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Katherine B. Carnelley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of repeated attachment Security priming in outpatients with primary depressive disorders.
Journal of affective disorders, 2018Co-Authors: Katherine B. Carnelley, Lorna J. Otway, Mona-maria Bejinaru, David S. Baldwin, Angela C. RoweAbstract:Abstract Background The aim of this study was to assess the potential effectiveness of secure attachment priming in outpatients with depressive disorders. Methods Forty-eight participants engaged in secure attachment priming or neutral priming in the laboratory (Time 1), after which they received three daily consecutive primes via text message (Times 2–4), aimed at maintaining the effects from Time 1. A follow-up one day later (Time 5) was also included. Dependent measures were assessed at Times 1, 4 and 5. Results Participants in the secure attachment priming condition experienced higher Felt-Security than the control group at all time-points, indicating that the Felt-Security benefit was maintained through repeated priming. Secure priming had a greater impact on reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression in comparison to the control prime, though the differences were only significant at Time 4. Limitations The moderate sample size limited our statistical power. Conclusions This study was the first experiment using repeated secure attachment priming within a clinical sample. Our findings have potential clinical implications; Security priming could be used alongside other treatments to improve outcome. Recommendations for further research are discussed.
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Attachment and prejudice: The mediating role of empathy.
The British journal of social psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Elle Mae Boag, Katherine B. CarnelleyAbstract:In two studies, we examined the novel hypothesis that empathy is a mechanism through which the relationship between attachment patterns and prejudice can be explained. Study 1 examined primed attachment Security (vs. neutral prime), empathy, and prejudice towards immigrants. Study 2 examined primed attachment patterns (secure, avoidant, anxious), empathy subscales (perspective taking, empathic concern, personal distress), and prejudice towards Muslims. Across both studies, empathy mediated the relationship between primed attachment Security and low prejudice levels. The findings suggest that enhancing Felt Security and empathic skills in individuals high in attachment-avoidance may lead to reduced prejudice.
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Texting "boosts" Felt Security.
Attachment & human development, 2013Co-Authors: Lorna J. Otway, Katherine B. Carnelley, Angela C. RoweAbstract:Attachment Security can be induced in laboratory settings (e.g., Rowe & Carnelley, 2003) and the beneficial effects of repeated Security priming can last for a number of days (e.g., Carnelley & Rowe, 2007). The priming process, however, can be costly in terms of time. We explored the effectiveness of Security priming via text message. Participants completed a visualisation task (a secure attachment experience or neutral experience) in the laboratory. On three consecutive days following the laboratory task, participants received (secure or neutral) text message visualisation tasks. Participants in the secure condition reported significantly higher Felt Security than those in the neutral condition, immediately after the laboratory prime, after the last text message prime and one day after the last text prime. These findings suggest that Security priming via text messages is an innovative methodological advancement that effectively induces Felt Security, representing a potential direction forward for Security priming research.
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Your Love Lifts Me Higher! The Energizing Quality of Secure Relationships:
Personality & social psychology bulletin, 2012Co-Authors: Michelle A. Luke, Constantine Sedikides, Katherine B. CarnelleyAbstract:Three studies tested and confirmed the hypothesis that secure attachment relationships lead to feelings of Security and energy, as well as willingness to explore. In Study 1, priming a secure attachment relationship increased Felt Security and energy. In Studies 2 and 3, Felt energy mediated the effect of (primed) secure attachment relationships on willingness to explore. In Study 3, the effect of (primed) secure attachment relationships on Felt energy and willingness to explore was independent of general positive affect. Secure attachments energize partners, thus enabling exploration.
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Priming a sense of Security: What goes through people’s minds?:
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2010Co-Authors: Katherine B. Carnelley, Angela C. RoweAbstract:There is a growing literature charting the positive personal and interpersonal effects of Security priming. Security primes enhance self- and relationship views, and even evaluations of outgroups, relative to control primes. We examine how Security priming is experienced by individuals and how its effects differ from those produced by other positive affect and relationship-related primes. We analyze the written protocols produced by individuals in different priming conditions for frequency of Felt Security, care, merging, agency, communion, and nostalgia words. Security priming led to thoughts related to Felt Security, positive care, a sense of merging with another, positive emotion, and communion; furthermore, the effects of Security priming could be distinguished from the effects of positive affect and other relationship-related primes. We discuss several directions for future research.
Angela C. Rowe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of repeated attachment Security priming in outpatients with primary depressive disorders.
Journal of affective disorders, 2018Co-Authors: Katherine B. Carnelley, Lorna J. Otway, Mona-maria Bejinaru, David S. Baldwin, Angela C. RoweAbstract:Abstract Background The aim of this study was to assess the potential effectiveness of secure attachment priming in outpatients with depressive disorders. Methods Forty-eight participants engaged in secure attachment priming or neutral priming in the laboratory (Time 1), after which they received three daily consecutive primes via text message (Times 2–4), aimed at maintaining the effects from Time 1. A follow-up one day later (Time 5) was also included. Dependent measures were assessed at Times 1, 4 and 5. Results Participants in the secure attachment priming condition experienced higher Felt-Security than the control group at all time-points, indicating that the Felt-Security benefit was maintained through repeated priming. Secure priming had a greater impact on reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression in comparison to the control prime, though the differences were only significant at Time 4. Limitations The moderate sample size limited our statistical power. Conclusions This study was the first experiment using repeated secure attachment priming within a clinical sample. Our findings have potential clinical implications; Security priming could be used alongside other treatments to improve outcome. Recommendations for further research are discussed.
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Texting "boosts" Felt Security.
Attachment & human development, 2013Co-Authors: Lorna J. Otway, Katherine B. Carnelley, Angela C. RoweAbstract:Attachment Security can be induced in laboratory settings (e.g., Rowe & Carnelley, 2003) and the beneficial effects of repeated Security priming can last for a number of days (e.g., Carnelley & Rowe, 2007). The priming process, however, can be costly in terms of time. We explored the effectiveness of Security priming via text message. Participants completed a visualisation task (a secure attachment experience or neutral experience) in the laboratory. On three consecutive days following the laboratory task, participants received (secure or neutral) text message visualisation tasks. Participants in the secure condition reported significantly higher Felt Security than those in the neutral condition, immediately after the laboratory prime, after the last text message prime and one day after the last text prime. These findings suggest that Security priming via text messages is an innovative methodological advancement that effectively induces Felt Security, representing a potential direction forward for Security priming research.
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Priming a sense of Security: What goes through people’s minds?:
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2010Co-Authors: Katherine B. Carnelley, Angela C. RoweAbstract:There is a growing literature charting the positive personal and interpersonal effects of Security priming. Security primes enhance self- and relationship views, and even evaluations of outgroups, relative to control primes. We examine how Security priming is experienced by individuals and how its effects differ from those produced by other positive affect and relationship-related primes. We analyze the written protocols produced by individuals in different priming conditions for frequency of Felt Security, care, merging, agency, communion, and nostalgia words. Security priming led to thoughts related to Felt Security, positive care, a sense of merging with another, positive emotion, and communion; furthermore, the effects of Security priming could be distinguished from the effects of positive affect and other relationship-related primes. We discuss several directions for future research.
David C. Zuroff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Variation in the μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) and experiences of Felt Security in response to a romantic partner's quarrelsome behavior.
Molecular psychiatry, 2019Co-Authors: Kristina Tchalova, Gentiana Sadikaj, Debbie S. Moskowitz, David C. Zuroff, Jennifer A. BartzAbstract:Research suggests that endogenous opioids play a key role in the creation and maintenance of attachment bonds. Opioids acting at the μ-opioid receptor mediate reward and analgesia and are thus thought to underlie feelings of comfort and warmth experienced in the presence of close others. Disruption of μ-opioidergic activity increases separation distress in animals, suggesting that low opioid states may contribute to social pain. Accordingly, a functional μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1) polymorphism (C77G in primates, A118G in humans) affecting opioidergic signaling has been associated with separation distress and attachment behavior in nonhuman primates, and social pain sensitivity in humans. However, no research has examined the effects of this polymorphism on socioemotional experience, and specifically Felt Security, in daily interactions between romantic partners. Using an event-contingent recording method, members of 92 cohabiting romantic couples reported their Felt Security and quarrelsome behavior in daily interactions with each other for 20 days. Consistent with prior work, findings suggested that, relative to AA homozygotes, G allele carriers were more sensitive to their partners' self-reported quarrelsome behaviors (e.g., criticism), showing a greater decline in Felt Security when their partners reported higher quarrelsome behavior than usual. This is the first study to link variation in OPRM1 with Felt Security toward romantic partners in everyday social interactions. More generally, this research supports the theory that the attachment system incorporated evolutionarily primitive pain-regulating opioidergic pathways. We also discuss implications of this work for understanding of differential vulnerability to health risks posed by social stress.
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Felt Security in Daily Interactions as a Mediator of the Effect of Attachment on Relationship Satisfaction
European Journal of Personality, 2015Co-Authors: Gentiana Sadikaj, Debbie S. Moskowitz, David C. ZuroffAbstract:This study examined how Felt Security in interpersonal situations with one's romantic partner mediated the effect of global (dispositional) attachment on relationship satisfaction. Felt Security was measured using an event-contingent recording (ECR) methodology with a sample of 93 cohabiting couples who reported their social interactions with each other during a 20-day period. Global attachment was measured at the beginning of the ECR procedure. Relationship satisfaction was measured at the end of the ECR procedure (T1) and approximately 7 months after the ECR procedure (T2). Results confirmed the established links between attachment and relationship satisfaction such that higher attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety were associated with decline in satisfaction over time. Results also indicated that attachment avoidance but not attachment anxiety was negatively related to Felt Security, both within-partner and across-partners. As expected, lower Felt Security exerted a negative effect on relationship satisfaction at T1 and T2, and partly mediated the effect of attachment avoidance on relationship satisfaction at T1 and T2, both within-partner and across-partners. Partners' gender emerged as a moderator of these results. Findings suggest higher attachment avoidance leads to less Felt Security in daily social interactions, which leads to less satisfaction with the romantic relationship. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Abstract: Within-Person Processes Leading to Quarrelsome Behavior in Interactions Between Romantic Partners.
Multivariate behavioral research, 2011Co-Authors: Gentiana Sadikaj, Debbie S. Moskowitz, David C. ZuroffAbstract:This study used multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM; Preacher, Zyphur, & Zhang, 2010) to examine within-person processes that give rise to quarrelsome behavior in interactions between romantic partners. Based on Interpersonal Theory and Adult Attachment Theory, we hypothesized that a person's quarrelsome behavior would be predicted by (a) the direct effect of the partner's quarrelsome behavior, (b) an indirect effect mediated by the person's perceptions of the partner's quarrelsome behavior, and (c) an indirect effect mediated by the person's Felt Security. Using an event-contingent recording methodology, both partners in 93 cohabiting community couples reported independently on their quarrelsome behavior, Felt Security, and perceptions of the partner's quarrelsome behavior in interactions with each other during a 20-day period. Findings (see Figure 1 ) supported a direct effect of partner's increases in quarrelsome behavior on person's increases in quarrelsome behavior. This association was partly accounted for by perceptions of partner's behavior and Felt Security following these perceptions. The more a person perceived the partner as engaging in quarrelsome behavior, the more the person engaged in quarrelsome behavior [indirect effect = .016, 95% CI (.009 - .022)]. Furthermore, the person's perception of greater quarrelsomeness in the partner's behavior was associated with decreases in the person's Felt Security, which in turn were related to increases in a person's quarrelsome behavior [indirect effect = .009, 95% CI (.005 - .013)]. No gender differences were found. Findings indicate that a partner's increase in quarrelsome behavior is partly related to a person's increase in quarrelsome behavior in part to the extent that the person perceives the behavior as quarrelsome and consequently feels insecure during the interaction. Findings illustrate an application of MSEM for assessing multilevel mediation in the dyadic context. Moreover, the results suggest that theory and therapeutic interventions should consider interpersonal perceptions as the first link in the chain of affective and behavioral reactions to the interpersonal behaviors of others.
Gentiana Sadikaj - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Variation in the μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) and experiences of Felt Security in response to a romantic partner's quarrelsome behavior.
Molecular psychiatry, 2019Co-Authors: Kristina Tchalova, Gentiana Sadikaj, Debbie S. Moskowitz, David C. Zuroff, Jennifer A. BartzAbstract:Research suggests that endogenous opioids play a key role in the creation and maintenance of attachment bonds. Opioids acting at the μ-opioid receptor mediate reward and analgesia and are thus thought to underlie feelings of comfort and warmth experienced in the presence of close others. Disruption of μ-opioidergic activity increases separation distress in animals, suggesting that low opioid states may contribute to social pain. Accordingly, a functional μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1) polymorphism (C77G in primates, A118G in humans) affecting opioidergic signaling has been associated with separation distress and attachment behavior in nonhuman primates, and social pain sensitivity in humans. However, no research has examined the effects of this polymorphism on socioemotional experience, and specifically Felt Security, in daily interactions between romantic partners. Using an event-contingent recording method, members of 92 cohabiting romantic couples reported their Felt Security and quarrelsome behavior in daily interactions with each other for 20 days. Consistent with prior work, findings suggested that, relative to AA homozygotes, G allele carriers were more sensitive to their partners' self-reported quarrelsome behaviors (e.g., criticism), showing a greater decline in Felt Security when their partners reported higher quarrelsome behavior than usual. This is the first study to link variation in OPRM1 with Felt Security toward romantic partners in everyday social interactions. More generally, this research supports the theory that the attachment system incorporated evolutionarily primitive pain-regulating opioidergic pathways. We also discuss implications of this work for understanding of differential vulnerability to health risks posed by social stress.
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Felt Security in Daily Interactions as a Mediator of the Effect of Attachment on Relationship Satisfaction
European Journal of Personality, 2015Co-Authors: Gentiana Sadikaj, Debbie S. Moskowitz, David C. ZuroffAbstract:This study examined how Felt Security in interpersonal situations with one's romantic partner mediated the effect of global (dispositional) attachment on relationship satisfaction. Felt Security was measured using an event-contingent recording (ECR) methodology with a sample of 93 cohabiting couples who reported their social interactions with each other during a 20-day period. Global attachment was measured at the beginning of the ECR procedure. Relationship satisfaction was measured at the end of the ECR procedure (T1) and approximately 7 months after the ECR procedure (T2). Results confirmed the established links between attachment and relationship satisfaction such that higher attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety were associated with decline in satisfaction over time. Results also indicated that attachment avoidance but not attachment anxiety was negatively related to Felt Security, both within-partner and across-partners. As expected, lower Felt Security exerted a negative effect on relationship satisfaction at T1 and T2, and partly mediated the effect of attachment avoidance on relationship satisfaction at T1 and T2, both within-partner and across-partners. Partners' gender emerged as a moderator of these results. Findings suggest higher attachment avoidance leads to less Felt Security in daily social interactions, which leads to less satisfaction with the romantic relationship. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Abstract: Within-Person Processes Leading to Quarrelsome Behavior in Interactions Between Romantic Partners.
Multivariate behavioral research, 2011Co-Authors: Gentiana Sadikaj, Debbie S. Moskowitz, David C. ZuroffAbstract:This study used multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM; Preacher, Zyphur, & Zhang, 2010) to examine within-person processes that give rise to quarrelsome behavior in interactions between romantic partners. Based on Interpersonal Theory and Adult Attachment Theory, we hypothesized that a person's quarrelsome behavior would be predicted by (a) the direct effect of the partner's quarrelsome behavior, (b) an indirect effect mediated by the person's perceptions of the partner's quarrelsome behavior, and (c) an indirect effect mediated by the person's Felt Security. Using an event-contingent recording methodology, both partners in 93 cohabiting community couples reported independently on their quarrelsome behavior, Felt Security, and perceptions of the partner's quarrelsome behavior in interactions with each other during a 20-day period. Findings (see Figure 1 ) supported a direct effect of partner's increases in quarrelsome behavior on person's increases in quarrelsome behavior. This association was partly accounted for by perceptions of partner's behavior and Felt Security following these perceptions. The more a person perceived the partner as engaging in quarrelsome behavior, the more the person engaged in quarrelsome behavior [indirect effect = .016, 95% CI (.009 - .022)]. Furthermore, the person's perception of greater quarrelsomeness in the partner's behavior was associated with decreases in the person's Felt Security, which in turn were related to increases in a person's quarrelsome behavior [indirect effect = .009, 95% CI (.005 - .013)]. No gender differences were found. Findings indicate that a partner's increase in quarrelsome behavior is partly related to a person's increase in quarrelsome behavior in part to the extent that the person perceives the behavior as quarrelsome and consequently feels insecure during the interaction. Findings illustrate an application of MSEM for assessing multilevel mediation in the dyadic context. Moreover, the results suggest that theory and therapeutic interventions should consider interpersonal perceptions as the first link in the chain of affective and behavioral reactions to the interpersonal behaviors of others.
Sandra L. Murray - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Putting the Partner Within Reach: A Dyadic Perspective on Felt Security in Close Relationships.
Journal of personality and social psychology, 2005Co-Authors: Sandra L. Murray, Paul Rose, John G. Holmes, Jaye L. Derrick, Eric J. Podchaski, Gina M. Bellavia, Dale GriffinAbstract:The authors argue that Felt inSecurity in a partner's positive regard and caring stems from a specifically dyadic perception--the perception that a partner is out of one's league. A cross-sectional sample of dating couples revealed that people with low self-esteem feel inferior to their partner and that such feelings of relative inferiority undermine Felt Security in the partner's regard. Three experiments examined the consequences of reducing such perceived discrepancies by pointing to either strengths in the self or flaws in the partner. Low, but not high, self-esteem participants reacted to new strengths in the self or faults in the partner by reporting greater Felt Security in their specific partner's positive regard and commitment and more positive, general feelings about their own interpersonal worth. Thus, putting the partner more within the psychological grasp of low self-esteem people may effectively increase Felt Security in the partner's regard.
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Regulating the Risks of Closeness A Relationship-Specific Sense of Felt Security
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2005Co-Authors: Sandra L. MurrayAbstract:To feel secure in romantic relationships, people need to believe that their partners see qualities in them that merit attention, nurturance, and care. This article examines how finding (or failing to find) this sense of Security affects three facets of romantic life: (a) the inferences people draw about their partners' regard for them in threatening situations, (b) the inferences people draw about their own value in situations in which they feel rejected, and (c) the kinds of behavioral strategies (whether protective of the self or promotive of the relationship) that people adopt to minimize the likelihood of feeling hurt or rejected again.
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The Mismeasure of Love: How Self-Doubt Contaminates Relationship Beliefs
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2001Co-Authors: Sandra L. Murray, John G. Holmes, Gina M. Bellavia, Dale Griffin, Paul RoseAbstract:The authors argue that individuals with more negative models of self are involved in less satisfying relationships because they have difficulty believing that they are loved by good partners. Dating and married couples completed measures of self-models, perceptions of the partner’s love, perceptions of the partner, and relationship well-being. The results revealed that individuals troubled by self-doubt underestimated the strength of their partners’ love. Such unwarranted insecurities predicted less positive perceptions of their partners. In conjunction, feeling less loved by a less-valuable partner predicted less satisfaction and less optimism for the future than the partner’s feelings of love and commitment warranted. A dependency regulation model is described, where feeling loved by a good, responsive partner is thought to represent a sense of Felt Security that diminishes the risks of interdependence and promotes closeness.
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Self-esteem and the quest for Felt Security: how perceived regard regulates attachment processes.
Journal of personality and social psychology, 2000Co-Authors: Sandra L. Murray, John G. Holmes, Dale GriffinAbstract:The authors proposed that personal feelings of self-esteem foster the level of confidence in a partner's regard critical for satisfying attachments. Dating and married couples described themselves, their partners, how they thought their partners saw them, and how they wanted their partners to see them on a variety of interpersonal qualities. The results revealed that low self-esteem individuals dramatically underestimated how positively their partners saw them. Such unwarranted and unwanted insecurities were associated with less generous perceptions of partners and lower relationship well-being. The converse was true for high self-esteem individuals. A longitudinal examination of the dating couples revealed that the vulnerabilities of lows were only exacerbated over time. A dependency regulation model is proposed, wherein Felt Security in a partner's perceived regard is suggested as a prime mechanism linking self-esteem to relational well-being.
