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M B Zimmermann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Acute Consumption of Prebiotic Galacto-Oligosaccharides Increases Iron Absorption from Ferrous Fumarate, but not from Ferrous Sulfate and Ferric Pyrophosphate: Stable Iron Isotope Studies in Iron-Depleted Young Women.
The Journal of nutrition, 2020Co-Authors: Frederike M D Jeroense, Christophe Zeder, M B Zimmermann, Isabelle Herter-aeberliAbstract:BACKGROUND Although acute consumption of high doses of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) increases fractional iron absorption (FIA) from Ferrous Fumarate (FeFum), it is uncertain if low doses of GOS have this effect. Furthermore, whether GOS improve iron absorption from other commonly used iron compounds and whether ascorbic acid (AA) enhances the effect of GOS on iron absorption from FeFum is unclear. OBJECTIVES In iron-depleted women [serum ferritin (SF)
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Polyphenol-rich tea decreases iron absorption from fortified wheat bread in Senegalese mother-child pairs and bioavailability of Ferrous Fumarate is sharply lower in children.
European journal of clinical nutrition, 2020Co-Authors: Ndèye Fatou Ndiaye, M B Zimmermann, Nicole Idohou-dossou, Simone Bürkli, Adama Diouf, Loucoubar, Amadou Tidiane Guiro, Salimata Wade, Diego MorettiAbstract:Fractional iron absorption (FAFe) from Ferrous Fumarate (FeFum) and Ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) in adults is generally comparable. While FeFum is commonly used to fortify infant foods, FAFe from FeFum in young children and infants may be decreased compared with FeSO4 and this effect has not been assessed in inhibitory vs noninhibitory meals. Previous studies also reported FAFe to be strongly correlated in mother–child pairs. Our objective was to measure FAFe from fortified bread labeled with 58FeSO4 and 57FeFum in mother–child pairs with and without a commonly consumed herbal tea of Combretum micranthum (Tisane Kinkeliba, TK). Senegalese mother–child pairs (n = 17) were randomly assigned to receive, in a 2 × 2 factorial design, fortified bread with 58FeSO4 or 57FeFum consumed with TK or water. FAFe was assessed by measuring erythrocyte incorporation of stable iron-isotopes 14 days after administration. In children, relative bioavailability (RBV) from FeFum was 51 and 64% compared with FeSO4 when served with TK or water (both, P
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polyphenol rich tea decreases iron absorption from fortified wheat bread in senegalese mother child pairs and bioavailability of Ferrous Fumarate is sharply lower in children
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2020Co-Authors: Ndèye Fatou Ndiaye, M B Zimmermann, Simone Bürkli, Adama Diouf, Amadou Tidiane Guiro, Salimata Wade, Nicole Idohoudossou, Cheikh Loucoubar, Diego MorettiAbstract:Fractional iron absorption (FAFe) from Ferrous Fumarate (FeFum) and Ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) in adults is generally comparable. While FeFum is commonly used to fortify infant foods, FAFe from FeFum in young children and infants may be decreased compared with FeSO4 and this effect has not been assessed in inhibitory vs noninhibitory meals. Previous studies also reported FAFe to be strongly correlated in mother–child pairs. Our objective was to measure FAFe from fortified bread labeled with 58FeSO4 and 57FeFum in mother–child pairs with and without a commonly consumed herbal tea of Combretum micranthum (Tisane Kinkeliba, TK). Senegalese mother–child pairs (n = 17) were randomly assigned to receive, in a 2 × 2 factorial design, fortified bread with 58FeSO4 or 57FeFum consumed with TK or water. FAFe was assessed by measuring erythrocyte incorporation of stable iron-isotopes 14 days after administration. In children, relative bioavailability (RBV) from FeFum was 51 and 64% compared with FeSO4 when served with TK or water (both, P < 0.05). In mothers, the presence of TK decreased FAFe by 56% (P < 0.05) and 50% (P = 0.077) and in children by 65 and 72% (both, P < 0.0001), in the meals with 58FeSO4 and 57FeFum, respectively. After adjustment for plasma ferritin, there was a positive correlation between FAFe in mothers and children (r = 0.4142, P = 0.001). In Senegalese women and children, herbal tea decreased FAFe from a wheat-based meal. The RBV of FeFum was low in children but not in their mothers. FAFe was modestly correlated in mother–child pairs, possibly due to shared genetic, epigenetic or environmental background.
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consumption of galacto oligosaccharides increases iron absorption from Ferrous Fumarate a stable iron isotope study in iron depleted young women
Journal of Nutrition, 2019Co-Authors: Frederike M D Jeroense, Christophe Zeder, Ladina Michel, Isabelle Herteraeberli, M B ZimmermannAbstract:BACKGROUND Animal studies suggest prebiotics can increase iron absorption, but results from human studies are equivocal. OBJECTIVES In iron-depleted women, before (baseline) and after daily consumption of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) for 4 wk, we sought to assess fractional iron absorption (FIA) from an iron supplement given with and without single doses of GOS in test meals or water. METHODS In all women (n = 34; median serum ferritin concentration = 16.4 µg/L), FIA from doses of 14 mg iron labeled with stable isotopes was measured in the following conditions at baseline: 1) FIA from Ferrous Fumarate (FeFum) in water given with and without 15 g GOS; 2) FIA from FeFum in a test meal given with and without 15 g GOS; 3) FIA from Ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) in a test meal given without 15 g GOS. All subjects then consumed ∼15 g GOS daily for 4 wk. Then the following conditions were tested: 4) FIA from FeFum in a test meal with and without 15 g GOS; and 5) FIA from FeSO4 in a test meal with 15 g GOS. FIA was measured as erythrocyte incorporation of stable isotopes. RESULTS At baseline, GOS significantly increased FIA from FeFum when given with water (+61%; P < 0.001) and the meal (+28%; P = 0.002). After 4 wk of GOS consumption, GOS again significantly increased FIA from FeFum in the meal (+29%; P = 0.044). However, compared with baseline, consumption of GOS for 4 wk did not significantly enhance absorption from FeFum in the meal given without GOS. FIA from FeSO4 given with GOS in a meal after 4 wk of GOS consumption was not significantly greater than FIA from FeSO4 in a meal without GOS at baseline. CONCLUSIONS In iron-depleted women, GOS given with FeFum increases FIA, but 4 wk of GOS consumption did not enhance this effect. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03325270.
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Consumption of Galacto-Oligosaccharides Increases Iron Absorption from Ferrous Fumarate: A Stable Iron Isotope Study in Iron-Depleted Young Women.
The Journal of nutrition, 2019Co-Authors: Frederike M D Jeroense, Christophe Zeder, Isabelle Herter-aeberli, Ladina Michel, M B ZimmermannAbstract:BACKGROUND Animal studies suggest prebiotics can increase iron absorption, but results from human studies are equivocal. OBJECTIVES In iron-depleted women, before (baseline) and after daily consumption of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) for 4 wk, we sought to assess fractional iron absorption (FIA) from an iron supplement given with and without single doses of GOS in test meals or water. METHODS In all women (n = 34; median serum ferritin concentration = 16.4 µg/L), FIA from doses of 14 mg iron labeled with stable isotopes was measured in the following conditions at baseline: 1) FIA from Ferrous Fumarate (FeFum) in water given with and without 15 g GOS; 2) FIA from FeFum in a test meal given with and without 15 g GOS; 3) FIA from Ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) in a test meal given without 15 g GOS. All subjects then consumed ∼15 g GOS daily for 4 wk. Then the following conditions were tested: 4) FIA from FeFum in a test meal with and without 15 g GOS; and 5) FIA from FeSO4 in a test meal with 15 g GOS. FIA was measured as erythrocyte incorporation of stable isotopes. RESULTS At baseline, GOS significantly increased FIA from FeFum when given with water (+61%; P
Richard F. Hurrell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Dual fortification of salt with iodine and iron: a randomized, double blind, controlled trial of micronized ferric pyrophosphate and encapsulated Ferrous Fumarate in southern India Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88:1378–87
2016Co-Authors: Maria Andersson, Richard F. Hurrell, Prashanth Thankachan, Sumithra Muthayya, Ramakrishna B Goud, Anura V Kurpad, M B ZimmermannAbstract:encapsulated Ferrous Fumarate in southern India1–
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a comparison of the bioavailability of Ferrous Fumarate and Ferrous sulfate in non anemic mexican women and children consuming a sweetened maize and milk drink
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2011Co-Authors: M Harrington, Salvador Villalpando, Christophe Zeder, Thomas Walczyk, C Hotz, G O Polvo, M B Zimmermann, J A Rivera, Richard F. HurrellAbstract:Ferrous Fumarate is recommended for the fortification of complementary foods based on similar iron absorption to Ferrous sulfate in adults. Two recent studies in young children have reported that it is only 30% as well absorbed as Ferrous sulfate. The objective of this study was to compare iron absorption from Ferrous Fumarate and Ferrous sulfate in infants, young children and mothers. Non-anemic Mexican infants (6–24 months), young children (2–5 years) and adult women were randomly assigned to receive either 4 mg Fe (women) or 2.5 mg Fe (infants and young children) as either [57Fe]-Ferrous Fumarate or [58Fe]-Ferrous sulfate added to a sweetened drink based on degermed maize flour and milk powder. Iron absorption was calculated based on incorporation of isotopes into erythrocytes after 14days. Within each population group, no significant differences (P>0.05) in iron absorption were found between Ferrous Fumarate and Ferrous sulfate. Mean iron absorption from Ferrous Fumarate vs Ferrous sulfate was 17.5 vs 20.5% in women (relative bioavailability (RBV) =86), 7.0 vs 7.2% in infants (RBV = 97) and 6.3 vs 5.9% in young children (RBV = 106). Ferrous Fumarate is as well absorbed as Ferrous sulfate in non-anemic, iron sufficient infants and young children, and can be recommended as a useful fortification compound for complementary foods designed to prevent iron deficiency. Further studies are needed to clarify its usefulness in foods designed to treat iron deficiency.
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Use of Ferrous Fumarate to fortify foods for infants and young children.
Nutrition reviews, 2010Co-Authors: Richard F. HurrellAbstract:Ferrous Fumarate is currently recommended for use in the fortification of foods for infants and young children. This recommendation is based on the compound's good sensory properties and on results from isotope studies in adults that reported similar iron absorption values for Ferrous Fumarate and Ferrous sulphate (relative bioavailability [RBV] of Ferrous Fumarate, 100). However, later isotope studies conducted on both iron-replete and iron-deficient young children found that iron absorption from Ferrous Fumarate was only about 30% of that achieved from Ferrous sulphate (RBV, 30). The reasons for the differences observed in adults compared with children are unclear but could be related to the following factors: lower iron status in children resulting in greater iron absorption via upregulation from Ferrous sulphate but not from Ferrous Fumarate; reduced gastric acid secretion in children leading to retarded dissolution of Ferrous Fumarate; or an influence of added ascorbic acid on RBV. Ferrous Fumarate-fortified complementary foods have been demonstrated to improve iron status in iron-deficient infants and, more recently, to prevent iron deficiency equally as well as Ferrous sulphate in iron-replete infants. However, current evidence indicates that iron-deficient infants and young children may absorb iron from Ferrous Fumarate less well than iron from Ferrous sulfate and that, for equivalent efficacy, complementary foods targeted at such infants and young children should contain more iron in the form of Fumarate.
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Regular consumption of a complementary food fortified with ascorbic acid and Ferrous Fumarate or ferric pyrophosphate is as useful as Ferrous sulfate in maintaining hemoglobin concentrations .105 g/L in
2009Co-Authors: Lena Davidsson, Kazi M. Jamil, Shamima Sultana, Richard F. HurrellAbstract:Background: Non-water-soluble iron compounds have been reported to be less well absorbed than Ferrous sulfate in young children, and concern has been raised about their usefulness as food fortificants. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the usefulness of Ferrous Fumarate and ferric pyrophosphate, compared with Ferrous sulfate, in maintaining hemoglobin concentrations .105 g/L in Bangladeshi children.
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dual fortification of salt with iodine and iron a randomized double blind controlled trial of micronized ferric pyrophosphate and encapsulated Ferrous Fumarate in southern india
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2008Co-Authors: Maria Andersson, Richard F. Hurrell, Prashanth Thankachan, Sumithra Muthayya, Anura V Kurpad, Ramakrishna Goud, M B ZimmermannAbstract:Background:Dual fortification of salt with iodine and iron could be a sustainable approach to combating iodine and iron deficiencies. Objective:We compared the efficacy of dual-fortified salt (DFS) made by using 2 proposed contrasting formulas-one fortifying with iron as micronized ground ferric pyrophosphate (MGFePP) and the other with iron as encapsulated Ferrous Fumarate (EFF)-with the efficacy of iodized salt (IS) in schoolchildren in rural southern India. Design:After stability and acceptability testing, a double-blind, household-based intervention was conducted in 5-15-y-old children (n = 458) randomly assigned into 3 groups to receive IS or DFS with iron as MGFePP or EFF, both at 2 mg/g salt. We measured hemoglobin, iron status, and urinary iodine at baseline, 5 mo, and 10 mo. Results:Median serum ferritin and calculated median body iron improved significantly in the 2 groups receiving iron. After 10 mo, the prevalence of anemia decreased from 16.8% to 7.7% in the MGFePP group (P <0.05) and from 15.1% to 5.0% in the EFF group (P <0.01). The median urinary iodine concentration increased significantly in the IS and EFF groups (P <0.001) but not in the MGFePP group. Losses of iodine in salt with 1.8% moisture were high for MGFePP, whereas the EFF segregated in salt with 0.5% moisture and caused color changes in some local foods. Conclusions:Both DFSs were efficacious in reducing the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency in school-age children. Local salt characteristics should be taken into consideration when choosing an iron fortificant for DFS to achieve optimal iodine stability and color
Diego Moretti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Polyphenol-rich tea decreases iron absorption from fortified wheat bread in Senegalese mother-child pairs and bioavailability of Ferrous Fumarate is sharply lower in children.
European journal of clinical nutrition, 2020Co-Authors: Ndèye Fatou Ndiaye, M B Zimmermann, Nicole Idohou-dossou, Simone Bürkli, Adama Diouf, Loucoubar, Amadou Tidiane Guiro, Salimata Wade, Diego MorettiAbstract:Fractional iron absorption (FAFe) from Ferrous Fumarate (FeFum) and Ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) in adults is generally comparable. While FeFum is commonly used to fortify infant foods, FAFe from FeFum in young children and infants may be decreased compared with FeSO4 and this effect has not been assessed in inhibitory vs noninhibitory meals. Previous studies also reported FAFe to be strongly correlated in mother–child pairs. Our objective was to measure FAFe from fortified bread labeled with 58FeSO4 and 57FeFum in mother–child pairs with and without a commonly consumed herbal tea of Combretum micranthum (Tisane Kinkeliba, TK). Senegalese mother–child pairs (n = 17) were randomly assigned to receive, in a 2 × 2 factorial design, fortified bread with 58FeSO4 or 57FeFum consumed with TK or water. FAFe was assessed by measuring erythrocyte incorporation of stable iron-isotopes 14 days after administration. In children, relative bioavailability (RBV) from FeFum was 51 and 64% compared with FeSO4 when served with TK or water (both, P
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polyphenol rich tea decreases iron absorption from fortified wheat bread in senegalese mother child pairs and bioavailability of Ferrous Fumarate is sharply lower in children
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2020Co-Authors: Ndèye Fatou Ndiaye, M B Zimmermann, Simone Bürkli, Adama Diouf, Amadou Tidiane Guiro, Salimata Wade, Nicole Idohoudossou, Cheikh Loucoubar, Diego MorettiAbstract:Fractional iron absorption (FAFe) from Ferrous Fumarate (FeFum) and Ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) in adults is generally comparable. While FeFum is commonly used to fortify infant foods, FAFe from FeFum in young children and infants may be decreased compared with FeSO4 and this effect has not been assessed in inhibitory vs noninhibitory meals. Previous studies also reported FAFe to be strongly correlated in mother–child pairs. Our objective was to measure FAFe from fortified bread labeled with 58FeSO4 and 57FeFum in mother–child pairs with and without a commonly consumed herbal tea of Combretum micranthum (Tisane Kinkeliba, TK). Senegalese mother–child pairs (n = 17) were randomly assigned to receive, in a 2 × 2 factorial design, fortified bread with 58FeSO4 or 57FeFum consumed with TK or water. FAFe was assessed by measuring erythrocyte incorporation of stable iron-isotopes 14 days after administration. In children, relative bioavailability (RBV) from FeFum was 51 and 64% compared with FeSO4 when served with TK or water (both, P < 0.05). In mothers, the presence of TK decreased FAFe by 56% (P < 0.05) and 50% (P = 0.077) and in children by 65 and 72% (both, P < 0.0001), in the meals with 58FeSO4 and 57FeFum, respectively. After adjustment for plasma ferritin, there was a positive correlation between FAFe in mothers and children (r = 0.4142, P = 0.001). In Senegalese women and children, herbal tea decreased FAFe from a wheat-based meal. The RBV of FeFum was low in children but not in their mothers. FAFe was modestly correlated in mother–child pairs, possibly due to shared genetic, epigenetic or environmental background.
Stanley Zlotkin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Multi-micronutrient Sprinkles including a low dose of iron provided as microencapsulated Ferrous Fumarate improves haematologic indices in anaemic children: a randomized clinical trial.
Maternal & child nutrition, 2006Co-Authors: Anna Christofides, Kwaku Poku Asante, Claudia Schauer, Waseem Sharieff, Seth Owusu-agyei, Stanley ZlotkinAbstract:Home-fortification of complementary foods with micronutrients (including iron) as Sprinkles is a new strategy to control iron deficiency and anaemia in developing countries. However, the most effective dose and form of iron is not known. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of various doses (12.5, 20 or 30 mg) and treatment methods (multi-micronutrient Sprinkles vs. Ferrous sulphate drops) on haemoglobin (Hb) concentration after 8 weeks of treatment in anaemic children. In total, 133 anaemic Ghanaian children (Hb 70-99 g L(-1)) aged 6-18 months were randomly assigned to one of five daily interventions for 8 weeks. Out of the five interventions, four used Sprinkles, and one used iron drops. Of the four Sprinkles groups, three included 12.5, 20 or 30 mg of iron as Ferrous Fumarate, and one included 20 mg of iron as ferric pyrophosphate. The iron drops group included 12.5 mg of iron as liquid Ferrous sulphate. Hb concentrations were measured at baseline, week 3 and week 8. The primary outcome measure was Hb concentration at 8 weeks after treatment. We compared differences in Hb and ferritin concentrations and prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia (Hb 8.5 mg L(-1)) from baseline to 8 weeks within and between groups. Adherence and reporting of side effects (staining of the teeth, ease of use, diarrhoea and darkening of stools) were compared between groups. Mean change in Hb was 1.4 g L(-1) (SD = 1.8) (P = 0.0001). Change in Hb concentrations from baseline to 8 weeks was significant in all groups (P = 0.0001-0.0007), with no differences across groups. Geometric means of serum ferritin varied from 18.6 to 44.0 microg L(-1) at baseline. At week 8, these means were in the interval of 48.0-78.3 microg L(-1), with no group differences. Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia decreased significantly from baseline to 8 weeks in all groups with the exception of the iron drops group, with no group differences. Adherence was lower in the drops group (64%) as compared with Sprinkles groups (84%). Greater staining of the teeth and less ease of use were reported in the drops group as compared with Sprinkles groups. A dose as low as 12.5 mg of iron as Ferrous Fumarate when provided as Sprinkles may be effective in anaemic children.
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Determination of iron absorption from intrinsically labeled microencapsulated Ferrous Fumarate (sprinkles) in infants with different iron and hematologic status by using a dual-stable-isotope method
The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2004Co-Authors: Mélody C Tondeur, Anna Christofides, Kwaku Poku Asante, Claudia Schauer, Sam Newton, Robert E. Serfass, Stanley ZlotkinAbstract:BACKGROUND: The use of microencapsulated Ferrous Fumarate sprinkles is a new approach for home fortification. Iron and hematologic status may affect the absorption of iron from sprinkles. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to measure the absorption (corrected erythrocyte incorporation of (57)Fe) of 2 different doses of iron from sprinkles added to a maize-based complementary food provided to infants with different iron and hematologic status. DESIGN: Infants aged 6-18 mo were randomly assigned to receive either 30 (n = 45) or 45 (n = 45) mg elemental Fe as (57)Fe-labeled sprinkles added to a maize-based porridge on 3 consecutive days. A (58)Fe tracer (0.2 mg as Ferrous citrate) was also infused intravenously (n = 46). Blood was drawn at baseline and 14 d later to determine erythrocyte incorporation of (57)Fe and (58)Fe by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. On the basis of hemoglobin and soluble transferrin receptor concentrations, subjects were classified as having iron deficiency anemia (IDA), iron deficiency (ID), or sufficient iron status. RESULTS: There was no significant effect of dose on iron absorption (P > 0.05). Geometric mean iron absorption was 8.25% (range: 2.9-17.8%) in infants with IDA (n = 32), 4.48% (range: 1.1-10.6%) in infants with ID (n = 20), and 4.65% (range: 1.5-12.3%) in iron-sufficient infants (n = 20). Geometric mean iron absorption was significantly higher in infants with IDA than in infants with ID or iron-sufficient infants (P = 0.0004); however, there were no significant differences between infants with ID and iron-sufficient infants. CONCLUSION: During infancy, iron absorption from sprinkles in a maize-based porridge meets and surpasses requirements for absorbed iron and is up-regulated in infants with IDA.
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treatment of anemia with microencapsulated Ferrous Fumarate plus ascorbic acid supplied as sprinkles to complementary weaning foods
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2001Co-Authors: Stanley Zlotkin, Paul Arthur, Kojo Yeboah Antwi, George YeungAbstract:Background Standard therapy for anemia in infants is Ferrous sulfate drops administered 3 times/d. Adherence to treatment, however, is often poor. One likely reason for poor adherence is the unpleasant side effects associated with drops. Objective The objective was to evaluate the use of a new form of iron and a delivery system to treat anemia in infants that is likely to produce better adherence to treatment. Design Using a prospective, randomized, controlled design, we studied 557 anemic children aged 6-18 mo (hemoglobin: 70-99 g/L) in rural Ghana. One group received a daily sachet of microencapsulated Ferrous Fumarate (80 mg elemental Fe) in powder form plus ascorbic acid to be sprinkled onto any complementary food eaten (sprinkles group); a control group received Ferrous sulfate drops 3 times/d for 2 mo (total dose: 40 mg elemental Fe). Hemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations were measured at baseline and at the end of treatment. Results Successful treatment of anemia (hemoglobin > 100 g/L) occurred in 58% of the sprinkles group and in 56% of the drops group, with minimal side effects in both groups. Geometric mean ferritin concentrations increased significantly in each group from baseline to the end of treatment (P Conclusion Use of Ferrous sulfate drops or a single daily dose of microencapsulated Ferrous Fumarate sprinkles plus ascorbic acid resulted in a similar rate of successful treatment of anemia without side effects. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the use of microencapsulated iron sprinkles to treat anemia. Improved ease of use may favor the use of sprinkles to deliver iron.
Dennis D Miller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparison of the availability of various iron fortificants in bread and milk using an in vitro digestion caco 2 cell culture method
Journal of Food Science, 2002Co-Authors: A C Yeung, Raymond P. Glahn, Dennis D MillerAbstract:ABSTRACT: The availabilities and dialyzabilities of various iron fortificants in bread and milk were compared using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model. In white bread, availability and dialyzability of electrolytic iron were lower than that of Ferrous Fumarate, Ferrochel®, and FeSO4. NaFe(III)EDTA was also lower in availability than Ferrous Fumarate, Ferrochel®, and FeSO4 but had the highest dialyzability. In 2% fat milk, NaFe(III)EDTA was again the highest in dialyzability but was similar in availability to Ferrous Fumarate, encapsulated Ferrous Fumarate, Ferrochel®, and FeSO4. The results suggest that iron from NaFe(III)EDTA and electrolytic iron does not completely exchange with intrinsic iron in foods.
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Comparison of the availability of various iron fortificants in bread and milk using an in vitro digestion/caco-2 cell culture method
Journal of Food Science, 2002Co-Authors: A C Yeung, Raymond P. Glahn, Dennis D MillerAbstract:ABSTRACT: The availabilities and dialyzabilities of various iron fortificants in bread and milk were compared using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model. In white bread, availability and dialyzability of electrolytic iron were lower than that of Ferrous Fumarate, Ferrochel®, and FeSO4. NaFe(III)EDTA was also lower in availability than Ferrous Fumarate, Ferrochel®, and FeSO4 but had the highest dialyzability. In 2% fat milk, NaFe(III)EDTA was again the highest in dialyzability but was similar in availability to Ferrous Fumarate, encapsulated Ferrous Fumarate, Ferrochel®, and FeSO4. The results suggest that iron from NaFe(III)EDTA and electrolytic iron does not completely exchange with intrinsic iron in foods.