The Experts below are selected from a list of 4485 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Kari Lehtila - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of foliar herbivory by insects on the fitness of raphanus raphanistrum damage can increase male fitness
The American Naturalist, 2001Co-Authors: Sharon Y Strauss, Jeffrey K Conner, Kari LehtilaAbstract:Abstract: Generally, effects of herbivory on Plant fitness have been measured in terms of Female reproductive success (seed production). However, male Plant fitness, defined as the number of seeds sired by pollen, contributes half of the genes to the next generation and is therefore crucial to the evolution of natural Plant populations. This is the first study to examine effects of insect herbivory on both male and Female Plant reproductive success. Through controlled field and greenhouse experiments and genetic paternity analysis, we found that foliar damage by insects caused a range of responses by Plants. In one environment, damaged Plants had greater success as male parents than undamaged Plants. Neither effects on pollen competitive ability nor pollinator visitation patterns could explain the greater siring success of these damaged Plants. Success of damaged Plants as male parents appeared to be due primarily to changes in allocation to flowers versus seeds after damage. Damaged Plants produced more ...
Andrew H. Paterson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Genome of papaya, a fast growing tropical fruit tree
Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2012Co-Authors: Ray Ming, Qingyi Yu, Paul H. Moore, Robert E. Paull, Nancy J. Chen, Ming-li Wang, Mary A. Schuler, Jiming Jiang, Andrew H. PatersonAbstract:Papaya is a major fruit crop in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It has long been recognized as a nutritious and healthy fruit rich in vitamins A and C. Its small genome, unique aspects of nascent sex chromosomes, and agricultural importance are justifications for sequencing the genome. A Female Plant of the transgenic variety SunUp was selected for sequencing its genome to avoid the complication of assembling the XY chromosomes in a male or hermaphrodite Plant. The draft genome revealed fewer genes than sequenced genomes of flowering Plants, partly due to its lack of genome wide duplication since the ancient triplication event shared by eudicots. Most gene families have fewer members in papaya, including significantly fewer disease resistance genes. However, striking amplifications in gene number were found in some functional groups, including MADS-box genes, starch synthases, and volatiles that might affect the speciation and adaptation of papaya. The draft genome was used to clone a gene controlling fruit flesh color and to accelerate the construction of physical maps of sex chromosomes in papaya. Finishing the papaya genome and re-sequencing selected genomes in the family will further facilitate papaya improvement and the study of genome and sex chromosome evolution in angiosperms, particularly in Caricaceae.
Nikhil Kumar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Metabolic fingerprinting of dioecious Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb) Miers stem using DART TOF MS and differential pharmacological efficacy of its male and Female Plants
Industrial Crops and Products, 2017Co-Authors: Vikas Bajpai, Nikhil Kumar, Sunil Kumar, Awantika Singh, Nasreen Bano, M. Pathak, Shailja Misra-bhattacharya, Brijesh KumarAbstract:Abstract Variations due to geographical location and dioecious nature have shown implications in the chemical and pharmacological properties of medicinal Plants and their herbal products. Tinospora cordifolia is one of the most important dioecious Plant distributed throughout India and very widely used in many herbal products and formulations. In this study a method combining direct analysis in real time (DART) ion source coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer (MS) along with multivariate analysis was developed and applied for metabolic fingerprinting and screening of the major phytochemicals in this Plant. Using this approach phytodiversity in Plants due to gender and geographical distribution were studied in T. cordifolia stem cuttings without any processing. An aqueous/ethanolic stem extracts of male and Female T. cordifolia were also evaluated for immunomodulatory activity in inbred strain of age and sex matched BALB/c mice. A characteristic nine and sixteen marker peaks were respectively, identified as gender and geographical markers for T. cordifolia stem. It also discriminates the herbal and polyherbal formulations of T. cordifolia stem using principal component analysis. Female Plant stem extract caused a significant up regulation in the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and activated the peritoneal exudate cells leading to significant release in reactive oxygen species and enhanced the in vitro lymphocyte proliferation than male stem extract. This finding underscore the importance of gender in all dioecious medicinal Plants where only vegetative parts are used as a source of drug as the pharmacological activity may vary depending on the sex of the Plant used.
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the n hexane and chloroform fractions of piper betle l trigger different arms of immune responses in balb c mice and exhibit antifilarial activity against human lymphatic filarid brugia malayi
International Immunopharmacology, 2009Co-Authors: Meghna Singh, Shilpy Shakya, Vishal Kumar Soni, Anil Dangi, Nikhil Kumar, Shailjamisra BhattacharyaAbstract:Abstract Modulation of immune functions by using herbal Plants and their products has become fundamental regime of therapeutic approach. Piper betle Linn. (Piperaceae) is a widely distributed Plant in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and has been attributed as traditional herbal remedy for many diseases. We have recently reported the antifilarial and antileishmanial efficacy in the leaf extract of Bangla Mahoba landrace of P. betle which is a Female Plant. The present report describes the in vivo immunomodulatory efficacy of the crude methanolic extract and its n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol fractions of the Female Plant at various dose levels ranging between 0.3 and 500 mg/kg in BALB/c. Attempts were also made to observe antifilarial activity of the active extracts and correlate it with the antigen specific immune responses in another rodent Mastomys coucha infected with human lymphatic filarial parasite Brugia malayi . The crude methanol extract and n-hexane fraction were found to potentiate significant ( p 0.001 ) enhancement of both humoral (plaque forming cells, hemagglutination titre) as well as cell-mediated (lymphoproliferation, macrophage activation, delayed type hypersensitivity) immune responses in mice. The flow cytometric analysis of splenocytes of treated mice indicated enhanced population of T-cells (CD4 + , CD8 + ) and B-cells (CD19 + ). The n-hexane fraction (3 mg/kg) was found to induce biased type 2 cytokine response as revealed by increased IL-4 + and decreased IFN-γ + T-cell population while the chloroform fraction (10 mg/kg) produced a predominant type 1 cytokines. Crude methanolic extract (100 mg/kg) demonstrated a mixed type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses thus suggesting a remarkable immunomodulatory property in this Plant. The induction of differential T-helper cell immune response appears ideal to overcome immunosuppression as observed in case of lymphatic, filarial Brugia malayi infection which may also be extended to other infections as well.
Ray Ming - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Genome of papaya, a fast growing tropical fruit tree
Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2012Co-Authors: Ray Ming, Qingyi Yu, Paul H. Moore, Robert E. Paull, Nancy J. Chen, Ming-li Wang, Mary A. Schuler, Jiming Jiang, Andrew H. PatersonAbstract:Papaya is a major fruit crop in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It has long been recognized as a nutritious and healthy fruit rich in vitamins A and C. Its small genome, unique aspects of nascent sex chromosomes, and agricultural importance are justifications for sequencing the genome. A Female Plant of the transgenic variety SunUp was selected for sequencing its genome to avoid the complication of assembling the XY chromosomes in a male or hermaphrodite Plant. The draft genome revealed fewer genes than sequenced genomes of flowering Plants, partly due to its lack of genome wide duplication since the ancient triplication event shared by eudicots. Most gene families have fewer members in papaya, including significantly fewer disease resistance genes. However, striking amplifications in gene number were found in some functional groups, including MADS-box genes, starch synthases, and volatiles that might affect the speciation and adaptation of papaya. The draft genome was used to clone a gene controlling fruit flesh color and to accelerate the construction of physical maps of sex chromosomes in papaya. Finishing the papaya genome and re-sequencing selected genomes in the family will further facilitate papaya improvement and the study of genome and sex chromosome evolution in angiosperms, particularly in Caricaceae.
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Analyzing the Papaya Genome
Advances in Microbial Ecology, 2012Co-Authors: Ratnesh Singh, Ming-li Wang, Rishi Aryal, Ray MingAbstract:Papaya is a major fruit crop in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It has long been recognized as a nutritious fruit with medicinal properties. It has a small genomes and highly homozygous because hermaphrodite varieties are self-pollinated. The novel features of nascent sex chromosomes in papaya and its agricultural importance are additional justifications for sequencing the genome. A Female Plant of the transgenic variety SunUp was selected for sequencing to avoid the complication of assembling the XY chromosomes in a male or hermaphrodite Plant. The draft genome revealed fewer genes than sequenced genomes of flowering Plants, partly due to its lack of genome-wide duplication since the ancient triplication event shared by eudicots. Most gene families have fewer members in papaya, including significantly fewer disease resistance genes. However, striking amplifications in gene number were found in some functional groups, including MADS-box genes, starch synthases, and volatiles that might affect the speciation and adaptation of papaya. The draft genome was used to accelerate the construction of physical maps of sex chromosomes in papaya and to clone a gene controlling fruit flesh color. The papaya draft genome, integrated genetic and physical maps, the EST database, and other genomic resources built for the genome sequencing project will expedite papaya improvement and the exploration of its nutritional and medicinal applications in developing countries.
Rebecca E Irwin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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florivory the intersection of pollination and herbivory
Ecology Letters, 2006Co-Authors: Andrew C Mccall, Rebecca E IrwinAbstract:Plants interact with many visitors who consume a variety of Plant tissues. While the consequences of herbivory to leaves and shoots are well known, the implications of florivory, the consumption of flowers prior to seed coat formation, have received less attention. Herbivory and florivory can yield different Plant, population and community outcomes; thus, it is critical to distinguish between these two types of consumption. Here, we consider the ecological and evolutionary consequences of florivory. A growing number of studies recognize that florivory is common in natural systems and in some cases surpasses leaf herbivory in magnitude and impact. Florivores can affect male and Female Plant fitness via direct trophic effects and through altered pathways of species interactions. In particular, florivory can affect pollination and have consequences for Plant mating and floral sexual system evolution. Plants are not defenceless against florivore damage. Concepts of resistance and tolerance can be applied to Plant‐florivore interactions. Moreover, extant theories of Plant chemical defence, including optimal defence theory, growth rate hypothesis and growth differentiation‐balance hypothesis, can be used to make testable predictions about when and how Plants should defend flowers against florivores. The majority of the predictions remain untested, but they provide a theoretical foundation on which to base future experiments. The approaches to studying florivory that we outline may yield novel insights into floral and defence traits not illuminated by studies of pollination or herbivory alone.
