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Sebastian K.t.s. Wärmländer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Metal residues in 5th c. BCE–13th c. CE Estonian tools for non-Ferrous Metal casting
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2018Co-Authors: Ragnar Saage, Sebastian K.t.s. WärmländerAbstract:Abstract This paper investigates Estonian tools for non-Ferrous Metal casting in the form of crucibles, moulds, and casting ladles dating to the Estonian Iron Age (500 BCE–1227 CE), adding elemental analysis and 3D modelling to the traditional typological comparison. In contrast to the neighbouring countries of Russia, Latvia, and Sweden, no comprehensive study has previously been published on this subject for Estonian material. The typological analysis sets Iron Age Estonia in the same Metalworking tradition as that of other eastern Baltic countries and Northwestern Russia. However, some classes of casting tools present in Scandinavian and Slavonic areas have so far not been encountered in the Estonian archaeological record. The elemental analysis included qualitative pXRF analysis of 175 artefacts and detailed residue analysis using SEM-EDS of thirteen selected artefacts. This analysis identified for the first time Estonian Iron Age casting tools – crucibles – used for casting gold and silver. Most of the investigated crucibles were used for casting various copper alloys, while the casting ladles and most of the stone moulds were used for casting pewter. Casting of pewter and precious Metals only occurred in regional centres such as hill forts and strongholds, while copper alloys were cast in all parts of Estonia. In addition to clarifying fundamental questions about Estonian Iron Age Metal casting, this study also lays a foundation for using modern analytical techniques in future investigations of Estonian Metalworking traditions.
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Metal residues in 5th c bce 13th c ce estonian tools for non Ferrous Metal casting
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2018Co-Authors: Ragnar Saage, Sebastian K.t.s. WärmländerAbstract:Abstract This paper investigates Estonian tools for non-Ferrous Metal casting in the form of crucibles, moulds, and casting ladles dating to the Estonian Iron Age (500 BCE–1227 CE), adding elemental analysis and 3D modelling to the traditional typological comparison. In contrast to the neighbouring countries of Russia, Latvia, and Sweden, no comprehensive study has previously been published on this subject for Estonian material. The typological analysis sets Iron Age Estonia in the same Metalworking tradition as that of other eastern Baltic countries and Northwestern Russia. However, some classes of casting tools present in Scandinavian and Slavonic areas have so far not been encountered in the Estonian archaeological record. The elemental analysis included qualitative pXRF analysis of 175 artefacts and detailed residue analysis using SEM-EDS of thirteen selected artefacts. This analysis identified for the first time Estonian Iron Age casting tools – crucibles – used for casting gold and silver. Most of the investigated crucibles were used for casting various copper alloys, while the casting ladles and most of the stone moulds were used for casting pewter. Casting of pewter and precious Metals only occurred in regional centres such as hill forts and strongholds, while copper alloys were cast in all parts of Estonia. In addition to clarifying fundamental questions about Estonian Iron Age Metal casting, this study also lays a foundation for using modern analytical techniques in future investigations of Estonian Metalworking traditions.
Hu Luo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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New technology for cutting Ferrous Metal with diamond tools
Diamond and Related Materials, 2018Co-Authors: Qingchun Tang, Shaohui Yin, Fengjun Chen, Shuai Huang, Hu LuoAbstract:In recent years, cutting objects for diamond tools have gradually expanded from non-Ferrous Metal and optical glass to Ferrous Metal materials. Moreover, the requirements of accuracy have continued to increase. To reduce the tool wear of diamond-cutting Ferrous Metals, a real-time adjustment method using nitrogen cold plasma was proposed. Atmospheric flexible cold plasma jet (AFCPJ) was developed to restrain diamond tool wear by reducing the chemical affinity on the tool–workpiece interface and by adjusting the complex thermal condition in the cutting zone. To obtain better cooling, lubrication, and modification effects, an ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting device with separation characteristic was designed to promote the entry of the active particles in AFCPJ into the too–workpiece interface. Unlike dry cutting, diamond cutting assisted by cold plasm and ultrasonic elliptic vibration can help reduce the diffusion wear of carbon elements in a diamond tool to workpieces and chips and also effectively reduce the cutting temperature and the surface roughness of the workpiece. Results show that the AFCPJ can significantly restrain the tool wear of diamond-cutting Ferrous Metals. In addition, the diamond tool wear achieves the best restraining effect when cold plasma and ultrasonic elliptical vibration work together.
Michael Soucek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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realized volatility spillovers in the non Ferrous Metal futures market
Resources Policy, 2014Co-Authors: Neda Todorova, Andrew C Worthington, Michael SoucekAbstract:In contrast to energy and precious Metals commodities, relatively little is known about the volatility dynamics of base (or industrial) Metals commodities. To address this deficiency, this paper employs a multivariate heterogeneous autoregressive (HAR) model to consider the volatility spillovers between the five of the most liquid and important non-Ferrous Metals contracts (aluminium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc) traded on the London Metal Exchange using intraday data over the period June 2006–December 2012. This period encompasses both the surge in commodities prices associated with the burgeoning industrial demand of many emerging economies, especially China, resulting in market peaks in May 2007 and April 2008 and the subsequent negative reaction of base Metals markets to the collapse of stock markets during the recent global financial crisis. The results show that the volatility series of other industrial Metals appear to contain useful incremental information for future price volatility. However, the own dynamics are often sufficient for describing most future daily and weekly volatility, with the most pronounced volatility spillovers identified in the longer term. Combined together, the results in this study provide useful findings for exporter and importer countries dealing with the continuing volatility in these industrially important commodity markets.
E. Forssberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Progress after three years of BioMinE--Research and Technological Development project for a global assessment of biohydroMetallurgical processes applied to European non-Ferrous Metal resources
Hydrometallurgy, 2008Co-Authors: Dominique Morin, T. Pinches, J. Huisman, C. Frias, A. Norberg, E. ForssbergAbstract:BioMinE is an integrated project under the sixth framework programme of research supported by the European Commission, which started in November 2004 and will last until October 2008 (Ref. NMP2-CT-2005-500329). It is dedicated to the evaluation of biohydroMetallurgy to improve the exploitation of the European non-Ferrous Metal resources in a sustainable way. At the end of 2007, the Consortium of BioMinE comprised 37 partners from industry (13 including 6 Small or Medium Enterprises), research organisations (8), universities (15), and government (1). The participants are from 13 EU member states and from Serbia and South Africa (INCO Countries). For more details see http://biomine.brgm.fr. The three main kinds of resources considered for bioleaching studies are: * - Copper polyMetallics (concentrates and tailings), * - Zinc polyMetallics (zinc and zinc polyMetallic concentrates) * - Secondary wastes (tailings, rock and Metallurgical wastes, etc.) For each of these resources, amenability studies of application of bioleaching technologies by various approaches have been undertaken or still ongoing. Further processing assessment will be conducted up to the demonstration scale. Technological improvements have been made to apply bioleaching in the context of the European resources in terms of complexity and sustainability requirements. The relevant fundamental studies covering bio-prospecting, molecular ecology, biochemistry, and genetics areas aimed at improving the understanding and the control of the selected technologies have given original results. Much progress has also been obtained in the use of the microbial sulfate-reducing process to polish effluents and to recover Metals from leachates containing low concentrations of Metals. The finding of micro-organisms thriving at low and high temperature, respectively 8 and 65 °C, leads to an extension of the application range of the process. It has been also observed that this process could be pushed down to pH 4.5 and 4 creating opportunities of selective Metal recovery as Metal sulphides. It has also been demonstrated that sulphate can be removed at high concentrations, as well as arsenic or selenium. The next step in this work is pilot testing. This will allow to determine scale-up criteria and to assess the residual Metal concentration under actual conditions. The pilot-scale demonstration operations, as well as the techno-economic and comparative sustainability assessments will be achieved during 2008, the last year of the project. The prototypes of the learning objects for training about biohydroMetallurgy accessible by internet have been elaborated. A public output of this work is accessible at http://wiki.biomine.skelleftea.se/wiki. The basic knowledge thus delivered is aimed at disseminating the understanding of the origins and use of biohydroMetallurgy. Contacts with mining operators in Europe have been taken and collaboration schemes have been established in various ways according to the respective contexts. When a high potential of technical involvement could be foreseen, a direct participation of the mining operators in the project was favoured, this led to integrate KGHM (Pol), Boliden (Sw) and Copper Institute of Bor (Serbia) into the consortium of partners. When no direct technical commitment was conceivable at the first stage, collaboration was established with companies with the most urgent requirement to have access to the relevant resource.
Qingchun Tang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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New technology for cutting Ferrous Metal with diamond tools
Diamond and Related Materials, 2018Co-Authors: Qingchun Tang, Shaohui Yin, Fengjun Chen, Shuai Huang, Hu LuoAbstract:In recent years, cutting objects for diamond tools have gradually expanded from non-Ferrous Metal and optical glass to Ferrous Metal materials. Moreover, the requirements of accuracy have continued to increase. To reduce the tool wear of diamond-cutting Ferrous Metals, a real-time adjustment method using nitrogen cold plasma was proposed. Atmospheric flexible cold plasma jet (AFCPJ) was developed to restrain diamond tool wear by reducing the chemical affinity on the tool–workpiece interface and by adjusting the complex thermal condition in the cutting zone. To obtain better cooling, lubrication, and modification effects, an ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting device with separation characteristic was designed to promote the entry of the active particles in AFCPJ into the too–workpiece interface. Unlike dry cutting, diamond cutting assisted by cold plasm and ultrasonic elliptic vibration can help reduce the diffusion wear of carbon elements in a diamond tool to workpieces and chips and also effectively reduce the cutting temperature and the surface roughness of the workpiece. Results show that the AFCPJ can significantly restrain the tool wear of diamond-cutting Ferrous Metals. In addition, the diamond tool wear achieves the best restraining effect when cold plasma and ultrasonic elliptical vibration work together.