The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
David M. Schnyer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Attention and working memory biases to black and Asian faces during intergroup contexts
Frontiers in Psychology, 2019Co-Authors: Guadalupe D. S. Gonzalez, David M. SchnyerAbstract:Categorizing and individual as a racial ingroup or outgroup member results in processing and memory differences. However, despite processing differences for racial ingroups and Outgroups, very little is known about processing of racial ingroup and outgroup members during intergroup interactions. Thus, the present research investigated attention and working memory biases for racial ingroup and outgroup faces during an intergroup context. In experiment 1, event-related potentials (ERPs) were obtained while participants completed a working memory task that presented 4 faces (2 Black, 2 White) at once then, following a short delay, were probed to indicate the spatial location of one of the faces. Participants showed better location memory for Black than White faces. During encoding, ERP results revealed differences based on the race of the face in P300 amplitudes, such that there was greater motivated processing when attending to Black faces. At probe, the N170 indicated enhanced early processing of Black faces and greater LPCs were associated with better recollection of Black face location. In a follow-up study using the same task, we examined attention and working memory biases for Asian and White faces in Caucasian and Asian participants. Results for both Caucasian and Asian participants indicated better working memory for Asian relative to White faces. Together, results indicate that during intergroup contexts, racial minority faces capture attention, resulting in better memory for those faces. The study underscores that examining racial biases with single stimuli paradigms obscures important aspects of attention and memory biases during intergroup contexts.
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Attention and Working Memory Biases to Black and Asian Faces During Intergroup Contexts
Frontiers Media S.A., 2019Co-Authors: Guadalupe D. S. Gonzalez, David M. SchnyerAbstract:Categorizing and individual as a racial ingroup or outgroup member results in processing and memory differences. However, despite processing differences for racial ingroups and Outgroups, very little is known about processing of racial ingroup and outgroup members during intergroup contexts. Thus, the present research investigated attention and memory differences for racial ingroup and outgroup members during competition for attention (i.e., intergroup contexts). In experiment 1, event-related potentials (ERPs) were obtained while participants completed a working memory task that presented 4 faces (2 Black, 2 White) at once then, following a short delay, were probed to indicate the spatial location of one of the faces. Participants showed better location memory for Black than White faces. During encoding, ERP results revealed differences based on the race of the face in P300 amplitudes, such that there was greater motivated processing when attending to Black faces. At probe, the N170 indicated enhanced early processing of Black faces and greater LPCs were associated with better recollection of Black face location. In a follow-up study using the same task, we examined attention and working memory biases for Asian and White faces in Caucasian and Asian participants. Results for both Caucasian and Asian participants indicated better working memory for Asian relative to White faces. Together, results indicate that during intergroup contexts, racial minority faces capture attention, resulting in better memory for those faces. The study underscores that examining racial biases with single stimuli paradigms obscures important aspects of attention and memory biases during intergroup contexts
Guadalupe D. S. Gonzalez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Attention and working memory biases to black and Asian faces during intergroup contexts
Frontiers in Psychology, 2019Co-Authors: Guadalupe D. S. Gonzalez, David M. SchnyerAbstract:Categorizing and individual as a racial ingroup or outgroup member results in processing and memory differences. However, despite processing differences for racial ingroups and Outgroups, very little is known about processing of racial ingroup and outgroup members during intergroup interactions. Thus, the present research investigated attention and working memory biases for racial ingroup and outgroup faces during an intergroup context. In experiment 1, event-related potentials (ERPs) were obtained while participants completed a working memory task that presented 4 faces (2 Black, 2 White) at once then, following a short delay, were probed to indicate the spatial location of one of the faces. Participants showed better location memory for Black than White faces. During encoding, ERP results revealed differences based on the race of the face in P300 amplitudes, such that there was greater motivated processing when attending to Black faces. At probe, the N170 indicated enhanced early processing of Black faces and greater LPCs were associated with better recollection of Black face location. In a follow-up study using the same task, we examined attention and working memory biases for Asian and White faces in Caucasian and Asian participants. Results for both Caucasian and Asian participants indicated better working memory for Asian relative to White faces. Together, results indicate that during intergroup contexts, racial minority faces capture attention, resulting in better memory for those faces. The study underscores that examining racial biases with single stimuli paradigms obscures important aspects of attention and memory biases during intergroup contexts.
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Attention and Working Memory Biases to Black and Asian Faces During Intergroup Contexts
Frontiers Media S.A., 2019Co-Authors: Guadalupe D. S. Gonzalez, David M. SchnyerAbstract:Categorizing and individual as a racial ingroup or outgroup member results in processing and memory differences. However, despite processing differences for racial ingroups and Outgroups, very little is known about processing of racial ingroup and outgroup members during intergroup contexts. Thus, the present research investigated attention and memory differences for racial ingroup and outgroup members during competition for attention (i.e., intergroup contexts). In experiment 1, event-related potentials (ERPs) were obtained while participants completed a working memory task that presented 4 faces (2 Black, 2 White) at once then, following a short delay, were probed to indicate the spatial location of one of the faces. Participants showed better location memory for Black than White faces. During encoding, ERP results revealed differences based on the race of the face in P300 amplitudes, such that there was greater motivated processing when attending to Black faces. At probe, the N170 indicated enhanced early processing of Black faces and greater LPCs were associated with better recollection of Black face location. In a follow-up study using the same task, we examined attention and working memory biases for Asian and White faces in Caucasian and Asian participants. Results for both Caucasian and Asian participants indicated better working memory for Asian relative to White faces. Together, results indicate that during intergroup contexts, racial minority faces capture attention, resulting in better memory for those faces. The study underscores that examining racial biases with single stimuli paradigms obscures important aspects of attention and memory biases during intergroup contexts
James M Carpenter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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regular articleon Outgroups
Cladistics, 1993Co-Authors: Kevin C Nixon, James M CarpenterAbstract:—The relations among polarity, Outgroups and rooting are clarified. The "outgroup algorithm" and "outgroup substitution method" are irrelevant forms of relaxed parsimony. They should be discarded in favor of unconstrained, simultaneous analysis of all terminals. A revised outgroup method is described both in text and with a computer-generated flowchart. Lundberg rooting is consistent with cladistic parsimony only under specific circumstances involving hypothetical ancestors. "Both sides seemed convinced that the `real enemy' is a vicious conspiracy of some kind." Hunter S. Thompson (1979: 145).
Nicole Tausch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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secondary transfer effects of intergroup contact via social identity complexity
British Journal of Social Psychology, 2014Co-Authors: Katharina Schmid, Miles Hewstone, Nicole TauschAbstract:Secondary transfer effects (STEs) of intergroup contact refer to the generalization of contact effects from a primary encountered outgroup to attitudes towards secondary Outgroups (Pettigrew, 2009). Using two large, cross-sectional data sets from Germany (N = 1,381) and Northern Ireland (N = 1,948), this article examined the extent to which STEs of intergroup contact on attitudes towards a range of secondary Outgroups occur via a previously unexplored psychological construct, social identity complexity (operationalized as similarity complexity and overlap complexity). Study 1 found primary outgroup contact to be associated with greater similarity complexity, but no indirect effects on secondary outgroup attitudes via complexity emerged. Study 2, however, revealed indirect positive relationships between primary outgroup contact and secondary outgroup attitudes via increased similarity complexity and overlap complexity. These relationships were obtained while controlling for two previously tested mediating mechanisms, attitude generalization (operationalized as primary outgroup attitude) and deprovincialization (operationalized as ingroup attitude and identification). We discuss the theoretical implications of these findings and the contribution of social identity complexity to understanding processes underlying STEs of contact.
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contextual effect of positive intergroup contact on outgroup prejudice
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014Co-Authors: Oliver Christ, Katharina Schmid, Simon Lolliot, Hermann Swart, Dietlind Stolle, Nicole Tausch, Ulrich Wagner, Steven Vertovec, Ananthi Al Ramiah, Miles HewstoneAbstract:We assessed evidence for a contextual effect of positive intergroup contact, whereby the effect of intergroup contact between social contexts (the between-level effect) on outgroup prejudice is greater than the effect of individual-level contact within contexts (the within-level effect). Across seven large-scale surveys (five cross-sectional and two longitudinal), using multilevel analyses, we found a reliable contextual effect. This effect was found in multiple countries, operationalizing context at multiple levels (regions, districts, and neighborhoods), and with and without controlling for a range of demographic and context variables. In four studies (three cross-sectional and one longitudinal) we showed that the association between context-level contact and prejudice was largely mediated by more tolerant norms. In social contexts where positive contact with Outgroups was more commonplace, norms supported such positive interactions between members of different groups. Thus, positive contact reduces prejudice on a macrolevel, whereby people are influenced by the behavior of others in their social context, not merely on a microscale, via individuals’ direct experience of positive contact with outgroup members. These findings reinforce the view that contact has a significant role to play in prejudice reduction, and has great policy potential as a means to improve intergroup relations, because it can simultaneously impact large numbers of people.
Jung Soh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Additional file 13: of Transcriptome analysis of 20 taxonomically related benzylisoquinoline alkaloid-producing plants
2015Co-Authors: Jillian Hagel, Eun-jeong Lee, Isabel Desgagné-penix, Limei Chang, Xue Chen, Ye Zhang, Jeremy Morris, Crystal Bross, Scott Farrow, Jung SohAbstract:Phylogenetic analysis of aldo-keto reductase gene candidates with homology to codeinone reductase (COR) from twenty BIA-accumulating plant species. Red text denotes the characterized COR1.3 from Papaver somniferum (PSO) used as a tBLASTn query for transcriptome mining. Black text denotes uncharacterized gene candidates identified through mining (>40 % identity to query). Bootstrap values for each clade were based on 1000 iterations. Each candidate is labeled with respective species abbreviation (e.g. AME, Argemone mexicana; see Table 1) and candidate number (e.g. COR1). The outgroup is deoxymugineic acid synthase (DMAS) from Zea mays (ZMA). Amino acid sequences for candidates, queries, and Outgroups are found in Additional file 6. (PDF 12593 kb
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Additional file 18: of Transcriptome analysis of 20 taxonomically related benzylisoquinoline alkaloid-producing plants
2015Co-Authors: Jillian Hagel, Eun-jeong Lee, Isabel Desgagné-penix, Limei Chang, Xue Chen, Ye Zhang, Jeremy Morris, Crystal Bross, Scott Farrow, Jung SohAbstract:Phylogenetic analysis of O -methyltransferase (OMT) gene candidates from twenty BIA-accumulating plant species. Red text denotes characterized genes or enzymes used as tBLASTn queries for transcriptome mining. Black text denotes uncharacterized gene candidates identified through mining (>40 % identity to queries). Bootstrap values for each clade were based on 1000 iterations. Each candidate is labeled with respective species abbreviation (e.g. AME, Argemone mexicana; see Table 1) and candidate number (e.g. OMT1). Each query is labeled according to species (additional species: PSO, Papaver somniferum; CJA, Coptis japonica) and specific OMT function (SOMT, scoulerine O-methyltransferase; CbOMT, columbamine O-methyltransferase; N7OMT, norreticuline 7-O-methyltransferase; 7OMT; 6OMT; 4'OMT; see Fig. 1). The outgroup is isoflavone O-methyltransferase from Medicago sativa (MSA). Amino acid sequences for candidates, queries, and Outgroups are found in Additional file 6. (PDF 13001 kb
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Additional file 15: of Transcriptome analysis of 20 taxonomically related benzylisoquinoline alkaloid-producing plants
2015Co-Authors: Jillian Hagel, Eun-jeong Lee, Isabel Desgagné-penix, Limei Chang, Xue Chen, Ye Zhang, Jeremy Morris, Crystal Bross, Scott Farrow, Jung SohAbstract:Phylogenetic analysis of short chain dehydrogenase/reductase gene candidates with homology to sanguinarine reductase (SANR) from twenty BIA-accumulating plant species. Red text denotes the characterized SANR1 from Eschschotzia californica (ECA) used as a tBLASTn query for transcriptome mining. Black text denotes uncharacterized gene candidates identified through mining (>40 % identity to query). Bootstrap values for each clade were based on 1000 iterations. Each candidate is labeled with respective species abbreviation (e.g. AME, Argemone mexicana; see Table 1) and candidate number (e.g. SANR1). The outgroup is a SanR-like protein from Zea mays (ZMASDR). Amino acid sequences for candidates, queries, and Outgroups are found in Additional file 6. (PDF 11309 kb
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Additional file 20: of Transcriptome analysis of 20 taxonomically related benzylisoquinoline alkaloid-producing plants
2015Co-Authors: Jillian Hagel, Eun-jeong Lee, Isabel Desgagné-penix, Limei Chang, Xue Chen, Ye Zhang, Jeremy Morris, Crystal Bross, Scott Farrow, Jung SohAbstract:Phylogenetic analysis of carboxyl esterase (CXE) gene candidates from twenty BIA-accumulating plant species. Red text denotes the characterized CXE1 (3-O-acetylpapaveroxine carboxylesterase; [6]) from Papaver somniferum (PSO) used as a tBLASTn query for transcriptome mining. Black text denotes uncharacterized gene candidates identified through mining (>30 % identity to query). Bootstrap values for each clade were based on 1000 iterations. Each candidate is labeled with respective species abbreviation (e.g. AME, Argemone mexicana; see Table 1) and candidate number (e.g. CXE1). The outgroup is carboxylesterase 1 from Actinidia eriantha (AERCXE). Amino acid sequences for candidates, queries, and Outgroups are found in Additional file 6. (PDF 6985 kb
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Additional file 12: of Transcriptome analysis of 20 taxonomically related benzylisoquinoline alkaloid-producing plants
2015Co-Authors: Jillian Hagel, Eun-jeong Lee, Isabel Desgagné-penix, Limei Chang, Xue Chen, Ye Zhang, Jeremy Morris, Crystal Bross, Scott Farrow, Jung SohAbstract:Phylogenetic analysis of 2-oxoglutarate/iron (II)-dependent dioxygenase (DIOX) gene candidates from twenty BIA-accumulating plant species. Red text denotes characterized genes or enzymes used as tBLASTn queries for transcriptome mining. Black text denotes uncharacterized gene candidates identified through mining (>40 % identity to queries). Bootstrap values for each clade were based on 1000 iterations. Each candidate is labeled with respective species abbreviation (e.g. AME, Argemone mexicana; see Table 1) and candidate number (e.g. DIOX1). The queries are derived from Papaver somniferum (PSO). The outgroup is anthocyanidin synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana (labeled ATHDIOX). Amino acid sequences for candidates, queries, and Outgroups are found in Additional file 6. (PDF 20162 kb
