETT always uses the entire globe as the tissue of reference. Its well-defined terms encompass all types of mechanical Eye Injury. A one-to-one relationship exists between terms and clinical conditions. Conclusion BETT provides an unambiguous, consistent, simple, and comprehensive system to describe any type of mechanical globe trauma. Endorsed by several societies and peer-reviewed journals as the standardized international language of ocular traumatology, BETT is expected to become the preferred terminology for categorizing Eye injuries in daily clinical practice.
Cynthia Owsley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Changes in Eye protection behavior following an occupational Eye Injury.
Workplace health & safety, 2012Co-Authors: Justin Blackburn, Emily B. Levitan, Paul A. Maclennan, Cynthia Owsley, Gerald McgwinAbstract:research abstract This study investigated whether workers modify Eye protection behavior following an occupational Eye Injury. Workers treated for work-related Eye injuries were questioned regarding the use of protective Eyewear for the work-month prior to their Eye injuries and again 6 to 12 months later. Workers reported an increase in the proportion of work-time they used Eye protection (from a median of 20% to 100%; p < .0001). The effect appeared to be driven by whether Eye protection was used at the time of the Injury. Most respondents (66%) indicated they were more likely to use Eye protection since their injuries. Workers not using Eye protection at the time of Injury were more likely to use Eye protection in the future. A variety of employer and employee factors may influence this change. Although many workers’ behaviors changed, health care providers should embrace the teachable moment when treating occupational Eye injuries to encourage continued use or more appropriate forms of Eye protection.
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trends in Eye Injury in the united states 1992 2001
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2006Co-Authors: Gerald Mcgwin, Aiyuan Xie, Tyler Andrew Hall, Cynthia OwsleyAbstract:PURPOSE. To report the trends of Eye Injury in the United States from 1992 through 2001. METHODS. The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, and the National Hospital Discharge Survey were used to collect information on Eye injuries from 1992 to 2001. Rates of Eye Injury per 1000 population were calculated according to age, gender, and race. RESULTS. From 1992 through 2001, the overall estimated rate of Eye Injury ranged from 8.2 to 13.0 per 1000 population. During this period the incidence of Eye Injury significantly declined overall, in persons aged 39 years and younger, in both genders, and in the black and white populations (all P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS. From 1992 through 2002, the incidence of Eye Injury in the United States declined overall, in persons aged 39 and younger, in both genders, and in both racial groups. Certain segments of the population, however, continued to be at high risk (i.e., males and persons aged 39 and younger) of Eye Injury and represent those groups toward whom prevention resources should be directed.
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consumer product related Eye Injury in the united states 1998 2002
Journal of Safety Research, 2006Co-Authors: Gerald Mcgwin, Aiyuan Xie, Tyler Andrew Hall, Jason Seale, Cynthia OwsleyAbstract:PROBLEM: Eye Injury is currently a leading cause of visual impairment and monocular blindness in the United States. Information regarding consumer products associated with Eye injuries can have important implications for the prevention of these injuries. METHODS: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was used to describe the types of consumer products associated with emergency department treated Eye injuries in the United States from 1998 through 2002. RESULTS: The leading product type associated with Eye injuries was welding equipment followed by household cleaners, basketball equipment, workshop equipment, and adhesives. Eye injuries attributed to hardware, tools, construction, sports, toys, and lawn equipment were more common among males. In females, Eye injuries attributable to chemicals, housewares, storage and organization, and bed and bath items were more common. Differences were also apparent across the age spectrum. CONCLUSION: This study identified specific products and categories of products frequently associated with Eye Injury and prevention initiatives should focus on these items. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This study has identified consumer products associated with Eye injuries requiring medical treatment in the United States. Manufacturers of these products could be encouraged to add or strengthen safety messages regarding the potential for Eye Injury. Language: en
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rate of Eye Injury in the united states
Archives of Ophthalmology, 2005Co-Authors: Gerald Mcgwin, Aiyuan Xie, Cynthia OwsleyAbstract:Objective To provide a comprehensive estimate of the rate of Eye Injury in the United States. Methods Data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, and the National Hospital Discharge Survey for 2001 were combined and used to provide estimates of Eye injuries treated in emergency departments, inpatient and outpatient facilities, and private physicians’ offices, as well as their causes and characteristics. Results In the United States in 2001, an estimated 1 990 872 (6.98 per 1000 population) individuals experienced an Eye Injury requiring treatment in an emergency department, inpatient or outpatient facility, or private physician’s office. Most Eye injuries are treated in emergency departments (50.7%), followed by private physicians’ offices (38.7%), and outpatient (8.1%) and inpatient (2.5%) facilities. Eye Injury rates were highest among individuals in their 20s, males, and whites. Injury rates were highest for superficial injuries, foreign bodies, contusions, and open wounds. Conclusions This study provides a comprehensive estimate of the rate of Eye Injury in the United States. Private physicians represent an important source of care for Eye Injury in the United States.
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incidence of emergency department treated Eye Injury in the united states
Archives of Ophthalmology, 2005Co-Authors: Gerald Mcgwin, Cynthia OwsleyAbstract:Objective To present the descriptive epidemiology of emergency department–treated Eye Injury in the United States. Methods Data from the Consumer Product Safety Commission’s National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program was used to estimate the number of patients treated in US emergency departments for Eye injuries. Eye Injury rates were calculated according to age, sex, and race, and characteristics of the Injury event were determined. Results The rate of emergency department–treated Eye Injury in the United States is 3.15 per 1000 population (95% confidence interval, 2.66-3.63). Rates were highest among those in their 20s and 30s, among males, and among American Indians and African Americans. The majority of injuries occurred in the home, and contusions and abrasions were the most common types of Injury. Conclusion This study documents the burden of Eye Injury in the United States and identifies areas wherein future research activities should be directed.
Kang Feng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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epidemiology of ocular trauma
2019Co-Authors: Kang FengAbstract:Eye Injury is one of the most common worldwide causes of monocular visual impairment and blindness. However, seldom epidemiological information based on general population can be found, and most of the hospital-based studies underestimated the occurrence of ocular trauma. In addition, the prevention of blindness for Eye Injury was neglected. This section was based on general population and hospitalized patients in different regions and countries in the world.
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clinical features and prognosis of Eyeball rupture Eye Injury vitrectomy study
Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 2015Co-Authors: Kang Feng, Changguan Wang, Yi Yao, Yanrong Jiang, Lijun Shen, Xiuqin Pang, Hongping NieAbstract:Background The objective of the study was to delineate clinical characteristics, surgical interventions, anatomic and visual outcomes of ruptured Eye balls after trauma, and establish the prognostic indicators, which can assist clinicians in making correct surgical decisions during globe exploration for ruptured Eyes. Design The study design used was a multicentre prospective cohort study, including six university-affiliated tertiary hospitals. Participants We selected 242 cases of ruptured globe from the Eye Injury Vitrectomy Study database, until 31 December 2012. Methods All selected cases underwent vitreoretinal surgery, enucleation or evisceration, and were followed up for at least 6 months. Age, visual acuity (VA) after Injury, ocular trauma zone, time to surgery, corneal laceration, scleral wound, extrusion of iris or lens, ciliary body damage, intraocular haemorrhage, retinal detachment or defect, proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and choroidal damage were the predisposing factors evaluated by logistic regression models. Main Outcome Measures We compared the pre-surgical indicators between cases of anatomically restored Eyes with VA of 4/200 or better, or Eyes with initial no light perception restored light perception or better, and cases of VA worse than 4/200, silicone oil-sustained Eyes, phthisis or enucleation. Results Nearly 40% of cases with ruptured globe were anatomically restored through vitreoretinal surgery. The closed-funnel retinal detachment or extensive retinal loss (odds ratio [OR] = 3.38, P = 0.026), PVR-C (OR = 3.45, P = 0.008), and choroidal damage (OR = 4.20, P = 0.004) were correlated with poor outcomes. Conclusion The closed-funnel retinal detachment or extensive retinal loss, PVR-C, and choroidal damage are the risk factors for unfavourable outcomes in globe ruptures.
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risk factors anatomical and visual outcomes of injured Eyes with proliferative vitreoretinopathy Eye Injury vitrectomy study
Retina-the Journal of Retinal and Vitreous Diseases, 2013Co-Authors: Kang Feng, Changguan Wang, Yanrong Jiang, Lijun Shen, Xiuqin Pang, Hongping Nie, Zhijun WangAbstract:PURPOSE To investigate potential risk factors for development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) post trauma and evaluate the effect of PVR on anatomical and visual outcomes in injured Eyes. METHODS Overall, 179 Eyes with PVR and 221 Eyes without PVR after Injury were selected from the database of the Eye Injury Vitrectomy Study, a multicenter cohort study launched in 1997. Multivariate logistic regression was used to ascertain the independent risk factors for development of PVR and to evaluate the influence of PVR on anatomical and visual outcomes. RESULTS An interval of Injury and vitrectomy of more than 28 days (odds ratio, 139.25; confidence interval, 50.09-387.10), severe vitreous hemorrhage (odds ratio, 2.72; confidence interval, 1.13-6.52), and total retinal detachment (odds ratio, 12.67; confidence interval, 3.96-40.52) were important independent risk factors for PVR. One hundred and fifteen Eyes (52.0%) and 49 Eyes (27.4%) without and with PVR, respectively, were anatomically restored with ambulant visual acuity (≥4/200). Proliferative vitreoretinopathy, poor initial visual acuity, relative afferent pupillary defect, total retinal detachment, and retinal tear or retinal defect were unfavorable prognostic indicators. CONCLUSION Proliferative vitreoretinopathy occurs frequently in injured Eyes and is associated with poor outcomes. Its onset depends on interval of Injury and vitrectomy, wound location, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. Early vitrectomy (before 2 weeks) and aggressive therapy should be considered for specific high-risk cases.
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case control study of risk factors for no light perception after open globe Injury Eye Injury vitrectomy study
Retina-the Journal of Retinal and Vitreous Diseases, 2011Co-Authors: Kang Feng, Yanrong Jiang, Lijun Shen, Xiuqin Pang, Hongping Nie, Zhijun WangAbstract:Purpose Investigate possible risk factors of no light perception (NLP) after open-globe Injury. Explore whether these risk factors are predictors for an unfavorable visual outcome. Methods This case-control study matched 72 Eyes with NLP according to type and zone of Injury to 2 controls per case with light perception or better vision. Cases were selected from the Eye Injury Vitrectomy Study database. All injured Eyes in the study underwent surgical intervention. Results Ciliary body damage (odds ratio = 2.94), closed funnel retinal detachment (odds ratio = 2.43), and choroidal damage (odds ratio = 2.80) were independent risk factors for NLP after open-globe Injury. There were 67 traumatized Eyes with NLP that had ≥1 of these risk factors. In 43 of the cases (64.2%), the Eyes recovered light perception or better after vitreoretinal surgery. The five traumatized NLP cases without these risk factors obtained a favorable visual outcome after vitreoretinal surgery. There was no statistical significance in visual outcome between them (P = 0.162). Conclusion Ciliary body damage, closed funnel retinal detachment, and choroidal damage are independent risk factors for NLP posttrauma but not prognostic indicators for NLP visual outcome. Traumatized Eyes with NLP may recover light perception or better vision if appropriate interventional measures are used for treatment of the injured ciliary body, retina, and choroid.
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prognostic indicators for no light perception after open globe Injury Eye Injury vitrectomy study
American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2011Co-Authors: Kang FengAbstract:Purpose To describe ocular characteristics, surgical interventions, and anatomic and visual outcomes of traumatized Eyes with no light perception (NLP) following open-globe Injury and to investigate prognostic predictors for NLP cases after open-globe Injury. Design Interventional case series study. Methods Thirty-three traumatized Eyes with NLP were selected from the Eye Injury Vitrectomy Study database, a hospital-based multicenter prospective cohort study. Inclusion criteria were NLP cases following open-globe Injury with outcomes of anatomic restoration, phthisis bulbi, or enucleation. Exclusion criteria were cases with missing records, undergoing vitrectomy after Injury at nonparticipating hospitals, direct optic head Injury, endophthalmitis, and hypotonous or silicone oil–sustained Eyes. All cases underwent vitreoretinal surgery or enucleation after exploratory surgery and were followed up for at least 6 months. Two outcomes were assessed: favorable outcome (anatomically restored Eye globes with light perception [LP] or better vision) and unfavorable outcome (NLP, phthisis bulbi, or enucleation). Results The following 7 risk factors were significant between the 2 groups: rupture ( P = .021); open globe III ( P = .046); scleral wound ≥10 mm ( P = .001); ciliary body damage ( P P = .005); closed funnel retinal detachment or retinal prolapse ( P = .005); and choroidal damage ( P = .001). Conclusions These 7 risk factors are possible predictors of poor prognosis. Traumatized Eyes with NLP can be anatomically restored with LP or better vision if vitreoretinal surgery is attempted, and a favorable anatomic and visual outcome is increased by having a decreased number of these risk factors.
Ronald A Schuchard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Eye and visual function in traumatic brain Injury
Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 2009Co-Authors: Glenn C Cockerham, Gregory L Goodrich, Eric D Weichel, James C Orcutt, Joseph F Rizzo, Kraig S Bower, Ronald A SchuchardAbstract:Combat blast is an important cause of traumatic brain Injury (TBI) in the Department of Veterans Affairs polytrauma population, whereas common causes of TBI in the civilian sector include motor vehicle accidents and falls. Known visual consequences of civilian TBI include compromised visual acuity, visual fields, and oculomotor function. The visual consequences of TBI related to blast remain largely unknown. Blast Injury may include open globe (Eye) Injury, which is usually detected and managed early in the rehabilitation journey. The incidence, locations, and types of ocular damage in Eyes without open globe Injury after exposure to powerful blast have not been systematically studied. Initial reports and preliminary data suggest that binocular function, visual fields, and other aspects of visual function may be impaired after blast-related TBI, despite relatively normal visual acuity. Damage to the ocular tissues may occur from blunt trauma without rupture or penetration (closed globe Injury). Possible areas for research are development of common taxonomy and assessment tools across services, surgical management, and outcomes for blast-related Eye Injury; the incidence, locations, and natural history of closed globe Injury; binocular and visual function impairment; quality of life in affected service members; pharmacological and visual therapies; and practice patterns for screening, management, and rehabilitation.
