The Experts below are selected from a list of 5970 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Trevor W Robbins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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serotonin selectively influences moral judgment and behavior through effects on harm aversion
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2010Co-Authors: Molly J Crockett, Luke Clark, Marc D Hauser, Trevor W RobbinsAbstract:Aversive emotional reactions to real or imagined social harms infuse moral judgment and motivate prosocial behavior. Here, we show that the neurotransmitter serotonin directly alters both moral judgment and behavior through increasing subjects’ aversion to personally harming others. We enhanced serotonin in healthy volunteers with citalopram (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) and contrasted its effects with both a pharmacological control treatment and a placebo on tests of moral judgment and behavior. We measured the drugs' effects on moral judgment in a set of moral 'dilemmas' pitting utilitarian outcomes (e.g., saving five lives) against highly aversive harmful actions (e.g., killing an innocent person). Enhancing serotonin made subjects more likely to judge harmful actions as forbidden, but only in cases where harms were emotionally salient. This harm-avoidant bias after citalopram was also evident in behavior during the ultimatum game, in which subjects decide to accept or reject Fair or unFair monetary offers from another player. Rejecting unFair offers enforces a Fairness norm but also harms the other player financially. Enhancing serotonin made subjects less likely to reject unFair offers. Furthermore, the prosocial effects of citalopram varied as a function of trait empathy. Individuals high in trait empathy showed stronger effects of citalopram on moral judgment and behavior than individuals low in trait empathy. Together, these findings provide unique evidence that serotonin could promote prosocial behavior by enhancing harm aversion, a prosocial sentiment that directly affects both moral judgment and moral behavior.
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serotonin modulates behavioral reactions to unFairness
Science, 2008Co-Authors: Molly J Crockett, Luke Clark, Golnaz Tabibnia, Matthew D Lieberman, Trevor W RobbinsAbstract:Serotonin (5-HT) has long been implicated in social behavior and impulsivity, but the mechanisms through which it modulates self-control remain unclear. We observed the effects of manipulating 5-HT function on behavior in the ultimatum game, where players must decide whether to accept or reject Fair or unFair monetary offers from another player. Participants with depleted 5-HT levels rejected a greater proportion of unFair offers, but not Fair offers, without showing changes in mood, Fairness judgment, basic reward processing, or response inhibition. Our results suggest that 5-HT plays a critical role in regulating emotion during social decision-making.
Alan G Sanfey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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inscrutable games facial expressions predict economic behavior
BMC Neuroscience, 2011Co-Authors: Filippo Rossi, Alan G Sanfey, Ian FaselAbstract:Neuroscientific and behavioral evidence shows that when subjects are engaged in simple economic games, they pay attention to the face of their opponents. Is this a good idea? Does the face of a decision-maker contain information about his strategy space? We tested this hypothesis by modeling facial expressions of subjects playing the Ultimatum Game. We recorded videos of 60 participants, and automatically extracted time-series of facial actions (12 action units [1], shown in Fig. Fig.1A.,1A., as well as pitch, yaw, and roll of the head) using the real-time facial coding system of [2,3]. We then trained non-linear support vector machines (SVM) to predict the decision of the second player from a segment of video acquired after the offer was received and before the decision was entered (n = 376). To separate the dynamics of facial behavior into different temporal scales, the data was preprocessed with a bank of Gabor filters. With this method we achieved a between-subjects cross-validation accuracy of 0.66 (chance = 0.50) in predicting decisions. Because receiving an unFair offer in the Ultimatum Game is known to evoke a differential facial expression [4], we also trained a model which can capture non-linear relations between facial expressions, Fairness and decisions. To do so, we labeled each instance as Fair (offer > $3) or unFair, and then trained different classifiers to be ‘experts’ on either Fair or unFair offers only. In this case, out-of-sample classification accuracy increased to 0.78. For both cases, we used a foreword selection procedure to identify the most predictive features (Fig.(Fig.1B1B). Figure 1 A. Action units (AUs) used in the analysis (image of the face created with Artnatomy [5]). B. Frequency with which a feature is selected as covariate in a logistic classifier, using increases in area under the ROC as inclusion criterion. Abstract approaches that study social decision-making usually disregard the fact that choices are made in informationally rich environments. Instead, one important goal is to model different sources of information as well as the way in which they affect decisions. The current study suggests that one important source of information about strategic decision making behavior may be the face, since, given sensitive enough instruments, this information can be measured and quantified in real-time by a computer. This also suggests that real-time analysis of facial action codes may serve as a powerful new tool for understanding strategic decision making which can complement neuroimaging techniques such as EEG and fMRI.
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unforgettable ultimatums expectation violations promote enhanced social memory following economic bargaining
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 2009Co-Authors: Luke J Chang, Alan G SanfeyAbstract:Recent work in the field of neuroeconomics has examined how people make decisions in interactive settings. However, less is currently known about how these social decisions influence subsequent memory for these interactions. We investigated this question by using fMRI to scan participants as they viewed photographs of people they had either recently played an Ultimatum Game with in the role of Responder, or that they had never seen before. Based on previous work that has investigated “cheater detection”, we were interested in whether participants demonstrated a relative enhanced memory for partners that made either Fair or unFair proposals. We found no evidence, either behaviorally or neurally, supporting enhanced memory based on the amount of money offered by the Proposer. However, we did find that participants’ initial expectations about the offers they would experience in the game influenced their memory. Participants demonstrated relatively enhanced subjective memory for partners that made proposals that were contradictory to their initial expectations. In addition, we observed two distinct brain systems that were associated with partners that either offered more or less than the participants’ expectations. Viewing pictures of partners that exceeded initial expectations was associated with the bilateral anterior insula, ACC/premotor area, striatum, and bilateral posterior hippocampi, while viewing partners that offered less than initial expectations was associated with bilateral temporal-parietal junction, right STS, bilateral posterior insula, and precuneus. These results suggest that memory for social interaction may not be guided by a specific cheater detection system, but rather a more general expectation violation system.
Lance A. Bettencourt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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But That’s Not Fair! An Exploratory Study of Student Perceptions of Instructor Fairness:
Journal of Marketing Education, 1999Co-Authors: Mark B. Houston, Lance A. BettencourtAbstract:Whereas research points to desirable educational outcomes that are enhanced by Fairness in the classroom, this study addresses a fundamental question: what do professors do that students perceive as Fair or unFair? Using the critical incident technique, the authors elicit specific course-related behaviors by college professors that are perceived as Fair and unFair by marketing students. The authors find that the drivers of perceptions of Fairness and unFairness are not simple mirror images. Procedural and interactional dimensions appear to be present, in addition to student reactions to outcomes. Some reported behaviors did seem unFair, whereas students appear to misinterpret other behaviors that likely had no malicious intent. The article assesses the current state of research related to Fairness and relates this knowledge to Fairness in the classroom. After describing the study and its results, the authors discuss the implications for teachers and for future research on classroom Fairness.
Charlott Nyman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Fair or unFair perceived Fairness of household division of labour and gender equality among women and men
European Journal of Women's Studies, 2016Co-Authors: Mikael Nordenmark, Charlott NymanAbstract:The main aim of this study is to analyse how time use, individual resources, distributive justice and gender ideology influence perceptions of Fairness concerning housework and gender equality. The analyses are based on survey data as well as on an interview study, both including Swedish couples. The quantitative results show that it is only factors connected to time use (division of housework and leisure time) that are significantly correlated to both perceptions of Fairness concerning division of household labour and gender equality. Although the qualitative results in part confirm this picture, they also illustrate the complexity of concepts like Fairness and equality. The interviews show that there are several factors and mechanisms at work in influencing perceptions of Fairness and equality that were not possible to see from the quantitative analysis alone.
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Fair or unFair perceived Fairness of household division of labour and gender equality among women and men the swedish case
European Journal of Women's Studies, 2003Co-Authors: Mikael Nordenmark, Charlott NymanAbstract:The main aim of this study is to analyse how time use, individual resources, distributive justice and gender ideology influence perceptions of Fairness concerning housework and gender equality. The ...
Molly J Crockett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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serotonin selectively influences moral judgment and behavior through effects on harm aversion
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2010Co-Authors: Molly J Crockett, Luke Clark, Marc D Hauser, Trevor W RobbinsAbstract:Aversive emotional reactions to real or imagined social harms infuse moral judgment and motivate prosocial behavior. Here, we show that the neurotransmitter serotonin directly alters both moral judgment and behavior through increasing subjects’ aversion to personally harming others. We enhanced serotonin in healthy volunteers with citalopram (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) and contrasted its effects with both a pharmacological control treatment and a placebo on tests of moral judgment and behavior. We measured the drugs' effects on moral judgment in a set of moral 'dilemmas' pitting utilitarian outcomes (e.g., saving five lives) against highly aversive harmful actions (e.g., killing an innocent person). Enhancing serotonin made subjects more likely to judge harmful actions as forbidden, but only in cases where harms were emotionally salient. This harm-avoidant bias after citalopram was also evident in behavior during the ultimatum game, in which subjects decide to accept or reject Fair or unFair monetary offers from another player. Rejecting unFair offers enforces a Fairness norm but also harms the other player financially. Enhancing serotonin made subjects less likely to reject unFair offers. Furthermore, the prosocial effects of citalopram varied as a function of trait empathy. Individuals high in trait empathy showed stronger effects of citalopram on moral judgment and behavior than individuals low in trait empathy. Together, these findings provide unique evidence that serotonin could promote prosocial behavior by enhancing harm aversion, a prosocial sentiment that directly affects both moral judgment and moral behavior.
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serotonin modulates behavioral reactions to unFairness
Science, 2008Co-Authors: Molly J Crockett, Luke Clark, Golnaz Tabibnia, Matthew D Lieberman, Trevor W RobbinsAbstract:Serotonin (5-HT) has long been implicated in social behavior and impulsivity, but the mechanisms through which it modulates self-control remain unclear. We observed the effects of manipulating 5-HT function on behavior in the ultimatum game, where players must decide whether to accept or reject Fair or unFair monetary offers from another player. Participants with depleted 5-HT levels rejected a greater proportion of unFair offers, but not Fair offers, without showing changes in mood, Fairness judgment, basic reward processing, or response inhibition. Our results suggest that 5-HT plays a critical role in regulating emotion during social decision-making.
