The Experts below are selected from a list of 18246 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Gigi Santow - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Coitus interruptus and the Control of Natural Fertility
Population Studies-a Journal of Demography, 1995Co-Authors: Gigi SantowAbstract:In this article I argue that pre-transitional natural fertility was sometimes controlled through birth-spacing, and that coitus interruptus was probably an important means of such control. First, the motivation for spacing was often strong, although not necessarily associated with a desire for Family Limitation; and control through spacing, although much harder to detect than a parity-dependent deceleration of the rate of childbearing, has been identified unequivocally in some pre-transitional and transitional populations. Secondly, coitus interruptus is reasonably effective and harmonizes with ancient and persistent notions of reproductive physiology; and evidence for its use comes both from statements of criticism and advocacy, and from a rich set of metaphors and euphemisms. The scenario of natural fertility controlled by means such as coitus interruptus is not offered as an alternative to the emergence of Family Limitation, which was probably the great innovation of the fertility transition. Rather, i...
Pieter Hooimeijer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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demand and unmet need for means of Family Limitation in rwanda
International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2009Co-Authors: Dieudonne Muhoza Ndaruhuye, Annelet Broekhuis, Pieter HooimeijerAbstract:CONTEXT: Rwanda is the most densely populated country in Africa, with substantial annual population growth. The current government seeks new policies for Family Limitation as a way to facilitate more sustainable development. METHODS: Data from the 2005 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey were used for a two-step analysis; binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with desiring to stop childbearing and having unmet need. RESULTS: Eighty-seven percent of women aged 15-49 approve of Family planning, but only 64% believe that their partner approves of it. There is a high level of unmet need for Family Limitation; 58% of women who want to stop child-bearing do not use modern contraceptives. Demand was lower among women who did not approve of Family planning, those who did not know their partner's attitude toward Family planning and those who had discussed Family planning with their partner fewer than three times. Unmet need was higher among women who did not approve of Family planning, those who believed their partner did not approve of Family planning or who did not know his attitude, and those who had never discussed Family planning with their partner or had done so only once or twice. CONCLUSIONS: Negative attitudes toward Family planning and failing structures of provision are the dominant constraints on the use of modern contraceptives in Rwanda. Community-based Family planning services could greatly expand access, especially in underserved provinces. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2009,35(3):122-130 ********** Rwanda faces serious development problems. A high population growth rate--2.5% a year in the period 2000-2005--is one of them. The vast majority of the country's nine million inhabitants live in rural areas, and 90% of the population work in agriculture. The country has the highest population density in Africa (350 persons per square km) and, with a gross domestic product of USS250 per capita in 2005, it belongs to the group of very low-income countries. (1) The country's high population growth contributes to continuing pressure on natural resources, particularly land, which is thought to be one of the underlying causes of the ethnic tensions that contributed to the killing of 800,000 Rwandans in 1994. (2) The country achieved an impressive economic growth rate (6%) in 2000-2006; however, during the same period, the number of poor people increased by half a million. (1) Population issues have been on the government's agenda since 1981, when the National Office of Population (ONAPO) was created. Between 1981 and 1990, ONAPO focused on improving access to Family planning services and promoting Family planning through trained communicators known as abakangurambaga ("awakeners of the people"). (3) In 1990, ONAPO's activities were intensified when it began to provide modern contraceptives throughout the country; at this time, Family planning became part of a broader national development policy that was aimed at increasing agricultural production, improving public health, and promoting the education, employment and empowerment of women. Development efforts in these fields were expected to create an environment favorable to behavioral changes that would result in lower fertility; (4) the aim was to reduce the total fertility rate from 8.6 to 4.0 and to raise the contraceptive prevalence rate from 2% to 48% by 2000. (5) Implementation of the various policies facilitated a significant increase in the use of contraceptives: In 1983, only 11% of the population used contraceptives, while in 1992 the figure was 21% (Table l). (6-9) TABLE 1. Trends in fertility and demand for contraception among all fecund women in Rwanda, 1983, 1992, 2000 and 2005 Indicator 1983 1992 2000 2005 Total fertility rate 8.5 6.2 5.8 6.1 Ideal no. …
David J Hacker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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child naming religion and the decline of marital fertility in nineteenth century america
The History of The Family, 1999Co-Authors: David J HackerAbstract:Demographic historians have long suspected that cultural factors played an important role in the early decline of fertility in nineteenth-century America. Using the recently released 1850 and 1880 IPUMS samples, this article investigates correlates of marital fertility among native-born white women of native parentage, focusing on the relationship between religion and fertility. Two proxies of religious sentiment are found to be significantly correlated with marital fertility. First, county-level census data indicate that the presence of Congregationalists and Universalists was associated with lower marital fertility, while the presence of Lutherans was associated with higher marital fertility. Second, the proportion of own children with biblical names—believed to be a proxy of parental religiosity—is found to be positively associated with marital fertility. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that traditional religious beliefs were an impediment to the adoption of Family Limitation strategies.
Karl Ittmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Family Limitation and Family economy in bradford 1851 81
1995Co-Authors: Karl IttmannAbstract:In 1885, a correspondent to the Cotton Factory Times calling himself ‘A Weaver’ wrote in support of Family Limitation, arguing that If the working man wished to raise himself from the position he now occupies, it must be by self-help; and I consider conjugal prudence, combined with cooperation and trades unionism, to be the very essence of self-help.1
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Family Limitation and Family economy in bradford west yorkshire 1851 1881
Journal of Social History, 1992Co-Authors: Karl IttmannAbstract:The experience of Bradford an industrial town in West Yorkshire is used to examine factors associated with the fertility decline that occurred in late nineteenth-century England. The author concludes that second-generation immigrant women in industrial urban areas experienced alternatives to marriage and children. As independent women they were exposed to greater possibilities for experimentation in many aspects of life. Their use of fertility control particularly during times of economic hardship was part of this change in womens roles. "Material realities rather than cultural diffusion shaped the Family life of Bradfords working class and led to the adoption of Family Limitation." (EXCERPT)
Douglas C Ewbank - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the marital fertility of american whites before 1920
Historical methods: A journal of quantitative and interdisciplinary history, 1991Co-Authors: Douglas C EwbankAbstract:Marital fertility of US whites before 1920 produced the greatest impact on declining fertility over changes in age at marriage and the proportion of the population marrying. This article reviews previous studies and provides a reanalysis of published data from other studies for trends in marital fertility up to 1910 and geographic differentials for 1905-10. David and Sandersons Cohort Parity Analysis results are also examined. Fertility differences are also studies for immigrants and native born women. The article is divided into 4 sections. The 1st is concerned with the evidence for parity specific control of fertility. Evidence is presented for national trends in increased control at older ages and for geographic differentials. Evidence is taken from Massachusetts Pennsylvania and the northeastern states (Ohio Michigan and western New York) and the western states. The earliest evidence of fertility control increasing with age occurs in the 1820s among the native born of the northeast. Family Limitation spread after 1865 and was part of the national picture by 1880. The 2nd reviews the evidence on fertility control at young ages or low parities and estimates the prevalence of childlessness and 1 child families. Estimates in the 3rd section are provided on the average interval among low parity births based on an extension of the Coale and Trussell model. The 4th is devoted to the strategies for childbearing reported in the preceding sections. Regionally in 1910 there were high values in the South and very low levels in the West due to long spacing and moderately low levels in the Northeastern and Northcentral areas due to childlessness and 1 child families. Migration and changing populations complicates the analysis during this period. The 3 complications were the movement of people from the Atlantic Coast to the West the rapid growth of the cities and the rapid increase in the proportion of immigrants from 1880-1910. Further research should take into consideration the following: the spread of fertility Limitation from the Northeastern to Northcentral regions and to urban areas 1860-1900; small study areas in comparison to the general region; extrapolation from nonrepresentative groups; the extent of childlessness in different areas at different times; a reexamination of low M values in the Mountain states; and the rapid proliferation of new research on this period.
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the marital fertility of american whites before 1920
Historical methods: A journal of quantitative and interdisciplinary history, 1991Co-Authors: Douglas C EwbankAbstract:Marital fertility of US whites before 1920 produced the greatest impact on declining fertility over changes in age at marriage and the proportion of the population marrying. This article reviews previous studies and provides a reanalysis of published data from other studies for trends in marital fertility up to 1910 and geographic differentials for 1905-10. David and Sandersons Cohort Parity Analysis results are also examined. Fertility differences are also studies for immigrants and native born women. The article is divided into 4 sections. The 1st is concerned with the evidence for parity specific control of fertility. Evidence is presented for national trends in increased control at older ages and for geographic differentials. Evidence is taken from Massachusetts Pennsylvania and the northeastern states (Ohio Michigan and western New York) and the western states. The earliest evidence of fertility control increasing with age occurs in the 1820s among the native born of the northeast. Family Limitation spread after 1865 and was part of the national picture by 1880. The 2nd reviews the evidence on fertility control at young ages or low parities and estimates the prevalence of childlessness and 1 child families. Estimates in the 3rd section are provided on the average interval among low parity births based on an extension of the Coale and Trussell model. The 4th is devoted to the strategies for childbearing reported in the preceding sections. Regionally in 1910 there were high values in the South and very low levels in the West due to long spacing and moderately low levels in the Northeastern and Northcentral areas due to childlessness and 1 child families. Migration and changing populations complicates the analysis during this period. The 3 complications were the movement of people from the Atlantic Coast to the West the rapid growth of the cities and the rapid increase in the proportion of immigrants from 1880-1910. Further research should take into consideration the following: the spread of fertility Limitation from the Northeastern to Northcentral regions and to urban areas 1860-1900; small study areas in comparison to the general region; extrapolation from nonrepresentative groups; the extent of childlessness in different areas at different times; a reexamination of low M values in the Mountain states; and the rapid proliferation of new research on this period.
